Tác động của quá trình công nghiệp hóa đến cơ cấu việc làm của người dân Khu kinh tế Nghi Sơn (huyện Tĩnh Gia, tỉnh Thanh Hóa.pdf

L ac dong cua qua trinh cong nghiep hoa den cd ca'u viec lam cua ngUdi dan Khu kinh te Nghi Sdn (huyen Tfnh Gia, tinh Thanh Hoa) D O A N T H I NHlf QUYNH* D a t v a n d l Nghi Son dupe xem nhfl Id mot khu kinh te' trpng diem ciia tinh Thanh Hba dflflc xay dflng tfl nfim 2006 bao gom 12 xa Hidn nay, Khu kinh te' Nghi Scm da thu hiit nhieu dfl an quan trpng nfldc dmg nhfl nflde ngofii vdi t i n g sd 135 dfl fin Theo Bao cao nam 2013 ciia UBND huyen Ttnh Gia, de xay dung Khu kinh te' Nghi Sdn, tong didn tich dat da dflpc thu h i i Id 3.305,3 hp gia dinh bi anh hudng khoang 18.504 ngudi (trong tong so 22.670 hg Khu kuih te' Nghi Son) Sd hg gia lEnh bi thu hoi dat khoang 4.624 hd (trfl xa Hdi ThUtfng vd Hai Ha) Sd lao dgng hi anh hudng khoang 17,605 ngudi (trong tong so' 94,017 lao dgng d Khu kinh td' Nghi Sdn) Cb t h l nbi rang, Hai Ye'n lfi xd bi anh hUdng manh me tfl qufi trinh cdng nghidp hba (CNH), thon da hoan todn di chuyen tdi khu tai dinh efl Da^t eanh tde, dfldc xem la mdt edng eu rat quan trgng cho sfl sdng ebn ciia ndng dfin da bi ehuyen dii de xfiy dflng khu cong nghidp mdi Mfic dti qud trinh cdng nghigp hba da tao cdc vide ldm mdi eho ngudi dfin, nhung nhttng ngfldi ndng dfin khdng the bdt kip vdi tdc phdt triln manh me eua n i n kinh te' Sau ehuyln doi da't, cd eau lao dbng hofin toan thay dii Mat khfie, cfic edng ty cong nghidp khong t h l tuyen dung dupc tfi't ea eae lao ddng ddi dfl ciia xfi Hai Ye'n nen tinh trang thdt nghidp cang trd ndn nghiem trgng hcfn Thi^c t r a n g vi^c l a m c u a cac h g gia d i n h ii x a H a i Y e n 2,1, Ve sd dung ddii dai Xa Hai Yen bao gom thon: Nam Yen, Trung Yen, Ddng Ye'n, Bae Ye'n, Trung Hau, Vfin Yen; db thdn Bde Yen se sfip nhfip vao xa Tinh Hai thdi gian sap tdi va tong dien tieh da't eiia tat ca ndm thdn lai da hoan todn bi thu hii eho Idiu edng nghidp giai doan tfl nam 2006 den nfim 2014 Nhfi mfiy lgc hba ddu Nghi Son, mpt 12 du fin tai xa Hai Yen, da chiem phan ldn tong so' dien tieh dat bi thu hii Trong giai doan tfl 2008 dd'n 2011, khu E (didn tich 30 ha), khu J (didn tich 32 ha), khu B (didn tich 300 ha) da dfltfc thie't lap Hidn nay, khu C (didn tich 110 ha) dang dflpc xfiy ditag d giai doan bdt dau tfl ndm 2013 (Xem bang 1) Tinh trung binh, nfim 2007, mdi * Dodn Thi NhU QuSmh, Tnibng Dai hgc HSng DUc 62 Nghiin eihi Ddng Nam A 8/2015 hd gia dinh d thdn Vfin Yen sd httu 4.726m2 va thbn Trung Yen 3.632m2, bao gom dat t h l cfl, dat ndng nghiep vfi cfic loai dat khdc Tuy nhien, nam 2014 ngfldi dfin ehuyen dd'n khu tfii dinh efl, dien tich trung binh eiia mdt hb gia dinh dflpc sd hflu clu ven ven 167 m^ Theo lufit dfi't dai ndm 1993, da't nbng ngbiep dflpc phan bo deu theo dau ngfldi eho tat ca cfic thfinh vien xa vd mdi ngfldi dflflc bfldng sdo (tflong dflcfng 500m^) vfi bay gid tfi't ca eae khu vflc ndng nghiep dfi bi lan chid'm bdi qufi trinh CNH Cfic qufi trinh din bb dat dflpc thflc hien theo Quyd't dinh eua Chinh phu so 197/2004 / ND-CP ngfiy 2004/03/12 ve boi thfldng, ho trp vfi tfii dinh efl Nhfi nfldc thu hoi da't 2.2 Ve tinh hinh lao dgng Trfldc dfiy xfi Hai Yd'n lfi mdt vung thudn ndng vdi hem 90% lao ddng tham gia vfio cfic boat dbng nbng nghidp, chid'm ty Id nho la dd'i tflpng nghi bUU vfi cdng chfle nhfi nfldc Cay chinh eiia xd lfi cfiy lae, khoai lang va cfiy viing Cay lua nflde da dflpc trfldc ndm 2002, nhien, Ilia khbng cho nfing sudt cao nen sau nfim 2002 ngudi dfin b dfiy da thay the lua vdi cfic cay ngdn han nhU cfiy lac, khoai lang, cay vitag Khi ehinh phu eb quyd't dinh thdnh lap khu thi mdi nam 2004, tae ddng cua qua trinh chuyen giao cbng nghiep, nhttng ngUdi ndng dfin da tfl bo cac boat dbng nong nghiep vd tim kid'm edng vide dupe tra lUdng nhu khuan vac xi mdng vdi sU tham gia ciia 300 lao dpng Mdt ngfiy, hp cb the Idem dUpc hdn 150.000 VND, eao hcto nhieu so vdi mflc thu nhfip tfl cfic hoat dbng ndng ngiiiep; Mpt so ngfldi lai tim Idem viee Ifim cfic nhfi mfiy vdi vai trb lfi nhiing cbng nhan Ke tfl ndm 2006, chinh phii quye't dinh thfinh lap Khu kinh te' Nghi Sdn cfic hoat dpng ndng nghiep gan nhfl hodn todn hi ngitag tre, da't nong nghiep bi bb hoang, nbng dan tim cd hdi vide ldm eae nha mfiy (Xem bieu 1) Tfl kd't qua khao sfit cfic hd gia dinh cho thdy, nhttng Iao ddng chinh ciia xa Hai Yen dd ldm vide nganh ndng ngbiep ndm 2007 da dflpc thay t h l bofi nhiJng ngfldi that nghiep vdo ndm 2014, hay nbi cfich khfic, boat ddng san xufi't ndng nghidp da bid'n mat vd thay vdo db Id sfl biing no lfle Iflpng that nghidp Tfi't ca B S n g 1: Thd'ng k e sd hi7u dfi't ciia c a c hO gia d i n h t r o n g n a m 2007 v a 2014 Lo^i d a t (m2/hQ) VSn Y e n (n= 57) Min Dat tho cd Dat 2007 nSng ighilp D4't khac Mng diSn tfch d i t 2014 Dat th6 cd Max Average F r u n g Y e n (n=40) Tong Min (mean) Max Average SO 2.000 566 80 2.500 559 663 500 24.000 2.902 500 15.000 3.066 2.980 70,000 1.258 300 742 580 95.000 4.726 580 15.800 3.632 4.286 80 1.000 175 100 300 155 167 NguSn: S6 lieu diiu tra nam 2014 ^oanThj 63 Nhu Quynh - Tdc dgng e&a qud trinh cdng nghiep hda cfic vide Ifim phi ndng nghidp tdng nhe, dde bidt lue lupng lao ddng lfi cong nhan dfi tfing tfl 11,3% den 21,8% nhflng khbng qufi nbilu vi khu cong nghidp khbng tuyin dung dflflc tdt ea cac lao ddng ndng nghiep, nhiing ngudi da ehuyen giao ta't ca dat dai - phflcfng tien san xuat chinh eua hp cho qud trinh CNH Theo bao efio hdng ndm eiia xfi 7/2014, xa Hai Yd'n cb 156 ngfldi ldm vide tai Cdng ty gidy Annoza Viet Nam, db 40 ngudi tfl thdn Vdn Yen vfi 35 ngfldi tfl thon Trung Yd'n Theo ket qua khao sfit, d thdi dilm nam 2014, ting so' 298 ngfldi lao ddng chi cb 63 cbng nhdn cd hai thdn Van Yen va Trung Yd'n Nhu vfiy, cd hbi Ifim viec cfic nhd may cdng nghiep dang bi thu hep Db la Iy tai ngUdi dfin dia phflflng phai cd gdng 6.i eb dfldc thu nhfip tfl nhflng viec lam phi ndng nghiep khfic, khdng on dinh, theo miia vu nhfl nhijfng ngfldi giiip vide, khufin vac, thp xay nhflng thu nhap tfl cae nguon nfiy tfing khbng dang ke Hoat dpng kinh doanh ndm 2014 tdng len, song linh vUc nfiy khbng I n dinh vi khdng phai ngudi nbng dan nfio eung cb ky ndng td't hay y tfldng cho hoat ddng kinh doanh Tac d p n g c u a cdng i ^ h i ^ p hoa de'n cd cfiu v i ^ c lam b x a Hai Y e n 3.1 Ca cdu vi§c chuyen giao ddt ldm tnidc Trude day, Tinh Gia lfi mdt nhitag huydn ngheo, cb ddi sd'ng kinh td' thap cua fiiih Thanh Hba; dfi't dai noi day ludn lubn tinh trang kho han, man, ddm lay vfi dat bae mau, khdng eb sdng vfi cfic cbng trinh thiiy lpi Cfiy lua nUdc da dUfle d dfiy nhitag khdng cho nfing sua't eao, bdu hd't chi khoang hfln lOOkg/sfio (SOOm^) Dd'n nam 2000 ngfldi dfin xa Hai Ye'n dfi ehuyln doi sang eay lac, khoai lang, vimg Dfiy la cfic loai cay cho ndng suat cao nhung chi phi ddu vdo ldn, nen ddi sd'ng cua ngudi ndng dfin vdn nghdo quanh ndm De cb them thu nhfip, bfi dd hang hfii chdn nudi nhflng nbilu nfim qua ngfldi dan da hi that thu dieh bdnh Ndng dan Id nhitag ngfldi da cd dinh suy nghi ciia nunh tren nhitag cdnh dong cfi nhan, vdy hp gap nhiiu khb khan de md rpng suy nghi cae tinh hudng mdi nhfl qufi trinh CNH Hien nay, kbi nbng dfin hofin tofin chuyin dii mdi trfldng sb'ng ncfi hg khdng the sfl dung I ^ ndng ndng nghiep ky nang cbng ngiiiep, thfldng mai va dich vu Mbt sd bd ndng dan dfi cd gang kinh doanh nhflng hg nhanh chbng hi phfi san va ttt db hp khdng mud'n cd gdng nfla That bai linh vUe kinh te, nhieu ngUdi ndng dan chi B i e u d o 1: T i n h h i n h vi^c l a m c u a Iao d ^ n g t r o n g n a m 2007 v a 2014 • 2007 "2014 72.4 42.6 isi6ng nghi?p Cong nhiin Lam thue Cdng chu'c Kmh nha nirdc doanh Nguon • SS lieu diiu tra, 2014 64 Nghien cdu Ddng Nam A 8/2015 muon ed dat ndng nghidp de tid'p tuc san ngudi ndng dan hp tiep cfin cdng vige xuat nhflr^ thflc td' khdng t h l xay mdi vdi nhOng ddi hdi trinh dg hgc vfi'n Mgt sd lao ddng da nd lfle hoe tap va da eb eao, kha nang td't sfin xuat cdng viee lam on dinh, cdng nhitag m^t sd' nghidp (Xem bieu 2) nong dan vdn khong tim dflpc viec lam mdi K i t qua nghidn cflfl cho thay, lUc lUflng tfl tfldng hudng tbu tfl khoan tiln bii lao dgng da ed sU thay doi trUdc vfi sau thudng rat ldn chuyen giao ddt (2007 vfi 2014) Trong 3.2 Ccf cau vi^c ldm sau chuyen nfim 2007, nhbm lao dbng ndng nghidp chiein ty trpng ldn nhfi't (72%), phi ndng giao dot Co eau lao ddng cua xfi Hai Yen dd nghiep chi dat 28%, nhitag de'n ndm 2014, nhanh chbng thay doi hg ehuyen doi 100% Iao ddng cua xa Hai Yen ldm sinh ke tfl mgt npi md cb dien tieh dfi't ldn cfic hoat dpng phi ndng nghidp Nghich ly d l nudi trlng cfic hoat ddng ndng nghiep lfi, 100% lao dgng cb vide Ifim nfim deii mgt npi cW eo dat tho efl Mat phflcmg 2007, nhflhg chi eb 57% ndm 2014, tidn san xua't ndng nghidp bupc nhitag 43% lao ddng dang tinh ngfldi ndng dfin phai thay doi edng vide trang that nghiep Mdc du qufi trinh CNH mang lai rd't nhiiu nhitag lpi the' khde nhfl tao edng dn vide Ifim mdi linh vflc edng nghidp, cai thidn co sd tang, vd mang lai khoan boi thfldng khong lo md chfla bao gid hp cb the nhin thay eude sb'ng eua hp trfldc db Tuy nhidn, cb qua nhiiu dp lUe dd'i vdi Trong kbi, trUdc giai doan chuyen giao dd't ngudi dan nong thdn boat dgng ehii yd'u Iinh vUc ndng nghiep chie'm 72% nhUng sau ehuyen giao ddt hoat ddng ehinh lai xung quanh khu vflc cdng nghidp Nhitag ngfldi lao ddng ldm vide cdc nha mdy cdng nghiep vd nhitag cbng chflc B i e u 2: Qua trinh thay doi vi^c Iam ciia l a o dOng x a Hai Yen I (C6 vi&c ldm • Th£t nghidp NguSn: S6 liiu diiu tra n&m 2014 ^odnThi Nhu Quynh - Tde dgng cda qud trinh cdng nghiep hda nhd nude (34%) la nhttng dd'i tupng cb vige ldm ehinh thflc vd dam bao Tuy nhidn, ra't nhieu ngudi dan ndng thdn ldm nhttng cbng viec ma khbng cb hpp dong dai ban vd bao hiem xfi hbi ndm 2014 (23,2%), db sd lUflng ndy ehi chiem 4,6% nfim 2007 NhU vdy, sU thay doi cfl ca'u nghe nghiep ciia cfic hd ndng dan sau thu hoi dfi't cb the dupe xem nhU lfi sfl ket thiie giai doan eua Iao dgng nbng nghidp vd md rpng edng vide luih vUc edng nghidp ea nhitag cdng vide chinh thflc vfi khong chinh thfle Cudc cdch mang cbng nghidp da tao may mbc vd san xuaft hang hoa khdng phu thupc vfio ndng dan Nd'u xa hpi ndng dfin vfin cbn ton tai, hp chi chie'm vi tri thfl hai san xufi't ciia cai Hcfn nfla, mdt sd Ifldng ldn cac cdng nhfin cdng nghidp, nhflng ngfldi dieu khien mfiy mbc eung cdn cb nhu cau thUc pham Thdng thudng nguIn cung ca'p Ifltfng thflc cho cdng nhan khdng cbn dflpc dam nhan bdi nhiJng ngfldi nong dan san xufi't vdi quy md nho, ky thufit truyen thd'ng mfi nhitag "xfldng canh tde" ncfi sd dp dung cbng nghd vfi cudc cdch mang cbng nghidp vdo vide eay Iflflng thue cfic trang trai ldn cd ddu tfl vd dieu hdnh mdt each khoa hge hem Nhflng ngfldi Ifim viec cfic trang trai khdng phai Ifi nbng dfin mfi hg la nhflng eong nhdn ndng nghiep vdi mflc Iflflng nhu nhflng edng nhfin cdng nghiep Ca xfi hpi deu chfla dflng eac nii ro ddi vdi ngfldi ndng dfin, bat ke nhu cau can cb san pham dfl thfla hay canh tranh Vi canh tranh, theo Frie R Wolf cb the bie'n ngudi ndng dfin thdnh vo dung ThUe t l eho thay, ndng dan xd Hai Yd'n rd't khd de thieh nghi vdi hoan eanh cdng nghidp hba hien dai hba, trfl Idii hp dupe ddo tao bfii ban vfi khoa hgc 65 Thay Icfi k e t Dat dai la nguon tfl heu san xuat ehinh lidn quan trflc tie'p dd'n viec lam eiia ngfldi ndng dfin bi ehuyen dii eho khu edng nghiep dan de'n sfl thay doi ddng ke ve ed cd'u vide Iam eua ngudi dan Qua trinh CNH da lam thay doi manh me ctf cfi'u Iao ddng Khu kinh te' Nghi Son Nb dd thay doi 100% tfl cac boat dbng san xufi't ndng nghiep sang phi nbng nghiep, tfl ngudi dan nbng thbn ngUdi dfin dd tiu mbt each nhanh chbng va manh me Nhieu cdng vide mdi dUtfc tao eae cbng ty edng nghiep dfi giiip mdt sd' Ifltfng ldn cua ngudi dan dia phUtfng eb thu nhdp on dinh ma hg khdng the idem dUOc tfl hoat dpng ndng nghidp trfldc day Tuy nhien, nhieu lao dbng phai dd'i mfit vdi tinh trang that nghidp, ddc biet Id nhttng lao dpng d dp tuoi tren 35./ TAI LIEU THAM KHAO FAO (2011), Guidance on how to address rural employment and decent work concerns in FAO activities FAO (2007), Rural Households' Livelihood and "Well-Being Uy ban nhdn ddn xa Hai Yen (2013), Bdo cdo /idng nam cua xd Hdi Yen Uy ban nhan dan tinh Thanh Hda, (2013), Bdo cdo /idng ndm cua tin/i Thanh Hoa Uy ban nhan dan huyen Tinh Gia (2013), Bdo cdo hdng ndm cua huyin Tlnh Gia John Walton (1987), Theory and research on industrialization Annual Review of Sociology, Vol 13, pp 89-108 Frie R Wolf (1776), Peasantry and its'problems sach Some problems about agricultured, famer, rural on the world  ... Ke tfl ndm 2006, chinh phii quye''t dinh thfinh lap Khu kinh te'' Nghi Sdn cfic hoat dpng ndng nghiep gan nhfl hodn todn hi ngitag tre, da''t nong nghiep bi bb hoang, nbng dan tim cd hdi vide ldm... dfin bi ehuyen dii eho khu edng nghiep dan de''n sfl thay doi ddng ke ve ed cd''u vide Iam eua ngudi dan Qua trinh CNH da lam thay doi manh me ctf cfi''u Iao ddng Khu kinh te'' Nghi Son Nb dd thay doi... qud trinh cdng nghiep hda cfic vide Ifim phi ndng nghidp tdng nhe, dde bidt lue lupng lao ddng lfi cong nhan dfi tfing tfl 11,3% den 21,8% nhflng khbng qufi nbilu vi khu cong nghidp khbng tuyin