Nông dân trong cấu trúc phân tầng xã hội.pdf

20 Xa (lfii iff tbut ngftiftn xahpi hoc 2030), 2015 •i NONG DAN TRONG CAU TRUC PHAN TANG XA HOI Bill THfi CUONG' "Vin de nong dan" - tu- thi gioi flln Viet Nam, tir lich sft den hien tai Cach mang cong ngMep tu ban chu nghia Tay Au duong nhu khong gap phai khang cu dang ki cua nong dan Lich su chii yeu ghi nhan nhimg cupe nSi day cua cong nhan Phan khang cua cong nhan luon trd diim nong chuong trinh nghi svr chinh tri Tay Au thi ky XIX, khiin cong luan gpi ten la "vin di xa hpi" hay "vSn di cong nhan" Giai cip cim quyin trien khai cMen lupc da dien de ling vcri thach thiic nay, mpt giai phap kha toan dien va ca ban la Mnh he thong cMnh sach xa hpi (Bili Thi Cuong, 2001; Trin Hiru Quang, 2009) Khi chii nghia tu ban banh truong sang cac nuac thupc dia, tinh Mnh rat khac Tay Au Chil nghia thuc dan gap phai su phan khang manh me ciia cac phong trao nong dan (dil dat duoi sir lanh dao ciia ting lop tinh hoa truyin thing, tu san hay cua cac to ch6c cpng san) Co the noi cac nuoc thupc dia, van de xa hpi chu yeu la "van de nong dan" Giong voi nMeu vimg dat va quic gia khac, a Viet Nam, vin di nong dan va phong trao nong dan (chong ngoai xam hay ching giai cip cim quyin) luon la trung tam suot chieu dai lich su Viet Nam the ky XX ciing khong phai ngoai le Ngay hom nay, van de nong dan mpt lan nira lai noi len nhu la mpt vin di chinh tri - xa hpi hang dau Trong qua khu Dang Cpng san Viet Nam da timg tim each giai quyit "vin di nong dan" bang chinh sach cong huu hoa rudng dat, phan bi lai dan cu nong thon, khai hoang, thljy lpi hoa quy mo lon va dua khoa hpc ky thuat vao nong ngMep, ap dung rpng rai mo hhih hpp tac xa nong ngUep khuon nin kinh ti ki hoach hoa tap tnmg menh lenh hanh cUnh Nhimg giai phap mang tinh each mang iy da tao nen ciu tnic xa hpi moi chua timg co lich su nong dan - nong thon Hiu nhu a mpi vimg nSng th5n, giai cip nong dan tap thi cMim dai da si, ben canh mpt si luong nho can bp nhan vien hanh chinh Dang - Nha nuoc toan phin hoac ban phin (bien chi) Nhung nhu ta da chung kiin, khong chi a Viet Nam ma can a nhiiu noi tren thi gicri, viec ap dung cMnh sach cong htm va ki hoach hoa tap trung tren toan bp nin kinh ti va nong ngMep khong the dat dupc muc tieu tang tnrcmg va phat triin kinh ti mot each can ban va ben viing, tham chi din din tri tre, tich tu xung dot va khiing hoang Vi the, Viet Nam, khong Men dien nhirng diiu kien chinh tri - kinh ti thuan lpi ho trp cho mo Mnh ton tai dupc vai thap nien (chiin tranh chim diit va vien tro ben GS TS Vifn Khoa hpc xa hdi viing Nam Bg, Ciio sir Ihinh giang Universlli Brunei Damsalam Bili The Cuang 21 ngodi khdi^ cdn nfta), chinh sacfa ndy da phdi tfaay ddi can ban Giai cap ndng ddn tap thS khdng cdn tdn tgi, ttd lgi tfadnfa khdi ndng dan cd thS khdng Id Mdt lan nfta, ndr^ ddn Iai bj nhao nan ttong mgt cdu true phdn tdng xafadikfadc' Trong mdi trudng "mdi" cua cfau i^faia tu bdn Nfad nudc va tu nhan ty do, ngudi ndng ddn cfaiem vj thS nhu thS nao ttong edu trftc phdn tdng xa hgi "mdi"? Bai vilt dl cap cdu hdi dya ttSn mgt sd bang chftng tfayc nghiem djnh lugng tfau thdp va phdn tieh ttong khudn khd dl tai khoa hgc cdp Nha nudc ma sd KX.02.20/11-15: "ChuySn dich ca cdu xa hdi ttong phat trien xdfadiva qudn Iy phdt triln xa hgi vftng kinh tl trgng diem phia Nam din nam 2020" Can dS cap i^dn ggn den hai tfaudt ngir chinh d hid viSt ndy Thu nhdt, kfai ndi dSn "giai cap/ nhdm/ tdng ldp" ndng ddn, tdi ngy y din ndng ddn lao ddng true tilp^ Hg gdm hai nhdm:(l) ngudi cd rugng va ty Idm, va (2) ngudi khdng hoac it rugng di lam tfaue ttong ndng ngfaifp Theo tdi, nhdm cd nhiSu rudng va tfauS mudn lao dgng gan vdi tu bdn ndng ngfaiep Thft hai, thuat ngu "eau true phdn tdng xa hdi" la mdt khai nifm pfauc hgp xa hgifagc.Bdi viet cfai de cap mdt vdi kliia cgnfa gian don raang tinh dinh lugng cfta khai niem Dd Id phdn bd mang tinh dinfa lugng cua cac nfadm xafadi- nghS ngfaiep mgt cdu true xa hgi, ba chi bao dinh lugng phdn dnh nhung ngudn luc chft ySu ma eac nfadm xdfagithy ddc vd rauc dinh lugng cfta di ddng xd hgi d ndng dan Nong ddn cau true phan tang xa hoi 2010: ca nudc va Dong Nam Bo Do Thien Kinfa dua bftc tranh pfaan bd ciia ddn sd Viet Nam cac i ^ e nghiep - xd hgi vao ndm 2008, dya tten sd Iifu kfado sat mftc sdng ddn cu VHLSS (Dd Tfaien Kinfa, 2012: 55) Theo dd, ndng dan ehilm ty ttgng Idn nfadt, 48,4% Cftng voi nhdm lao dgng gidn don, ndng ddn hgp thdnh tdng xa hgi thdp, bao gdm 56,6% Trong phdn tich gdn ddy chua cdng bd cfainh thftc Do ThiSn Kinh dua sd ty If ndng ddn Id 50,4% vao nam 2008 va 47% vao nam 2012 (Dd ThiSn Kmh, 2015) Su khac cd thS thay ddi tieu chi tinh toan Tfaeo Tdng cyc Tfadng ke, dSn cudi nam 2014, eo cdu Iao dgng cd viec lam ca nudc theo khu vue kinh te, lao dgng ttong khu vyc ndng, lam nghiep va thfty sdn chiem 45,3% (Tdng cue Thong ke, 2014: 7) Trgng thai pfaan bd nfau vgy kfailn edu tnic phdn tdng xa hdi theo nghS nghiep d Viet Nam mang dang kim ty tfaap Ty trgng thye dd thay doi ddng kS so vdi 20 nam trudc (ddu tfadp niSn 1990) R^t nhilu tic gia n6i vl hifn thirc nhu mot cai gi "moi", nhung thirc chi tro J?i mot phiSn ban "cQ" Dky lk mft chu dl quan trpng, anh huong lon den nhan liiiic hpc thuat va chinh sach Tuy nhien, bai vilt khong b ^ chu dl niy ' Bai vilt khong biU) vl vi^ nong dan Iao dfng la mgt giai c ^ , giai tAng, ting lop, hay nhom xk bOi Vi v§y, if day toi thudng dung "nhom xi hpi" hay "nhom xa hoi - nghe nghiep" nhu la thu^ ngC lam viec t^m thdri Ngoii ra, tiiy cho toi cung sii dyng bin tir doftiaythe 22 Ndng ddn cdu true phdn tdng Bing PhSn bo phan tram hf gia dinh theo nh6m xa hoi nghi nghifp va tang x5 hfi theo 36 tb} nong th6n d viing DSng Nam Bo h^p vh TP HCM, 2010 Nh6m xa hfi - nghe nghiep va tang xahpi Nhom xa hfi - ngbe nghiSp Lanh dsio Dang, chinh quyen, doan thl, CO quan su nghidp khu vuc Ding, Nhi nudc Quin ly cong ty khu virc tu nhan Chuyen vien ky thuit bic trung, bic cao Chu ca scr kinh doanh tu nhan phi nong nghidp NSng din lop tren Cong nhan, th? thu cSng linh ngh^ Nhin vien thuang mai djch vu NSng din ldp giiia Nong dan lop dudi Lao dpng giin don T^ng xi hfi Tren (A1+A2+A3+A4+A5) Giaa (A6+A7+A8) Thdp (A9+A10) TSng N (hp gia dinh) D6thi Dong TP Nam Bp HCM hep Nong thon Dong TP Nam Bf HCM hep Chung DSng TP Nam HCM Bfhep 2,6 1,4 0,0 4,0 0,0 1,3 7,6 11,0 2,1 1,9 3,7 8,8 6,4 20,0 1,6 9,4 3,0 17,4 5,2 2,5 2,7 3,3 0,8 0,0 14,4 0,0 10,5 18,3 16,6 10,0 25,0 12,4 18,6 16,3 36,5 9,3 29,4 11,3 34,8 8,0 26,2 0,0 20,9 19,6 14,4 17,6 4,1 24,7 0,0 0,8 8,6 15,4 15,6 18,1 10,3 20,0 38,6 19,5 15,7 19,7 32,2 42,6 53,1 45,5 54,4 44,6 53,4 37,4 9,4 35,0 30,0 35,7 14,4 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 251 501 623 160 874 661 12,7 Nguon: So li?u tir liai de tai nghien cuu ldc gid ldm chii nhien^ Dong Nam Bo co boi canh lich su va xa hoi Iihac biet so voi nhiing vung Idiac Di^u cimg thS hien cau true phan tang xa hoi Bi tam so sanh vcri biic tranh ca nuac trSn, toi sii dung s6 lieu cua cac Ithao sat vS chu d8 Vien Khoa hoc xa hoi vimg Nam Bo thuc hien nam 2010 Theo quy dinh chinh thilc, vimg Dong Nam Bo g5m sau tmh c6 Ho Chi Minh (TP HCM) Nghien ciiu cua chiing toi bao g6m mpt Idiao sat dinh luong t^li TPHCM va mot khao sat khac cho cac tinh lai c i a vung Moi khao sat co ca mlu 1.080 ho gia dinh sinh s6ng 30 phucmg/ tri trdn/ xa (TrSn Dan Tam, 2010) Do c6 hai cuoc khao sat tren, nen bai vifa toi su dung cum tu "Dong Nam Bp hep" dl chi vvmg Dong Nam Bp gom nam tinh, khong co TP HCM Chuong trinh nghiSn cmi cSp Bg "Mpt s6 vSn dS ccr ban cua su phat triSn bSn vttng vCmg Nam B0 giai doan 2011 - 2020 thuc hi?n nSm 2009 - 2010" Vijn Han lto Khoa hoc xa h^i Viet Nam tr? v4 Bi tii nghien cilu "Co cau xa hpi, loi s6ng va phiic l(ri ciia cu dan thinh ph6 Ki Chi Minh hiJn nay" thuc hifn nto 2009 - 2010 So Khoa hpc vi CSng nghf TP HCM tii trg Bill The Cuang 23 Bang trinh bay k ^ qua phan tich cua hai kfaao sat tren ve phan b6 cua cac nfaom xa hoi - nghe ngfaidp va t5ng xafaol.Co 10 nhom xa hpi - nghe ngfaiep, gop thanfa ba ting xafapi(Bdi The Cuong va Le Thanh Sang, 2010) Lien quan den chii dk day, nong dan phan ba tieu nfaom: noi^ dan lop tren, lop giua va lop duoi Va nhu da de cap d tren,faaitieu nfaom duoi dugc gop thanfa nhom nong dan lao dong'* Theo Bang 1, nong dan lao dpng chiem 35,5% ca cau xa hpi - i ^ e nghiep cr viing Dong Nam Bp hep^ va 4,1% a TP HCM Xet rieng viing noi^ thon, nong dan lao dpng cfaidm 45,8% a vung Dong Nam Bpfaepva 14,4% a TP HCM Ty le nong dan lao dpng kfau vuc nong tfaon vung Dong Nam Bp hep xap xi ty le tren ca nuoc Ba nguon lyc if nong dan: tnrorng hgrp Dong Nam Bo Cac nfaom xa hpi co nhung dac diem xa hpi ma neu ta dua vao bang hoi ngfaien cuu de tfau tfaap du lieu, ta se tliAy nfaimg kfaac biet xafapigifia cac nhom Nhieu dac diem xa fapi CO tfae nfain nhu la nfaung nguon luc (tai nguyen) ma cac nfaom tfau ddc Khac biet gifia cac nhom ve nguon luc la chi bao rat tot de bdt binh ddng xafaoi.No cung gop phdn pfaan anfa vi the xa hpi cua m5i nfaom cdu tnic xS hpi IGioafapcxafaoitfae gioi da che nfaieu bien so de luong cac nguon luc Trong phdn nay, toi su dyng ba bien so de ba kieu nguon luc tieu bieu cua cac nhom xa hpi Do la "thu nhap binh quan ddu ngucri nam" de pfaan anfa nguon Iuc kinh te, "so nam di fapc" de phan anh ngu6n luc tri thiic, va "la Dang vien Dang Cong san Viet Nam" de pfaan anh ngu6n luc quyln luc* Pfaan ticfa dua tren dfi lieu hai cupe kfaao sat a Dong Nam Bp faep va TP HCM 3.1 Nguon lire kinh ti d nong ddn the hien qua biin so *Hhu nhap btnh qudn dSu ngirdi ndm" Bang trinfa bay tfau nhap ddu nguoi nam tfaeo nhom nghe nghiep - x3 hpi, tang xa h6i va nhom ngii vj pfaan afaaivirng Nfaom nong dan lao dpng (nong dan lap gifia va lop duoi) cung voi nfaom lao dpng gian don tfaupc hang tfau nhap tfaap nhat bang phan tdng xafapi.Miic tfau nhap ciia nong dan lop duoi la 12,2 trieu dong o vimg Dong Nam Bp hep va 14,5 trieu d6ng a TP HCM, bang 66,6% va 53,2% miic trung binh cua m6i vung Thu nhap ddu nguoi nam ciia nong dan lop tren viing Dong Nam Bp hep g ^ ^ CSn Iiru y pham trCi "nong dan" phan tich cua B6 Thien Kinh, it ong khong phan ba tieu nh6m nong dan nhu cdch phan tich ciia nhom nghien cuu Vi?n Khoa he* xa hoi vung Nam BQ cho viing D6ng bang s6ng CCru Long va Bong Nam BQ ' Theo T6ng cue Th6ng ke, co cau lao dpng co viec iam viing Dfing Nam Bg h?p (khong bao g6m TPHCM) theo khu vvrc kinh ta, lao ddng khu vuc nong, lam nghiep va fliuy san chilm 30,9% (Tdng cwc Th6ng kg, 2014:7) , , , ' PhoOTig phap CO bkn tuong d6i phd bien n ^ e n cihi phan tang xa hoi tren thfi gidi, mac dii co nhiSu phien ban khdc (Xem: Le TTianh Sang, 2010; Do Thien Kinh, 2012 vk 2015) Hal ngudn luc sau, Lyc Hpc Ngh| (2004) goi la ngudn l\rc vin hoa va ngudn Iuc td chiic Le Thanh San§ cung sur dung hai thuat ngtt d6 dl phSn tich (Lg Thanh Sang, 2011) Trong bai vilt nay, toi ggi hai nguon lire la tri thirc va quygn l^rc Lip lugui bien s6 "la dang vien Dang Cong san Viet Nam" phan anh nguon lire quygn l\fc dya tren Diiu Hiln phap 2013, theo do, "Dang Cong san Vi^t Nam la lire lupng l3nh dao Nha mrdc va xa h^i" 24 Nong dan cdu true phan tdng Idioang ba lto cua nong dan lao dong Tliu nhap a nhom quan ly cong ty khu vuc tu nhto gip 5,3 lto cua nong dto lao dong Bito so thu nhap dSu nguon nSm phto anh phto nao miic chenh lech v6 ngu5n luc kinh tk ciia nong dto lao dpng so vm cac nhom xa hoi - nghe nghiep khac Bang Thu nhSp dju nguiri nam theo nh6m x§ h?i - nghi nghifp, t i n g x5 hpi vil nh6m ngO v| phin thu n h | p * viing Bong Nam Bp hfp v4 TPHCM, 2010 TT Nhom xa hOi - ngh^ nghiep, tang xa hOi v4nh6m ngu vi phan thu nhap A Nhdm x3 h$i - nghi nghifp LSnh dao Ding, chinh quyen, dofin the ca quan svt nghifp khu vyrc D&ng, N h i nuoc Qufin )Sf c6ng ty khu v\rc tir nhfin Chuyen vi6n ky thuit bac trung, b^ic cao Chu CO s6 kinh doanh tu nhfin phi ndng nghiep Nong dfin ldp tren Cong nhfin, thg thu cflng lfinh nghe Nhfin vien thuong m^i dich vv Nong dfin lifrp gitta Nong dan I6p dudi 10 Lao dfng gifin don Trung binh N (hf gia dinh) B T i n g xfi hfi Tr5n (A\+A2+A3+A4+A5) Oitta (A6+A7+A8) Thip (A9+A10) Trung hlnh N (hf gia dinh) C Nhflm ngQ vi phSn Ihu nhfip Gifiu Khfi gifi Trung binh Cfin ngh^o Nghfeo Trung binh N (sf hf gia dinh) So v6i nhflm thu nhfip thip nhfit (Nhfln thu nhap thfip nhit = 1,0) Thu nhfp dfiu ngUd'i nfim (trifu dflng) Dong Nam Bflh^p ^5,"S>'™ Bf h^p TPHCM 21,9 - 23,0 29,7 36,1 18,1 22,3 14,6 12,2 12,3 18,3 32,7 1,8 2,3 77,3 38,8 40,1 1,9 2,4 - 5,3 2,7 2,8 21,9 22,8 - 14,5 14,9 28,0 874 661 30,9 16,0 12,3 18,3 43,0 22,4 14,8 28,0 874 661 46,3 19,2 13,0 96,6 26,7 17,8 12,3 8,8 4,6 18,4 1.080 TPHCM 6,8 32,0 1.080 3,0 1,5 1,8 1.2 1,0 1,0 1,5 1,5 1,6 1,0 1,0 1,9 2,5 1,3 1,0 1,5 2,9 1.5 1,0 1.9 10.1 14.2 4,2 2,8 1,9 1,0 4,0 3,9 2.6 1.8 1.0 4.7 Nguon: So lieu tit hai de tdi nghien cicu cdc gid ldm chic nhiem 3.2 Ngudn luc tri Ihiic & nong d&n Ihi hifn qua bien s6 "si nam Hi hgc" Btog trinh bay sd ntoi di hoc theo nh6m nghi nghiep - xS hdi, ttog xa hoi va nhom ngu vi phto a hai vimg S6 ntoi hoc trung binh Dong Nam Bo h?p la 6,88, d TP HCM cao hem hto, la 9,39 (3 Dong Nam Bo hep, nhom nong dto lop gitta co s6 ntai di hgc trung binh 5,68 Con so a nong dto lop duoi la 6,21 d TP HCM, nong dto 16p duoi CO so ntoi di hpc trung binh 6,19 S3 ntoi di hoc nhu vSy moi tren miic tito hoc Bid The Cuomg 25 khoang hon mot nam (trong thang thong 12 nam) Bien so ve so nam di hpc phan anh phin nao miic chenh lech ve nguon luc tri thuc (chinh thiic) ciia nong dan lao dpng so voi cac nhom xa hpi - nghe nghiep khac Dieu dac biet c6 y nghia doi voi thieu nien nong dan thang tiln xa hpi Bang So nim di hoc theo nh6m xi hyi - ngh£ ngbiep, tang xk hyi vk nhom ngu vj phan thu nh$p it vbng D5ng Nam Bo hep vk TP HCM, 2010 TT Nhom xfi hfli - n ^ f nghifp, lfing xfi hpi vfi nhflm ngii Dflng Nam Bf hep TPHCM vi phfin thu nhap A Nhflm x3 hfi - nghe nghifp L^h dao Dang, chinh quyen, dofin the, CO quan sir 10,14 13,83 nghifp Irong khu virc Dang, Nhfi nuoc Qufin \^ cflng ly Irong khu v^rc tu nhfin 14,95 Chuyen vien ky ihufit bfic Irung, bfic cao 14,00 15,05 Chij CO so kinh doanh lu nhfin phi nflng nghiep 9,14 10,08 Nong dan lop tren 6,39 Cong nhfin, tho thu cong lfinh nghi 8,02 8,33 Nhfin vien Ihuong mai dich vv 7,62 9,05 Nong dfin lop giita 5,68 Nong dfin lop diroi 6,21 6,19 10 Lao dfng gifin don 5,55 6,32 Trung bmh 6,88 9,39 N (hf gia dinh) 872 659 B Ting xfi hfi Trfn (A1+A2+A3+A4+A5) 8,84 11,76 Gifla (A6+A7+A8) 6,65 8,80 Thip(A9+AI0) 5,55 6,28 Trung bmh 6,88 9,39 N (hfl gia dinh) 872 659 Nhflm ngii vi phfin thu nhap C Gifiu 9,07 11,99 IChagia 7,58 10,49 Tnmg binh 7,54 8,77 C ^ nghf o 5,93 7,21 Nghio 4,61 6,89 Trung bmh 6,95 9,76 N (hf gia dinh) 1.078 1.077 Nguon: Sd lieu tie hai de tdi nghien cuu tdc gid ldm chu nhiem 3.3 Ngudn lire quyen luc d nong dan Ihe hien qua biin s6 "la ddng vien Dang Cpngsan ViflNam" Btog trinh bay ty 1? dtog vito Dtog Cong sto Viet Nam dto cu a Dong Nam Bp h?p va TP HCM Kh6i giua cua Btog mo ta ty le dtog vito cua cac nhom so vcri tdng s6 dtog vito mau khao sat Ci Dong Nam Bp hep, phiin lon cac nhom xa hpi - nghi nghiep co Iupng dtog vito chiSm tii 6% dSn 9% tong s6 dtog vito Dtog vito thupc nhom npng dto lop giite va nhom cong nhto/thp thu cong ltoh nghi mSi nhom chi 26 Ndng dm cdu trdc phdn tmg chiim 3% t6ng s6 dang vien Nhom "Lanh dao Dang, chinh quyen, doan th§, co quan sir nghiep khu vuc Dang, ^fha nuoc" va "Chuydn vien V.^ thuat bac trung, bSc cao", moi nhom co s6 dang vien chilm 27,3%, tdng cpng la 54,6%, tfing s6 dang vien Dang vien nhom nong dan lao dong chi chiem 9,1% tong so dang vien Nhom "Nong dan lop tren" co so tucmg duong (9,1%) BSng Ty 1$ daog vien Dang C^ng san Vift Nam theo nh6m xa h^i - nghe nghiep, ding xk h$i \k nh6m ngu vj pbSn thu nhap o* viing Dong Nam B$ hf p va TP HCM, 2010 TT A 10 B C Nhom xfi hfi - nghi nghifp, tfing xfi hgi vfi nhflm ngii v| phfin thu nhfp Nhflm xfi bfi - n g h i nghifp Lfinh dao Dfing, chinh quyen dofin Ihe, CO quan sv nghifp khu vuc Dfing, Nhfi nuflrc Qufin ly cflng ty Irong khu vvc tu nhfin Chuyen vien ky Ihufit bfic Irung, bfic cao Chu CO so kinh doanh hr nhfin phi nflng nghifp Nflng dfin Iflp trfn Cdng nhfin, Ihg thu cflng lfinh r ghi Nhfin vifln thuong mai dich vp Nflng dfin Iflp gifla Nong dfin Iflp dufli Lao dfng gifin don Tflng N (dfing vifn) N ( h f gia dinh) T i n g xil hfi Tren (A1+A2+A3+A4+A5) Gitta (A6+A7+A8) Thip(A9+A10) Tong N (dang vifin) N (hf gia dinh) Nhflm ngO vj phan thu nhfip Gifiu Khfi gifi Trung btah Cfn nghfio Nghfio Tflng N ( ^ g vifn) N (hf gia dinh) Ty If dfing vifin so vfli ling dfing vien TCiu (%) TP Dong HCM NamBf hep 27,3 - 27,3 6,1 Ty If dfing vien troni mii nhflm xfi hfi (% Dflng TP Ting NamBf HCM hep 19,4 40,9 22,2 27,8 2,8 28,1 7,7 - 9,1 3,0 9,1 3,0 6,1 9,1 100,0 33 874 0,0 0,0 100,0 36 661 69,7 21,2 9,1 100,0 33 874 39,1 32,6 17,4 6,5 4,4 100,0 46 1.069 8,3 19,4 - 3,3 0,9 3,0 0,5 1.3 1.9 38,9 100,0 36,4 17,2 0,9 100,0 100,0 100,0 2.4 3.0 - 0.0 0,0 33 874 36 661 72,2 27,8 0,0 100,0 36 661 13,4 1,3 1,9 12,2 2,8 0,0 33 874 36 661 54,2 13,6 22,0 6,8 3,4 100,0 59 1.080 8,3 6,9 3,7 1,4 0,9 14,8 3,7 6,0 1,9 0,9 46 1.069 59 1.080 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100.0 100,0 100,0 Nguon: So lieu til hai di tdi nghien an tdc gid ldm chi nhiem Chu thich: So luvng ddng vien mdu nho nen ty le phdn Irdm Irong bdng ndy chi mang tlnh thdm khda TP HCM ket qua ciing tuong tu, nhung s6 dtog vien nh6m "Nhto vien thuong mai, dich vy" chiem tcii 19,4% va nhom "Quto ly cong ty Uiu vyc tu Bui The Cumig 27 nhan" chiem toi 22,2% Khuon mlu phan b6 ciu true phan ting xa hpi theo ting va nhom ngu vi phSn cung tuong tu Cang thupc nhom cao hon thap phan ting thi ty Ie dang vien cang cao hon Khoi ben phai cua Bang trinh bay ty le dang vien npi bp moi nhom Ba nhom diu thap phan ting theo xa hpi - nghd nghiep (ciing la vien cua ting xa hpi tren) co ty 1? dang vien m6i nhom cao nhit Ching han, nhom "LSnh dao Dang, chinh quyen, doan the, ca quan sir nghiep khu vuc Dang, Nha nuac" c6 ty le dang vien len tai 40,9% a Dong Nam Bp hep va 38,9% a TP HCM Ngay ca nhom "Quan ly cong ty khu vuc tu nhSn" cung co ty le dang vien len tai 36,4% TP HCM Chi c6 gan 2% nhom nong dan lao dpng la dang vien vung Dong Nam Bp hep Khuon mau phan bo cung the hien cau true theo ting xa hpi va nhom ngu vi phan thu nhap: nhom cao hon thang phan ting xa hpi co ty le dang vien nhom cao han Vi so dang vien mau khao sat la nho (ty le tren quy mo ca nuac so voi toan the dan cu cung vSy), nen toi bo sung so lieu tu vai khao sat khac, va trich din mpt so lieu cua tinh Quang Ninh Vien Khoa hpc xa hpi viing Nam Bp tien hanh mot khao sat a D6ng bing song Cliu Long vao nam 2008 (Le Thanh Sang, 2011) Ket qua cho thSy ph3n bo dang vien cac nh6m xS hgi - nghe nghiep va tang xa hpi ciing c6 khuon mau tuong tu nhu a Dong Nam Bp hep va TPHCM Theo do, hai nhom co ty le dang vien cao nhat npi bp nhom la "L3nh dgo Dang, chinh quyen, doan the, ca quan su nghiep" (26,9%) va "Chuyen vien ky thuat" (15,4%) Con so nhom "Nong dan lap tren" la 5,5%, nhom "Nong dan lop giflra" la 3%, va nhom "Nong dan lap duoi" la 1,4% Nam 2010, Vien Khoa hpc x3 hpi vving Nam Bp tien hanh mpt khao sat a tinh VTnh Long, mpt tinh thupc Dong bang song Cihi Long Ket qua cho thay ty le dang viSn a ting thip chi ta 0,3%, tang giu:a la 3,8%, ting cao len d^n 29,4% (Bui Thk Cuong, 2012) Noi each khac, khuon miu phan b6 dang vien cac ting xa hoi a tinh VTnh Long tuang tir nhu a Dong bang song Cuu Long va Dong Nam Bp Mpt bai bao mai day to VietnamNet cho bilt ty le dang vien can b6 vien chiic thupc he thong chinh tri tinh Quang Ninh la 76% (Phuang Nguyen, 2015) Nong dan va di dpng xa hpi Tinh "dong hay ma" hoac "ciing nhac hay linh hoat" ciia mot ciu true phan ting x2 hpi th6 hien s\r"tri tre hay ti8n bp" cua xa hpi iy Tinh dong - ma hoac cumg nhic linh boat ciia cau true xa hpi co the bang nhieu khai niem, co "di dpng xa hpi", dac biet la di dpng xa hpi dpc mpt the he hay lien thl he v l mat nay, mpt so nghien curu vl di dpng xa hpi thl he a Viet Nam thap nien 2000 cho thiy "ty 10 di ddng thudn luon cao hon ty le di ddng cdu trUc dli voi ca nuac va xet rieng timg khu virc nong thon (hoeic thi)'" va "ting lop nong dan co h? so ma Nong ddn cau true phdn tdng nho nhat va thl hito xu huong giam dto theo thoi gito" (Do Thito Kinh, 2012:96, 97)' Tir va ctog mpt s6 phto tich khac da din d t o m i y kSt luan sau Thil nhit, di dpng xa h6i ca nuoc di hinh cac ting lop cua xa hpi hien tai diln cham ch?p Thay d6i ciia co cto kinh t l chua dong vai trb chu yeu di dpng xa hpi Thii hai, xu huong di dpng he thing phto ttog cua ca nuac la ma, nhtmg ttog lop ndng dto c6 xu huong khep kin " [Khi xem xet he sd ma mSi ting lop xa hpi ta thSy ring ting lop nong dto co he s5 ma nho nhit va chtog thl hien xu humg gidm ddn theo thoi gian tit ntoi 2004 din 2008 Dilu co nghia ring, ting lop nong d t o dang o trang thai khep kin nhilu hon nhOng ting lap xa hpi khac (cac nuoc cpng nghiep trto thl gioi ctog nhu vay) Tttc la, no thl Men su di dpng khoi ting lop nong dto chjni nhit va ctog kho khto, hoac la ti le gitai hot ting lap nong d t o ctog cham din"(Bo Thien Kinh, 2012:133 -134) Tuong lal nong dan cau true phan tang xa hoi 2020 va xa hon TCr nhihig phto tich dinh lupmg trto ta thiy, cho dto nong d t o van la nhom xa hpi - nghi nghi?p chilm ty 1? cao nhit trto ca nuac Nhung a Nam Bp noi chimg, nhat la TP HCM va phin nao a Dong Nam Bp, ty le nong d t o thip hon dtog ke Dieu khiln cho hinh dang thap phto ttog xa hpi - nghe nghiep cua ca nuac va ciia Dong Nam Bp khd khac C t o tnic to se khong thay doi c t o b t o cho d t o 2020 tren ca nuoc cQng nhu a Dong Nam Bp Bai viet phto tich ngu6n luc o n6ng d t o btog phuong phap dom gito thong qua ba bito so phto toh nguon luc kinh te, tri thiic va quyto luc Phto tich cho thay phto bo cda ba nguin luc khac bi?t lon giita cac nh6m xa hpi, va mang tinh p h t o ting r5 ret Trong d6, n6ng dto lao dpng luon ctog vcri nhom lao dpng gito don dirng chot btog phto ting ba bito so phto toh nguon luc Nong dto lao dpng ctog la nhom kho khto nhit dich chuyin lto nhiing ting lop cao hon trto thap phto ttog Doi voi hp, "cto tnic xa hpi" duang nhu da "an bai", kho CO the thay doi vi the va "thto phto" cua minh Hoto ctoh va vj thl ciia nong dto khong thl tach roi b l i ctoh ciu tnic xa hOi chung Ve m|t nay, toi da co ging dua mpt ting kit vl "su d t o x i p ciu tnic xa h6i d§ va dang an bai" thap nito 1990-2000 cu6n sach xuit b t o ntoi 2010, dua tren kit qua D l tai KX.02.10 (2001-2005) Xin trich lai mpt doan kha dai nhu sau: "Kel cdu xa hoi hay cdu true giai ldng a Viet Nam hien da dinh hinh tuong Si ro rang Nhin chung dgc biel giai dogn ddu ciia cdi cdch, mgi khdi ddn cu diu dugc huang lgi lit Doi mai Song, mitc hucmg lgi la khae a mue dang ki, va sif khdc cd xu huang ngdy cang Idng Ben giiia vd cudi nhirng ndm 1990, bdi cdnh xd hgi cua Viel Nam da thay ddi sdu sde Vdo thai diem nay, Ddi mdi dd tiin hdnh khodng han 10 ndm, gidi quyit dugc cugc ' Luu y, day li nhfin dinh vf thfip nifin 2000 (dva trfn sf lifu dfin 2008) Trong chimg mirc toi bift, chua cfl phan tfch vf nhftng qufi trinh lir sau 2010 dfn Bili The Cudng 29 khung hodng kinh te - xd hdi nhirng ndm 1970 - 1980, nhung cung ldm thay ddi mgnh me ket cdu xd hdi Thdp nien nh&ng ndm 2000, su bien ddi cdn sdu sdc htm nira, nhirng ket edu xd hdi thi ngdy cdng tra nen "da an bdi" han: ngudi gidu ngdy cdng trd nen gidu cd vdi nhirng ca hdi ldm gidu ehua tOng thdy thdm ehi cd so sdnh vdi nhirng nuac phdt trien^, tdng lap trung luu vd ngheo ngdy cdng khd thay ddi "thdn phdn " han Phdn bd thu nhdp theo ngdnh nghi tra nen rdt khde nhau: xudt hi?n nhirng ngdnh nghi dac quyin dde lai Nhirng giai tdng vd nhdm duae lai nhiiu nhdt Ddi mdi vd chuySn ddi bao gdm doanh nhdn vd qudn ly kinh doanh (cd nhd nuac ldn tir nhdn); gidi thuc lgi (cd thu nhdp tu tdi sdn: nhd eho thue, lgi tuc); cdng chuc (linh vuc ddng, ba ngdnh lap phdp, hdnh phdp vd tu phdp, dodn the xd hdi); cde ngdnh dieh vw xd hdi (khoa hgc, gido due vd y te); edng nhdn viSn ed ky thudt cdc khu vuc sdn xudt, kinh doanh vd dieh vu tien tien Nhimg giai tdng va nhdm duge hudng lgi it han bao gdm: ndng ddn it ddt vd khdng kinh doanh; ngucri ddn tdc; ngwdi gid khdng ed bdo ddm xa hgi; nien vd lao dgng tre cd thu nhdp thdp hode khdng kiim duge viee ldm tdt; nguai tdn tdt vd khdng cd sdc lao ddng; cdng nhdn vien ky ndng thdp cdc khu vifc sdn xudt, kinh doanh vd dich vu thu nhgp thdp; ngudi ngodi le xd hdi Mue chenh l$ch xd hoi ehua phdi Id qud lan, song su chenh lech ndy khdng thi hi$n ro tinh chiec ndng vd hd trg eho phdt trien Dieu ddng bdo ddng Id su hudng lgi mang tinh true lgi la phd biin vd a mue cao^" (Bui Th8 Cuong, 2010:142-143) Trong "ciu tnic xa hpi thai chien tranh va each mgng xa hpi chu nghTa", nguai nong dan (ca nhan ciing nhu lang cua hp) vut ion day nhu Phu Dong (muon y nha van Nguyin Khai), tra nhan v|it tnmg tam mang tim voc lich sii Hp la nhan v^t chinh chiln tranh (nhimg tuong ITnh, sT quan va nguai linh di tir lang que) va thai xay dung chii nghTa xa h6i (giai cip nong dan tap thl khing 16) Hon hai muai nam qua, "ciu tnic xa hpi kilu thj truong Nha nuoc va ty: do" da thay dli vi thl cua nong dan Ve nhieu mat, hp van la nguon dong gop lan vao GDP va can can xuit khiu, dem din s\r but pha cua quoc gia Nhung m5t khac, hp cung chau ciia minh dang bi "ciu tnic hoa" vao mot he thong phan tang xa hpi "mai", a hp co nhieu ngudn luc hem so vai chinh minh truac kia, nhung neu so voi cac giai tang xa hpi khac hp tra nen co it ngu6n lire nhat Cai banh thu nhap quoc dan cang lan, mieng banh cho nong dan lao dpng to ban truac, nhung xet vl ty le tuang dli, phin cua hp cang nho, nhGng nhomkhac ng6i cimg mam cang ngoam phin "khung" han La mpt n6 luc khoi phuc tinh than truyen thong each mang truac kia, liy cam humg tu cac mo hinh nu6c ngoai cong (chang han, Chuang trinh xay dung n6ng thdn moi * Tinh hlnh n^y da sk dang dat tdri miic d^ cao hem n&a th^p niln 2010 Ching hiin, xem Sd ngudi Vi^t sieu giau iSng nhanh nhdt the giai, tmy cap tu www.vov.vn Truy cap 14/3/2015) ' Giir day toi mu6n thgm m$t cym tit n&a a cho n4y: "dac quyln dSc Igi 30 Nong ddn cdu true phdn long cua Hto Quic), va mpt phin ducri ap luc nguy ca mat on dinh xS hpi, Chuang Irinh muc lieu qudc gia xdy dung ndng thdn m&i giai dogn 2010-2020 doi ntoi 2010 M6t nhiing sii menh quan trpng cua no la gop phin dao ngupc qua trinh "ciu tnic hoa" noi tren Din Chuang trinh da di hit nlia qutog duong cua muih'° Vao ntoi 2020, Chuong trinh co thl ting kit nhu thl nao vai v t o d l "nong d t o c i u true phto ting xahpi"? Chuang trinh muc lieu qude gia xdy dung ndng Ihdn m&i giai dogn 2010 - 2020 \i mot thl hi?n cua cam kit chinh tri dli voi biln dli xa hpi nong thon toto dien, CO biln dli ciu tnic phto ting xa hpi thong qua nhiing giai phap ntog cao dieu ki^n song va vi thl xa hpi cua nong dto Nhung nhieu so lieu va nghito ciiu cho d t o htoi y ttog muc tieu phat triln co bto diy tham vpng timg d|t cho cpt m6c 2020 se kho co the dat dupc Trong nhimg nghito ciiu ve v t o de nay, xin trich lgi lap luto cua Do Thito Kinh ntoi 2012: " xem xet du&i goc nhin cdc Ihanh phdn ciia cdu true xdhgi Ihi nu&c la kho cd the dgt dugc muc lieu ca bdn tr& thdnh mgl nuac cdng nghiep vdo ndm 2020 Bai vi, tr& Ihdnh mgt nu&e cdng nghiep thi cdc Idng l&p ddc trung cho xd hdi hien dgi phdi the hi^n ro vd chiem ti le ddng ddo, cdn cdc Idng l&p ciia xd hoi truyen Ihong (dgc bifl la ndng ddn) chi eon ti le nhd be" (D6 Thien Kinh, 2012:129-130), va: " xem xel mgt cdch rdt ca bdn du&i goc nhin bdn chdt vi cdu trite xd hgi Viet Nam Ihi nu&c ta kho CO the dgl dugc mtic tieu ca bdn Ira Ihdnh mgt nu&e cdng nghiep vdo ndm 2020 Boi VI, h$ Ihdng phdn tdng xd hgi ciia mdt nu&c cdng nghiep Id phdi co hinh dgng "Qua trdm" (Do Thito Kinh, 2012:131) Con thilu s6 lieu cap nhat dl co thl phto tich tinh hinh mai nhit hito MJc dil vay, quan sat bli ctoh chinh tri va chinh sach a Viet Nam hien khiln toi nghitog theo d(t doto rtog din thai dilm 2020 (va xa han 10 ntoi tdi) dilu kien sing cua mpt bo ph$n nong dan lao dpng va nong thon Viet Nam se tilp tuc co nhttng cai thien nhit dinh, nhung "vi thl ciia nong dto lao dong ciu tnic phto ting xS hpi" se it thay dli Tuy nhien, triet hpc va khoa hpc x5 h6i cung gpi y ring no Ittc va hieu lire ciia hanh dOng chinh tri va chinh sach thuc tiln co thl bac bo nhiing tito doto truac ve xu the dien biln xS hpi cho d i chtog co cto cii khoa hoc (do dua tren p h t o tich thuc chirng ve hien trang) Vi thuc t l lich sii va su khai quat ciia ly thuylt htoh dpng xa hpi chp thiy, a cap d§ vi mo lto vT mo, nguai co kha ntog t ^ buoc ngoat hoac dao ngupc nhOng cdi dupc xem la khong thl tranh khoi Vin dl quy lai la cam k i t chinh tri dii m?nh me va htoh dpng chinh tri du kito quylt va thong minh' ' Xem so lifu so kel nfim vfi lfng kel 2014 cia Chuong trinh xay dimg nong thon ni« lai: Bio Difn 14 Chinh phu, 2015; Ban Chi_d?o trung uong Chucmg Irinh muc lieu qufc gia xfiy dung nong thon mdi, difn iu 20™^ " " " " ° " ''""" *'" "^^ ''™* "°"* ""^ ""*' " """^ 2010-2020 Cfng Thfng lln jjffjAMn, su hoc vfi khoa hpc xfi hfi chi mfl vfii yfiu 16 ntta, chfing hsn b6i efinh vi sv may mfin Biii The Cudng 31 Tai lieu tham khao Ban Chi dao trung uong Chuong trinh muc tieu quic gia xay d\mg nong thon moi 2015 Bdo cdo kit qud thuc hien Chuang trinh myc lieu qudc gia xdy dipig nong thon mai nam 2014 va phuang hudng nhi$m vy ndm 201S (Tdi iieu phuc vy cugc hgp tdng kit nam 2014 v&i cdc dia phuang), S5 03/BCBCDTW-VPDP Truy cap tir http://nongthonmoi.gov.vn (Tmy cap 20/1/2015) B^o di^n tu Chinh phil nudc Cong h6a Xa hpi cha nghTa Viet Nam 2015 Thu lu&ng chi tri Hgi nghf tdng kit Chuang trinh xdy dimg ndng thon m&i Truy c§p tir http://baodientu.chinhphu.vn (Truy c|p ngiy 22/1/2015) Chuong trinh myc tieu qu6c gia xay d\mg nong thon mdi giai doan 2010-2020 - C6ng Thong tin dien tii 2015 Tai lieu Hoi nghi true tuyfin to^n qu6c Chirong trmh nong thon mdi (20/01/ 2015) Truy cap tir http://nongthonmoi.gov.vn (Truy cap ngiy 20/1/2015) Bili The Cuong 2010 Gop phdn tim hieu biin ddixa hgi & Vi?t Nam hien nay, Nxb Khoa hpc xS h§i, H4 Npi Bili The Cudng 2012 Dieu tra ca ban ve co cSu xa hpi, vSn hoa va phuc lpi ngudi d tinh VTnh Long Bao cao khoa hpc EFe tai Khoa hpc x3 hOi cip tinh Sd Khoa hpc va cdng ngh| tinh VTnh Long vi Vi|n Phat triln b6n v&ng viing Nam B^ Biii The Cudng va L6 Thanh Sang 2010 M§t s6 vin dfi vg co cSu xS hOi vi phin ting xi hdi d Tiy Nam B^: K^t qua tii cuoc khao sit dinh Iupng nim 2008, Tqp chi Khoa hgc xa hpi, S6 3(139): 35-47, thinh phd H6 Chi Minh Do Thien Kinh 2012 H4 thong phdn tdng xS hgi a Vi^t Nam hifn (Qua nhirng cugc diiu tra muc sdng hg gia dinh Viet Nam 2002-2004-2006-2008), Nxb Khoa hpc xa hpi, Hi Npi D5 Thien Kinh 2014 Rao can d6i vdi tang ldp ndng din h| th6ng phin ting xa hpi d Viet Nam hi|n Tgp chi Xahgi hgc, S62(\26):4-H DS Thign Kinh 2015 Xu hudng biln d6i c^u trOc cic tang ldp xi hdi d viing kinh tS trpng difim phia Nam thdi ky doi mdi Bii vifit De tii khoa hpc cap Nhi nudc "Chuyfin dich co ciu xi hpi phit trifin xi h^i vi quan 1^ phit trien xi hOi viing kinh tfi trpng difim phia Nam din nim 2020" Mi sd KX.02.20/11-15 (Sip xuat ban) L€ Thanh Sang 2010 Nghien cuu phan tang xi hpi: Tir ly thuyet den lirdng thuc nghifm, Tgp chiKhoa hgcxdhdi (TPHCM), s6 2(138): 3i-40 Le Thanh Sang 2011 Cc cdu xd hgi van hda vd phuc lgi xd hgi viing Tdy Nam Bg Bao cio khoa hpc Dfi tii cip Bp Vien Phat trifin bfin v&ng viing Nam Bp Lyc Hpc Ngh| (chii bifin) 2004 Bdo cdo nghien cuu giai tdng xd hgi Trung Qudc duang dgi, Vifin Nghifin cihi Trung Qudc, bin dich tieng Vift, Hi Npi Phuong Nguyen 2015 Hpp nhit caquan ding, chinh quyfin: Chung tdi tung tranh luin niy lua Phdng van bi Dd Thi Hoing, Phd Bi thu thudng tryc Tinh uy Quing Ninh Truy cip tir http://m.vietnamnet.vn (Truy cip ngiy 16/3/2015) Trin Dan Tim 2010 Chpn mlu cho cu^c khio sit "Co ciu xi h^i, vin hda va phiic loi xi hpi" tai viing Nam BO, Tgp chiKhoa hgcxdhgi, So (143): 83-91, phd Hd Chi Minh Tran H&u Quang 2009 Phiic lpi xi h^i trfin thi gidi: Quan ni?m vi phan loai Tgp chi Khoa hgc xS hgi, so 4(128): 12-31, thinh phdHd Chi Minh Dii Tiing ndi Vi?t Nam 2015 So ngudi Vift sifiu giiu ting nhanh nhit thfi gidi Truy c?p tir http://vov.vn/kinh-te/thi-truong/so-nguoi-viet-sieu-giau-tang-nhanh-nhat-the-gioi-388086.vov (Truy c§p ngiy 14/3/2015)  ... cd thS khdng Id Mdt lan nfta, ndr^ ddn Iai bj nhao nan ttong mgt cdu true phdn tdng xafadikfadc'' Trong mdi trudng "mdi" cua cfau i^faia tu bdn Nfad nudc va tu nhan ty do, ngudi ndng ddn cfaiem... nfadt, 48,4% Cftng voi nhdm lao dgng gidn don, ndng ddn hgp thdnh tdng xa hgi thdp, bao gdm 56,6% Trong phdn tich gdn ddy chua cdng bd cfainh thftc Do ThiSn Kinh dua sd ty If ndng ddn Id 50,4% vao... m5i nfaom cdu tnic xS hpi IGioafapcxafaoitfae gioi da che nfaieu bien so de luong cac nguon luc Trong phdn nay, toi su dyng ba bien so de ba kieu nguon luc tieu bieu cua cac nhom xa hpi Do la