I Singapore: Nghich ly phat trien Ho SI Quy Tdm tai: Singapore la hifn tugng ky dieu ciia thi gidi d ihk ky XX Tu mot thi trin ngheo qua thgp nifin vdi y chi quyet doan ciia ngudi dung dau la Ly Quang Difu, Singapore da trd *thien dudng cua chii nghTa tu ban" Xa hoi thjnh vugng Mdi tnrdng lanh Quan chuc Hem khiet Ca thfi gidi mudn bit chucrc, nhung cd nhieu dieu khdng thl bat chudc va cumg cd nhilu dilu ngudi ta khdng mufin bat chudc Bdi Singapore phat triln nhiing nghich ly khdng dfi ly giai, ma nghich ly ldn nhit la "cat canh" rdi "hda rong" moi trudng it nhieu doc doan, ddc tai Tu do, dan chu bi quan ly chat Nha nudc can thifp sau vao dcri song tham chi ddi song rieng tu cia ngirdi dan Kinh te thi trudng soi ddng nhung "ban tay vo hinh" cua nd bi dilu khien bdi nha nudc Ton vinh dac thu Chau A nhung rat gan vdi Phuong Tay Rit chu y den tinh xa hfi cua su pbat trien nhung lgi xay dyng cdng mot kieu xa hoi tu ban chii nghta Y chi cd nhan cua Ly Quang Difu dugc coi la nguyen nhan quan Iam nen su cdng ciia Singapore Va ciing lai la nguyen nhan khien Singapore hifn khdng chi vdi toan nhfing dieu tdt dep Nhung sy thinh vugng ^ lam md nhihig dieu khdng may nhan dgo su phat triln cua Singapore, che day va xda di cac "vit den" ljch su Tir khda: Sing^wre; nghjeh ly phat triln; Ly Quang Difu; dan chu; phat trien; dpc tai Thang nam 2015, dng Ly Quang Dieu nam xudng, ca the gidi ndi vfi dng, ngudi da bifin Singapore td mfit lang chai ngheo ddi vao giiJ:a nhihig nam 1960 mdt thmmg cang sam uat nhat thfi gidi sau 30 nam, mpt dao quoc xiing dang la "vien nggc quy ciia su thinh vugng" Ben canh nhimg ldi ngpi ca tudng chimg da vugt khdi kha nang cua ngdn td, "ngudi Cha sang lap Smgapore" van phai nhaai khdng it nhung phfi phan tu nhe nhang tdi gay gat Khap noi, dac bift d cac nudc dang phat trifin, tranh cai ve dng dudng nhu lai tang them Mac du, vdi Singiqxjre, "bifiu tugng than ky ciia su phat trifin", hau hfit eac qudc gia it nhifiu deu mudn bat chudc*'\ Nhung ca su bat chudc cung da chiia nd difiu khdng may kha tbi - nua the ky nay, Singapore gan lien vdi tfin tufii ciia Ly Quang Difu Dd thuc su la hai trang cua mdt td giay v a khdng thfi cd trang ma lai thieu trang Day chinh la mdt nghich ly ' * Gido su, tiSn sT, Vifn Thong tin Khoa hpc xd hfi DT: 0912044487 Bnailihosiqio'.thongrin^mail.com "* Xem: John Burtwi, Peter Montagnon, Kevin Bnawn and Jeremy Grant (2015X Lee Kuan Yew Singapore's founding father 1923 - 2015 http://www.ft.com/intl/ cms/s/0/24145cfe-b89d-lle2-869f-00144feabdc0 html# slideO // Carlton Tan (2015), Lee Kuan Yew leaves a legacy of authoritarian pragmatism http://www.theguardian.com/worId/2015/mar/23/lee -kuan-yews-Iegacy-of-authoritarian-pragmatism-willserve-singapore-well // David Reed (1979) Singapav: Jewel of Prosperity, "Reader's Digest", November 1979 // Tom Plate (20! 1), Ddi thogi vdi Ly Quang Difu, Nxb Tre 47 Tgp chi Khoa hgc xd hgi Vijt Nam, sd 7(92) - 2015 Dao qudc qua nhd, dan sd chi trieu ngudi, khdng cd tai nguyfin, "mdt trai tim khdng cd ca the", chinh Ly Quang Dieu da ndi nhu vay'^\ Trai tim phai cd gang bien the gidi co thfi cua nd Va Smgapore da lam dugc difiu "khdng tudng" dd Day la nghich ly thu hai Ly Quang Difu dugc nhieu hgc gia coi la di theo khuynh budng xa hdi chu nghia Thdi tre dng da tirng bat tay vdi phong trao cpng san va cudc ddi minh, khdng it lan dng da kich lift phfi phan chu nghia tu ban Nhung rdt cudc, dng lai la ngudi bet long xay dung chii nghla tu ban Singapore cua dng la tam gucmg rue rd cho s\r cdng cua mpt "thien dudng tu ban chii nghia", "chu nghia tu ban sach"' *, mdt chu nghia tu ban cbSng lien quan gi dfin khai nifm cua Max Weber Day la nghich ly thu ba Ly Quang Difiu tin tudng tuyfit ddi vao kinh tfi thj trudng Ong timg giang giai "dimg bao gid tin rang cd thfi di ngugc lai siic manh cua thi trudng"*'*' nhung Singapore cua dng lal la difin hinh cho su can thifip cua nha nudc vao kinh tfi tbi trudng, ca d tam vT md den nhiing hifn tugng vi mfi RSt cd thfi quan bf nha nudc vdi thi trudng d Singapore nhiing thap nifin qua da vugt qua ca ly thuyet vfi kinh tfi tu cua Friedrich Hayek hay cua Keynes Day la nghich ly thdtu Ly Quang Difu la ngudi cd cam tinh vdi dan chu Thdi tre, dan chu la tifing ggi ly tudng cuafing.Ong hifiu rd gia tri dan chu Nhung Singapore cua fing la mot thii "chu nghTa tu ban chuyen chfi" (trong bai chiing toi se din nhung bing chihig that khd phan bac) Cdn dng, dii dugc ngudng md den may ngudi ta van phai xfip dng vao hang nhiing lanh tu "cd ban tay sat", quan Iy theo phuang thuc toan tri, dgc tai, dii dd 48 chi la mpt kifiu "chuyen chfi mfim"*^\ Ly le dang kfi nhat cua dng la, dan chO, tu nd da bit hgp ly tir gia dinh dau tifin ring, tat ca mpi ngudi dfiu bmh ding va cd ddng gdp ngang vao cai tdt dep chung'** Day la nghich Iy thii nam Ly Quang Difiu nhift tin tudng vao gia tri vfi trach nhifim xa hpi, mpt gia trj cdt ldi cua Khdng giao Singapore hifn dsd dugc dng xay dung theo md hinh eua nhiing gia tri Chau A Trong mit dng, gia tri Phuong Tay khac bifit dang ke nfin khd phii hpp Nhung Singapore nay, ban bdt Cli mgt qudc gia Chau A nao khac, kfi ca Nh|it Ban, 1^ rat gidng Phuang Tay Day la nghich ly thii sau Ve phuang difin ca nhan, Ly Quang Dieu dugc tifing la ngudi gian di den xue xda, th\rc te dfin thuc dung, cdi md den phong khoang, thdng minh dfin thdng thai, kiSn quyet dfin khong he bifit nhan nhugng '^' Xem: Michel Schuman (2009), The Miracle: The Epic Story of Asia's Quest for Wealth Harper Collins Pubishers p.57 "* Xem: James Heaitfield(2015), The Communist who made Singapore a Capitalist Success Lee Kuan Yew transformed a small trading post - but at a cost http://www.spiked-online.com/newsite/article/thecommunist-who-made-singapore-a-capitalist-success/ 16806#.VSLFZ5SsUrM // Nathan Lewis (2011) Moving Toward 21st Century Capitalism, http://www.foibes.com/ 2011/01/12/capitalism-hong-kong-gdp-opinionscontributors-nathan-lewis.html '•" Xem: Michel Schuman (2009), The Miracle: The Epic Story of Asia's Quest for Wealth Harper Collins Pubishers p.57 '*' Carlton Tan (2015), Lee Kuan Yew leaves a legacy authoritarian pragmatism, httpy/www.th^uardian.affll' world^OI 5/niar/23/lee4Q]an-yews-legacy-of-authoritarianpra^atism-wUl-s&ve-singapore-wdl // Can aulkx-iiarum cc^itaiism outlive Lee Kuan Yew? htlp://demdigestnet/ blog/can-authoritarian-capitalism-oullive-lee-kuan-yew '^' Xem: Han Fook Kwang, Warren Fernandez, and Sumiko Tan (1998), Lee Kuan Yew: The Man and His Ideas Singapore: "Time Editions", p.383 *! Nhung dng lai cflng la ngudi "khdng thfi ' lam bat cu vifc gi cdu tha, tu vife mang * mpt doi giay bdng ldn dfin mpt quyfit ' dinh quan trgng"; khdng trdi minh vao hk I Cli ly luan nao hay ldi khuyfin nao, kfi ca Macchiaveli va Khfing giao, hai hgc thuyfit t ma dng rk tam die 6ng lang tranh tranh s cai dling sai ve cac chu thuyfit, ma chi mudn I tim giai phap thuc tfi cho nhirng bai toan li phat trifin*^' Danh gia vfi ong, td tap chi noi I tifing Life td 1965 da nhan xet, ma dfin van rk nhifiu ngudi dan lai ring "Ly la 1, ngudi xuat sic nhit, du cd ddi chiit i b^o"'^l Day la nghich ly thii bay ! Singapore vdi 31 nam Ly (Juang Difiu giii cucmg vi Thu tudng da phat trifin ngoan S myc nghich ly khfing de ly giai nhu tren Pham each ca nhan ciia Ly Quang i Difu chic chin la nguyen nhan vd cimg quan trgng, neu khdng mudn ndi la nguyfin nhan quyet dinh Cimg m^t md hinh vdi Han Quoc va Dai Loan, nghich ly ldn nhat cua nhiing nudc la deu tang trudng rdi "cat canh" difiu kifn it nhifiu ddc doan, ddc tai Mdt vai the hf da trd I vgt hy sinh cho sir phat trifin Han Qufic "cit canh" lao ddng khd sai day nudc mit va cd ca mau Dai Loan "cat canh" lanh t\i giat minh vfi cdng tdi ciia minh Singapore dugc tifing la su tra gia dfi "cat canh" dfi "chip nhan" nhit Sir thinh vugng thuc tfi da che md cac "vet den" Uch sd Nhung thuc nhiing banh vi dfic doan, toan tri va thieu edi md nhu nhiing chiing cd nhu chiing tdi se trinh bay nhung phin dudi day, cung that khd "de rai vao qufin lang" nhat la ddi vdi nhiing ngudi cufic Vao nhung nam 1960, T6ng san phim nudc (GDP) thuc te ciia Singapore dudi 500 USD/ngudi Liic dd Smgapore rit Singapore: Nghjeh lyphdt trien ngheo, dang loay hoay tim dudng phat trien sau ddc lap va sau cii sdc tach khdi Malaysia Sau hai thap nifin, nam 1985 GDP eua Singapore la 10.811 USD/ngudi, vugt qua ngudng nudc ngheo (960 USD/ngudi theo tifiu chuin cua Lifin Hpp Qufic, hoac 875 USD/ngudi theo tifiu chuin cua Ngan hang Thfi gjdi (WB) Khdng roi vao cai biy thu nhap trung binh va dimg lai d dd, Singapore tifip tuc phat trifin va trd nudc edng nghifp hda mdi (NIC), mdt hd Chau A - difiu ky difu cua thfi ky XX Dfin nam 2003, GDP tinh theo ddng gia siie mua (PPP) Singapore la 29.663 USD dau ngudi nam; chi sd phat trifin ngudi (HDI) 2005 la 0,925, xfip hgng 25/177 nudc Nam 2007, GDP (tinh tiieo PPP) Singapore la 35.163 USD diu ngudi nam; HDI nam 2009 la 0,944, xfip hang 23/182 nudc Nam 2011, Tfing san phim qudc dan (GNP) (tinh theo PPP) Singapore la 52.569 USD diu ngudi nam; HDI la 0,866 xep hang 26/183 nudc Nam 2013, GNP (tinh tiieo PPP) Singapore la 52.613 USD diu ngudi nam; HDI la 0,895 xfip hang 18/186 nude Nam 2014, GNP (tinh theo PPP) Singapore la 72.371 USD dau ngudi nam; HDI la 0,901 xfip hang 9/186 nudc*'\ ''* Xem: Michel Schuman (2009), sdd p.58 '** Lee Kuan Yew Prime Minister of Singapore: brilliant, but a Bit of a 77!«g."Life" No 16, July, 1965 p 43 http://www.oldlifemagazines.com/july16-1965-Iife-mag3zine.html "* CAc s6 lifu n^y chpn td: UNDP, Human Development Report 2003, 2005, 2007, 2011, 2013, 2014 Luuy: S6 lifu GDP tfrng nSm tai cdc Bdo cao HDR CO t h l khdc UNDP thay d l i cdch tinh vao nam 2010 So vdi cac tai lifu cua WB, CIA hodc IMF, s6 Iifu vl GDP va GNP cung khac cdch tinh quy d l i USD PPP (Purchasing Power Parity) 49 Tifp chiKhoa hoc xa hgl Vijt Nam, so 7(92) - 2015 Hinh 1: Singapore thai Ly Quang Di|u Ngudn: The Economist 22/3/2015"°' He thong cai tri a Singapore dugc xem \h minh b?ich ve cliinh tn va it tham nhiing nhdt tren the gioi Trong xSp hang hang nam ciia To chiic Minh bgch qu6c tl (Transparency International), Singapore vln thudng nam top cac nudc it tham nhiing nhjt Vao nam 2005, Singapore voi chi s6 nhan thiic tham nhung (CPl) la 9,4 xep thli nhom nudc sach nhdt, chi sau Iceland, PhSn Lan, New Zealand va Dan Mach Nam 2012, vcri chi s5 CFI 87, Singapore la quoc gia minh bgch xSp hang thir cua thl gicri N5m 2014, diSm sang nhat cua khu vuc Dong A van la Singapore vdd chi sd CPI la 84 (dii co thip hon miic CPI ciia chinh Singapore nam 2011 va 2012), nhung chi diing sau nudc 14 Thyy ST, Na Uy, Thuy Diln, Phfci Lan, New Zealand va Dan Mach; Singapore vln la qudc gia minh bach hang diu thl gidi" " De cd vi tri nay, Singapore da trai qua mpt qua trinh diu tranh nghiem khic til Ly Quang Dieu radi len nim quyln Ong Ly hilu sau sSc hem bit cii vl su 50 nguy hiem ciia tham nhung, khong chdng dugc tham nhiing thi mgi myc tieu phat triln trd vo nghia Ban tay slt ciia dng da dugc ho trg bing mgt ca chl hi?u qua Khi ong qua dai, mgng corruption.net danh gia, sd cac nhd lanh dao cdng va khdng cdng, khdng co lilu thudc chdng tham nhiing tdt hon L^ Quang Dieu"^> Trong ba ylu td tgo nSn tham nhiing, vao nhimg nam 1960, Singapore chua thl lam gi vdi thuc trang luang bdng vi liic dd dit nuoc vln cdn ngheo Vi vgy, chinh phi chgn tan cdng vao hai ylu td tao tham nhung cdn lai: giam thilu co hgi tham nhiing va tang cudng hinh phgt Luat chdng Xem: Lee Kuan Yew's Singapore: An astonishing record, http://www.economist.com/blogs/graphicdetail/ 2015/03/lee-klian-yews-singapore ' " Xem: Corruption Perceptions Index 2014, [ittp://www.transparency.org/cpi2014/in_detail Xem: Lee Kuan Yew's Fight Against Corruption littp://www.comiption.net/section/politics/singapore -lee-kuan-yew's-flglit-agamsl-comiption/154 Singeq>ore: Nghich lyphdt triin tham nhung mdi dcri vdi 32 p h ^ thay bo lu4t cu nam 1937 vdi 12 phSn Co mpt s6 sua ddi quan nhu an tu tang len, ngudi nhan hdi lo phai tra lai h6t tiSn da nhan Van phong diSu tra tham nhung (CPIB) dugc tang quyfin han, vdi kha nang dieu tra "moi tai khoan ngan hang" ciia nhihig hi nghi cd hanh vi phi phap Mpt ngudi cd the bj khep toi tham nhung ca ngudi chua nhan tifin h6i lp, neu y dinh pham phap da dii dfi khep tpi Cong dan Sing^mre pham tpi nhan hdi lp d nudc ngoai ciing bi xu nhu pham phap nudc Ca bj cao qua ddi, tda an ciing cd quyen trung thu tai san tham nhiing Mai tdi nhiing nam 1980, kinh tfi da phat trien, Singapore mdi dii kha nang lam not phin cdn lai chien lupc chdng tham nhiing la tang lucmg cho cong chuc Thai^ nam 1985, Thu tudng Ly Quang Difu tuyfin bo cac lanh dao chinh tri can dupc tra Iuong th|it cao de "duong lifim" bao dam cho chinh quyen tror^ sach Ong noi each hay nhit ch6ng tham nhiing la "di cdng thi trudng", thay cho thoi dao diic gia da tao nen tham nhiing*'^* Theo GS Jon S.T Quah, Khoa Chinh tri hpc Dai hpc Qude gia Smgapore, kinh nghifm ciia Smgapore khong de lap 1^ d cac nudc khac vi hoan canh dac thii va vi nhihig chi phi chinh tri va kinh te cua vifc tra luong cao Tuy nhifin, cd bai hpc cd the tham khao dupc Dd la: - Bp may lanh dao phai thuc tam chong tham nhung va trung phat bat cd co hanh vi tai tieng - Cac bien phap ehdng tham nhimg phai dly dii, khdng co lo hong va thudng xuyen dupc xem xet lai dfi thay doi, neu cin thiet - Ca quan chong tham nhiing phai S5ich Khdng nhat thifit phai cd qua nhifiu nhan vien, va bat ky tra nao tham nhui^ ciing ph^ bi trung phat va duoi khdi nganh - Ca quan chdng tham nhiing phai tach khdi bd may canh sat - Dfi giam CO hpi tham nhimg tai cac nganh de sa nga nhu hai quan, thufi vu, cong an giao thdng, cac ca quan phai thudng xuyfin kifim tra va thay doi qui dinh lam viec - Dfing CO tham nhiing khdi nhan vien nha nudc va quan chdc cd thfi giam bdt nfiu luang va phu cap cho hp co tinh canh tranh vdi khu vuc tu nhan Dang NhSn dan Hanh ddng (PAP) elm quyfin khdng phai ta dang nhat tdn tai d Sing^Kire, nhung la dang nhat lanh d^o va CO vi tri dupe coi la khdng thfi thay the ddi vdi su phat trien ciia dao qudc nay, it nhit la cho dfin Dang PAP da co nhifiu bifin p h ^ tu hda nen kinh tfi va thu hut vdn nude ngoai, thuc hifn nhanh chong cong cupe cai bien kinh te, xa hpi va nang cao chit lupng sdng, nhung ciang bi coi la toan tri va khdng kem dpc doan Vai trd difiu tifit vT md cua chinh phu thk hifn rpng khlp mpi m|t cua ddi sdng kinh tfi, tao nfin mfit vi du kinh difin ve mdi quan he tifim an kha nang tich c\rc giGa nha nudc va thi trudng, giiia ban tay cung rin cua phap lu$t vdi ddi song tu cua dan chiing, gida trach nhifm c^ nhan va ky cuang xa hpi, giira tinh minh bach va phat trifin kinh te: chinh phii lap ke hoach du thao ngan sach cho mpi boat ddng tu tai chinh qudc tfi cho dfin thu gom rac; chinh phii sd hihi, kiem soat, difiu tiet hoac phan bd dit dai lao ddng va ngudn vdn; chinh phu In dinh hoEw: tac ddng doi vdi nhieu "^* Xan: Jon S.T QuaK Common in Asia with qxcial R^ererux to Singapore: Patterns and Consequences http://www.jonstquah.coin/images/Comiption%20in y^2OSing^XMB%20/UPA.pdf//Joshua Berlinger (2012), WTy Otina Should Study Singapore's Anti-Corn^tion Strategy htq)://www.businessinsider.com/why-chinashould-study-singapores-anti-corruption-strategy2012-12 Tgp chi Khoa hgc xd hdi Viit Nam, sd 7(92) - 2015 loai gia ca lam co sd cho cac nha dau tu tu nhan tinh toan kinh doanh va quyfit dinh diutu Su can thifip cua nha nudc nfin kinh tfi da anh hudng tich cue khdng chi ddi vdi lpi ich cua doanh nghiep tu nhan, ma doi vdi phuc lgi chung cua nhan dan Ngoai vifc tao viec lam cac khu vuc tu nhan va nha nudc, chinh phu cung d p nha d hd trp, giao due, y tfi va cac dich vu giai tri cung nhu van tai cdng cpng Chinh phu quyet dinh muc tang luong hang nam va dir dinh muc phu cap ngoai luang tdi thifiu cac khu vuc nha nudc va tu nhan Chinh phu quan ly quy tifit kiem huu tri thong qua Central Provident Fund va Post Office Bank, tEio dieu kifn cho ca nhan c6 cac cd phan tai cac doanh nghifp Nhu da noi d tren, nhung su thay ddi cua Singapore gSn lifin vdi tfin tuoi Ly Quang Difu, Thu tudng Singapore giai doan 1959 - 1990, ngudi da diing quyfin lire cda minh tac dpng vao moi khia canh, mpi hoat dpng, tham chi mpi ngoc ngach cupe sdng cua ngudi dan nudc Difiu ddi vdi mpt sd ngudi dan Singapore la binh thudng, mpt sd khac thay tu cua minh bi vi p h ^ Va Singapore "hoa rdng", tit ca nh&ng can thifp phi ly, tan nhan, vupt qua thlm quyfin ciia Ly Quang Difu va chinh the Singapore 1^ trd cong lao NhQng nam 1960 va 1970, dfi han chfi gia tang dan sd, d Singapore, phy nd sinh thd ba trd di sfi phai hudng thdi gian nghi thai san ngan ban, ddng thdi phai chi tra mdc vifin phi cao hon va quyfin giam tru thufi ciia hp cung bi anh hudng Dac biet, chinh phu Singapore thudng 5.000 SGD cho bit cu cap vp chdng nao chip nhfn trift sdn sau dda thd hai Hp ciing se duac uu tifin dang ky mua nha d gia thip va cai ciia hp duoc hudng cac uu dai khdc d nha trudng NhOng ngudi Kito giao khdng 52 chap n h ^ ndi each cu xu Nhimg mpi tifing noi phan ddi dfiu vd hifiu Nam 1983, Ly Quang Difu thay ddi quan nifm, dng tuyfin bd phti nii tri thurc nfin c6 din va kfiu gpi nam gidi nfin kfit hdn vdi phy nft tri thdc Tuyfin bd g3y tranh cai ldn t o ^ xa hpi Ngay ca nhiing phu nir la tri thdc ciing cam th^y bi xuc pham va hp da phan ddi kich lift Vfi quan ly tr^t tu xa hpi, nhung hanh vi nhu xa rac, hiit thudc hay khgc nhd noi cdng cpng dfiu bi phat tifin, th$m chi hi danh roi, kfi ca ddi vdi ngudi nudc ngo^ Nam 1994, hinh phat danh roi danh cho Michael Fay, mdt cdng d§n Mj? da lam ca tdng thdng Clinton va nhifiu thupng nghi sy My phai lfin tifing Mpt dao luSt duac Ly Quang Difu ban hanh da bit bufic ngudi lao ddng phai tifit kifim 1/4 sd tifin Iuong mdi thang Khoan tifin se chi dupc rut ngudi lao ddng 55 tudi Chinh phu quan ly se dung so tifin de phuc vu cdng ddng d Singapore, cdn cd nhifiu difiu luat, quy tic, quy dinh ma d nudc khac thi co thfi bj kfit tpi vi pham quyen ngudi, quy^n cdng din Dan chiing hai hudc dua ring, vdi cac nudc khac, difiu gi khdng elm thi co the lam,rifingvdi Smgapore, difiu gi khdng elm thi bupc phai lam; cdn difiu gi da elm thi chi phai nhin den di du lich nudc ngoai'"*' Danh gia vfi Ly Quang Difiu, Tom Plate, nha bao noi tifing cua td Los Angeles Time cho rang: "The k;y XX da co khdng bifit bao nhieu cudc ddi, bao nhifiu linh hdn bi hiiy ho^i chi vi mpt lanh tu cd thai dp mu quang tdn thd mdt chdn ly nhit Ly Quang Difu Xem: A guide to Singapore's wackiest law http://www.hotelclub.conVblog/singapore-weird-la\y?, http://www.economist.com/blogs/graphicdetail/20i5^ ^ /03/lee-kuan-yews-singapore Singapore: Nghich lyphdt trien ^dng mudn trd nha ianh dao kieu Thuc tfi ong bi quyfin ru bdi vii difu cua nhung y tudng thdng minh chd khdng phai nhung budc nhay ngd ngln, vung vfi cua quy da Ong ciing hoan toan khdng phai la mdt ke lap di nhu Pol Pot hay mdt tifiu Hitler ndng ndi" "Ly Quang Difiu gidng nhu Muhamad Ali vi dai, di chuyfin nhe nhu budm va ddt dau nhu ong (ban khdng nen ghi ten minh vao danh sach den cua dng, vi neu thfi ban se hi dng ddn vao gdc tudng, kifin ban dfin cung va ban se xong ddi)" "Singapore bin nhifin khdng phai la thifin dudng ddi vdi ke budn ban ma tuy, ciing nhat dinh khdng phai la thifin dudng trfin mat dat ddi vdi nhirng ngudi phan ddi chinh phu va dang cSm quyfin Trong nhihig nghe cd dac quyfin rifing ma ban thiy dang tu hao d Phuang Tay thi luat su bao chua cac vu an hinh su d Singapore cua Ly Quang Difiu it cd quyen lire ban nhifiu Nhiing ngudi ung hd tu ehinh an thd nhit bin se khong thiy cd niem vui cua xd Utopia phai ddi mat vdi dudng gidi han tinh vi nhung rat nghifim ngat danh cho gidi truyfin thdng d day"*'^l Toan bd nhihig dong nay, Ly Quang Difu da dpc va sda trudc xuat ban Nghta la ong thda nhan va chi can nhu the ngudi dpc cung cd the hieu va suy difin, kifim chung thfim nhifiu dieu Chung tdi danh gia cao Tom Plate; qua nhiing dong nay, Tom da the hifin minh la cay but "cd h^ng", khdn kheo khdng dfi cho ngdi but ciia minh mat di tinh khach quan, nhung cung khong vi the ma lam hdng difiu can ban nhit - ngdi l^i vdi Ly Quang Difu, truy vln dng vfi tdt ca nhiing gi da lam nfin difiu ky difiu Singapore Khd ma phu nhan dupe, vdi Ly Quang Difu va Dang NhSn dan hanh dpng, Singapore khdng cd chd cho nhiJng ngudi ddi lap Nfiu bi dua vao danh sach den, ngudi dd sfi bj "ddn vao gdc tudng, va se xong ddi" Chinh the khdng nhe tay vdi an hinh su va cdng nhifin h£in chfi quyfin bao chira ciia luat su Cd ranh gidi rat tinh vi nhung rit nghiem ngat danh cho gidi truyfin thdng Cd le, chi vdi chung ay ndi dung, bit cd nudc nao neu chu tnrong nhu vay cimg se bi xfip vao dang cd van dfi vfi nhan quyfin Nhung Singapore la dao qudc nhd be, thuc la mdt phd, ciing la phd nhd nfiu so vdi Bangkok, Ha Ndi hoac Thanh phd Ho Chi Minh, nfin tat ca nhung gi com lfin dfiu da bi xda md bdi mot Singapore giau cd, lanh va phat trifin Trfin thuc tfi, Ly Quang Difiu da bi chi trich nhifiu vi da ap dimg nhihig bifn phap edng ran dan ap phe ddi iap, can trd tu ngdn luan, cam mit tinh, bifiu tinh (bang chinh giay phep cua eanh sat), ban chfi cac an phim khfing vua y chinh quyen va su dung cac luat If ve tdi phi bang de ed tinh va bang mpi each day nhihig ddi thd ehinh tri vao tinh trang pha san Vfi nhirng Iianh vi nay, Devan Nair, Tdng thong Singapore (td nam 1981 dfin nam 1985 td chdc vi bit dfing quan difim vdi Ly Quang Difiu, nam 1995 fing dinh cu tai Canada) nhan xet rang, thu doan eua Ly Quang Difiu la khdi kifn ddi thu, gay ap luc vdi toa an va cac van phdng lii$t su, lam cho ddi thu khdng go duac dfi thoat Ididi cae thu tuc va chi phi td tung, cho dfin hp pha san hay than bai danh lift Lam nhu vay Ly da tim each thu tifiu cac quyfin chinh tri cua ddi thu Devan Nair cho rang, cang vfi sau Ly Quang Dieu "ngay cang trd loai ngudi tu eho minh biet dii va bifit diing mpi su" Cung gidng nhu cac nha ddc tai khae, dng Ly ciing nhu bi vay quanh bdi "nhdng ke bu nhin" Devan Nair dua nhirng nhan "^' Xem: Tom Plate (2011), Doi thogi vdi Ly Quang Di4u, Nxb Tre, Tp H6 Chi Minh, tr.254,260 53 Tgp chiKhoa hgcxdhdi Vijt Nam, sd 7(92) - 2015 Hdi giao qua trinh van dpng tranh cu*'^* J B Jeyaretnam nha lanh dao cua Cdng dang td nam 1971 dfin nam 2001, cung ph^ ddi mat vdi mpt loat tdi phi bang Nam 1981, dng trd chinh tri gia ddi lap dau tien cua Smgapore Qudc hpi, ong danh bai dng cd vifin dang PAP Ong tai die cd nam 1984, nhung bi mit ghfi Qu6c hdi nam 1986 b\ quy tdi mpt cdch bit cdng la chifim quf cua dang (tpi danh sau dd dupc lalt ngupc bdi Hfii ddng Co mat cua Vuang qudc Anh) Ong trd lai Qufic hdi sau cudc tdng tuyfin cu nam 1997 Tuy nhifin, dng da bi tude ghfi nghi sy nam 2001 bi pha san vi khdng toan kjp cho cac nha lanh dao dang PAP vfi vy kifin'^^l Chee Soon Juan, lanh dao Dang Dan chu Singapore (SDP), giai thudng Ddn chii nam Theo George T (Thayil Jacob Sony 2003 va TV nam 2011, ^ bj bit vk bd tvi George), cd van bifin tap cuatd The New nhifiu lln vi cac boat dfing td chuc bieu tinh Indian Express, tac gia chuyen ve chinh trj va cac phat bifiu cdng khai v^ chinh tri Ong va tiiu su chinh khach; cudn bj kifn vi tdi phi bang dang PAP va vi the "Singapore cua Ly Quang Difu", nh|in xet da bi pha san vao nam 2006 khdng boi ring, dfi quan ly Singapore, Ly quang Difu da khdng ngan ngai su dung cac thu dogn ddi vdi phe ddi lap va ca ddi vdi dan chiing ' ' Xem: Former president criticises suppression of dissent, http://www.singapore-window.org/sw99/ Trong vifc tifiu dift ddi thu cua minh, chifin 90329gm.htm // Uri Gordon (1977) Machiavelli's thuat cua dng cd thfi so sanh dupc vdi vific Tiger: Lee Kuan Yew and Singapore's Authoritarian ddng mpt qua bom nguyen td dfi tin cdng Regime http://unpan un.org/intradoc/groups/public/ mpt muoi Dau nam 1963 mdt documents/apcity/unpan002548.pdf // Sim, Soek(2001) Asian value, Authoritarism and eupc bau cd, dng da su dung Dao luat An Fang Capitalism in Singapore The Public Vol.8, 2, c.45 ninh nfi bp Anh dfi bd tu 100 vifin 66.http;//javnost-thepub[ic.org/article/pdff2001/2/3 chu chdt eua nhdm than cpng Barisan '"* Xem: Uri Gordon (1977), Machiavelli's Tiger: Sosialis canh ta, vdn tach td dang PAP Lee Kuan Yew and Singapore's Authoritarian Regime , Nhihig ngudi cdn lai sau bau cd chi dupc http;//unpanl.un.org/intradoc/groups/pub]ic/docunje, nts/apcity/unpan002548.pdf // Devan Nair a c ^ chpn vao cac vi tri hanh chinh khdng cd strangely Lee Kuan Yew http://news.google.com/ quyfin I^c chinh tri thuc su*'*' newspapers?nid=1309&dat=19880630&id=ElpPAA xet vao nam 1999 Tham chi dng cdn ndi "Singapore hdm la noi vd hdn, hf tu tudng cua nd chi la vat chat ma thdi" Ndi khimg trudc nhiing nhan xet nay, Ly Quang Difu lai dam dan kifin Devan Nair*' ' Da cd trudng hpp, sau toa khang an bac bd phan quyfit cd lpi cho Ly Quang Difu, chinh phu ben hdy bd quyfin khang an Sudt thdi gian dam nhifim chdc thu tudng tu 1965 dfin 1990, Ly Quang Difu da bd tu Ta Thai Bao (Chia Thye Poh), mft cuu dan bifiu qudc hdi thudc dang ddi lap Barisan Socialis, 22 nam ma khdng xet xu, chifiu theo LuSt An ninh Npi chinh, dng chi dupc tra t\i vao nam 1989 Dfi co thfi danh quyen ban tuyfit ddi cho cac tham phan, Ly Quang Difu da buy bd lu|it "Xet xd cd bdi thlm doan"'"' Sau eupc bau cu nam 1997, ung cu vien Cdng dang Tang Liang Hdng phai ddi m|t vdi v\i kifn bdi 11 ngudi vien dang PAP, bao gdm ca cuu Thii tudng Goh va Bp midng cao d p Ly Quang Difu 6ng Tang hi khep tdi la dS phi bang Kitd giao va 54 AAlBAJ&sjid=JpADAAAAIBAJ&pg=5119,3332621 "** Xem: George, T (1973), Ue Kuan Yew's Singapore London: Andre Deutsch C 68-9 Xem: Singapore How to earn a living Smgapore style, http://singaporedissident.blogspot.com/2010/01/ s^ngapore-how-to-eam-living-singapore.html Xem: J B Jeyaretnam - Lawyers' Rights Watch Canada, www.hwc.org/j-b-jeyaretnam Singapore: Nghich ly phtit trien thudng ndi cho Ly Quang Difu va Goh Chok Tong, mac du vp chdng dng da phai ban ngdi nha dfi tra chi phi vu kifn Theo Chee, O Singapore, chinh phu kifim soat tit ca va la ly gay sa hai dan chung*^" Thang nam 2000, Uri Gordon, giang vifin Dai hpc L o u g b b o r o i ^ Anh, va la nghien cdu vifin Vifn Khoa hpc Chinh tri, Dai hpc Tel Aviv, Israel da cong bfi mdt t ^ e n cdu so sanh giiia nhirng phucmg thdc, bifin phap va thu d o ^ cua nen chinh tri ddc tai, dupc md ta cac tac phim cua Niccold Machiavelli va phuang thuc dpc tai thuc te cua Ly Quang Difiu dfii vdi dit mrdc Singapore Mac du giira nudc Italia thfi ky XVI va Smgapore thfi ky XX la each qua xa, nhung nhimg difiu dupc phan tich tac phim cua Niccold Machiavelli va phuong thuc lanh dao dit nudc cua Ly Quang Difiu Igi cd nhdng difim tucmg ddng dfin ky la Dupc bifit Ly Quang Difu ciing rit mfi Machiaveli va day chinh la ly dfi Uri Gordon so sanh Ly Quang Difu vdi nhimg "nguyfin t i c Machiaveli" Cin phai ndi ddi dieu vfi Machiaveli tnrdc ban den su so sanh cua Uri GordoiL Niccold di Bernardo dei Machiavelli (1469 -1527), ong to ciia khoa hpc chinh tri hifn dai, nha n g o ^ giao, nha triet hpc, "mdt nhan vat khdng Id cua thdi dai Phuc hung" (F Engels) Ong dupc biet dfin vdi cac Iuan thuyet vd cung sic neu ro bp mat cua chu nghia hifin thuc chinh tri (trong tac phim TTK Prince) va ban chat cua nen cpng hda (trong tac phim Discourses on Livy) Hai cudn sach cdng vdi cudn History of Florence trd mfi hinh kinh dien chi dan cho nhieu nha d m quyen va cho cac nha phan tich chinh tri td thfi ky XVI dfin Theo Machiaveli, "B^c quan vuong phai biet hpc hdi td ban tinh ciia da thu, bifit kfit hop sdc manh ciia su td vdi sir tinh ranh cua cao Su tu khdng thfi tu bao vfi minh tranh cac cam biy, cao thi lai khdng the chdng lai soi Vi thfi, c i n phai la cdo de nhan nhimg cam biy, va la su td dfi dpa sdi"*^' Chinh Ly Quang Difiu ciing cd ve rat tam die vdi tu tudng nay, dng binh iuan vfi Macliiaveli rang: "Giira dupe yfiu thuang va duac sp hai, tdi ludn tin ring Machiavelli dung Neu khdng sp tfii, thi tdi ching cd y nghla gi"*^\ Nguyen t i c Machiaveli la nguyen tic cua nen chuyfin chinh tu san Tit ca deu y chi, tam hdn, hanh ddng cua eon ngudi quyfit dinh Nha chinh tri mau muc la ngudi cd diu dc phfi binh manh baio, cd tu tudng Iy phi tdn giao, cd long cam ghet bpn quy toe an bam, va co khat vpng mudn xay dung dat nudc (thdi va dat nudc ma Machiveli noi dfin la Italia) mft qufic gia thdng nhat, tu do, binh ding vdi mdt chinh quyfin manh, su dung b?io lyre dfi xdy dung treit tvr mdi Theo Machiaveli, ngudi muon xung dang la mpt ngudi phai tien thing vdng vang tdi muc dich Muc dich se chdng minh tinh dung din cua bifn p h ^ Machiavelli ciing dua vd sd Idi khuyen ve nhiing thu doan ma cac quan vuang nen ap dung Dang quan vucmg nao •-" Xem: Nadel, A (1997), 'Singapore's Voice of Reason' South China Morning Post (March, 1.) ht^://www.singapore-window.org/chee.htni // Bell, Daniel A (2000) East meets West: human rights and democracy in East Asia, http://cs5538.userapi.com/ uI1728334/docs/30c79ab07cf7/Daniel_A_Bell_East _Meets_West_508055.pdf// Asia Profile: Singcpore danocray txtikoT Otee Soon Jucn U^/wwwjadicaisti^ netau/interaational/radio/onairfiighlights/asia-^)rofilesingapore-democracy-activist-chee-soon-juan •^' Niccol6 Machiavelli (2005), Nxb U o dfng, tr.9 ''^^"Between being laved and being feared, I have always believed Machiavelli was righ If nobody is afraid of me, I'm meaningless" Lee Kuan Yew, 6.W.I997 Xem: Uri Gordon (2000), Machiavelli's Tiger: Lee Kuan Yew and Singapore's Authoritarian /?eg/me.http-J/unpanl.un.org/intradoc/groups/pub]ic/ docunienl5/Eyx;ity/unpan002548.pd£ 55 Tgp chi Khoa hgc xdhgi VietNam, sd 7(92) - 2015 mudn cong tM phai hpc dupc each gac long tdt sang mpt ben, vifc cd van dung nd hay khdng thudc vao thdi thfi Mot quan vuang, can bifit t\sy thdi ma tdt hay khdng tdt, nhung phai Iam vfi minh cd dly du mpi dure tinh Difiu quan nhat ddi vdi quan vuang la can tranh bi khinh mift va thu ghet Machiavelli cung thay rat rd tim quan trpng cua "long dan" "Khdng cd chinh sach nao toan ven, can phai bifit chpn lly cai bit Ipi nhd nhdt" - tu tudng ciing dupc coi la mdt nguyfin tdc Machiaveli*"^^' Theo Uri Gordon, cac quan difim va hanh dpng chinh tri ciia Ly Quang Difu chinh la su giai thich mot each manh me cho tinh hifu qua ciia cdc "nguyen tac Machiavelli" Ong Ly da chu ddng van d\uig cdc nguyfin tdc Machiaveli, ke ea vifc dua luan thuyet "gia tri Chau A" Tren thuc tfi, PAP ludn thuc thi cdc hanh dpng chinh tri nham tim mpi each tri che dp ddc dodn, dap tat cac bat man va nghien nat cac I^tc lupng ddi lap Singapore la mpt dat nudc ma quyen ngudi dupe xem la khdng can thifit cudc dua phat trien kinh te Dua vdo lpi nhuan ciia chu nghia tu ban hifn dai Singapore, chinh phu cung cap cho cac cdng dan cua minh cac l o ^ phuc Ipi vdi chi phi lay tu lao ddng cua hp "Phe ddi Ifp dupc chd sin cac an tu chinh tri Chinh phu kifim soat todn bp qua trinh bau cu va tien hanh cac vu kifn dfii vdi bit ky Idi phdt bifiu nao chfing lai chinh quyen Mpi su phe phan chinh quyfin dfiu bifin hanh ddng tu sat chinh tri Ban cho ddn mdt cupe sdng ma chinh phu cd thfi tu kiem soat, Ly va eac phu ta cua dng cd the dupc xem nhu la df tu thuin cua nha nudc kifiu FIorentine"*^^\ Khi Singapore dupc ca thfi gidi nhin n h ^ la mdt dao qudc thinh vupng, an toan va sach, vdi su cd mat cua cac tap doan da qudc gia manh nhit trfin thfi gidi, ngudi ta thudng chi nit kfit ludn 56 ring, nfiu khdng cd mdt nhd lanh d^o nhu dng Ly, Singapore se phai mat nhieu thdi gian ban dfi dat duoc nhihig thdnh tuu ma thfi gidi dang chiing kien va muon bit chudc Theo chung tfii, nfiu Uri Gordon khdng thifin kien, thi diing la Ly Quang Dieu da mot l l n nira chung minh cho quan difim chuyen chinh cue doan tu ban chu nghia - Muc dich cd the bifn minh cho bifn phap, du bifn phap ay chang hfi chinh dang chut nao Kfi tu nfin dan chu Athens, loai ngudi da 2500 nam di theo dudng dan chu tu vdi lich su dly mdu va nudc mat Cang ngay, eac dan tfic cang nhdn thdy "nhan quyfin, tu do, dan chu la xu hudng khdng thfi dao ngupc va la ddi hdi khdch quan ciia xa hpi loai ngudi" CJ Vift Nam, chinh Thu tudng Nguyfin Tdn Diing da mgunh mfi khdng dinh difiu nay'^^' Ddn chu, ban than nd cd thfi tao ngudn luc cho sir phdt trien Ddn chu phat trifin la phuang thdc hiiu hifu nhdt dfi tranh phai tra gia Ddn chfi ed khd ndng dem lai hgnh phuc hpp ly cho cdc xd hfii, cho tung ngudi, tu lanh t\i tdi ngudi dan Ngay khdng ly le ndo co thfi bifn minh ndi cho su phat triln ma phai sir hy sinh ngudi, du Id mpt ca iJiSn, mdt cdng ddng hay mdt thfi hf Han Quoc, Ddi Loan ngdy la cac xa hpi cd truJi dan chu cao cua Chau A, Nghich ly Singapore cd thfi khdng de Iy giai, nhung cung khdng phdi la b i n g chdng cho sv di ngupc lai xu thfi tu dan chu '^^* Niccol6 Machiavelli (2005), sdd tr.85, 94 - 95, 134,175,179-180 '"' Xem: Uri Gordon (2000), Machiavelli's Tiger: Lee Kuan Yew and Singapwe's Authoritarian Regime htlp://unpanI.un.org/intradoc/groups/pubIic/docume nts/apcity/unpan002548.pdf '^** Dan chu la xu thg khong thg dao n^ugc Thu tirong Nguyin T ^ DQng tra Icri phdng van t^i Vi^n Koerber, Berlin 15 thing 10 nam 2014 http://vietnamnet.vn/vn/chinh-tri/202481 /thu-tuongdan-chu-la-xu-the-khong-the-dao-nguoc.html ... Xem: A guide to Singapore'' s wackiest law http://www.hotelclub.conVblog /singapore- weird-la\y?, http://www.economist.com/blogs/graphicdetail/20i5^ ^ /03/lee-kuan-yews -singapore Singapore: Nghich... Ue Kuan Yew''s Singapore London: Andre Deutsch C 68-9 Xem: Singapore How to earn a living Smgapore style, http://singaporedissident.blogspot.com/2010/01/ s^ngapore-how-to-eam-living -singapore. html... CFI 87, Singapore la quoc gia minh bgch xSp hang thir cua thl gicri N5m 2014, diSm sang nhat cua khu vuc Dong A van la Singapore vdd chi sd CPI la 84 (dii co thip hon miic CPI ciia chinh Singapore