Tri thức địa phương trong sử dụng và bảo vệ tài nguyên rừng của người Sán Dìu ở Tuyên Quang.pdf

^Tri thiJc dja phi/dng sif dung va bao ve tai nguyen rCrng cua ngUdi San Diu d Tuyen Quang NGUYEN THAM THU H A * Md dau Vdi nhilu cdng dong d vung cao \ ^ e t Nam, ritag dbng vai trd quan khdng chi dudi phuong dign vfit chat ma cbn mang nhilu y nghia dfldi phflflng didn tfim linh Dfldi chilu canh v|it chfi't, riing cung cfip dat san xufi't, nguon thfle fin, tao thu nhfip cho gia dinh Ritag eung lfi ndi ngfldi dfin tim kidm cfic vfit Udu lam nhd Dfldi phflcfng chgn tinh thdn, ritag lfi ncri ngfldi dfin gfli gdm nhttng n i l m tin Iinh thidng, lfi khdng gian tao md'i gan ket cpng d i n g thdng qua hinh thflc sd hu\r gdn Uin vdi tCtag thbn ban mfi nhilu nghidn eftu da ehi (Nguyin Nggc Thanh, 2009, 2011; Mai Thanh Tung, 2011 ) d binh dien rdng hem, ritag eb tde dung phbng hg, bao vd mdi trfldng, nguon nflde eiia thon ban, sfl da dang sinh hpe vd bao ve dong bdng (Hodng Xufin Ty, Le Trpng Cue, 1998) Chinh vi thd', viec khai thac, sfl dung, quan ly riing mgt cfich hidu qua dfltfc chinh ngfldi dan, cfic cgng d i n g dia phflcmg dfic biet coi trgng Trai qua nhieu the he, nhflng cgng d i n g nfiy da tieh luy cho minh nhitag kinh nghiem quy hfiu vigc sfl dung ben vitag tdi nguydn rflng Vdi cfich nhin ay, bdi viet nfiy tap trung phfin tich cfic tri thflc dia phuong dupc ngfldi Sfin Diu dp dung khd thdnh cdng viec bao ve nguIn tdi nguyen quy gifi nfiy d Tuyen Quang Tri thijfc dia phiftAig khai thac, STjf d u n g tai nguySn rufng Trong khai thdc gd Gd rat edn thiet cho ddi sdng ciia ngudi dfin, dflpc sfl dung vfio nhilu cdng vide vd mue dieh khfic Vdi ngfldi San Diu, gb chii yeu dung de lam nhd, Ifim chat dot, lam bfin ghd' va cae vfit dung khfic D l Ifim nha ngfldi San Diu chpn gd Um, ebb, trdm, tram, khfio, SOL Theo kinh nghiem dfin gian, day la nhitag loai gd td't, Ifiu bi md'i mue De lam chuing trai, ngfldi dfin sfl dung cfic loai gd tap Hode de ldm quan tfii, ngfldi dan lai sfl dung go xoan ddo vi day la loai gd cb dac tinh m l m , xop, dd deo ggt va nhe, dd khieng Khai thae go eo the quanh nfim nhung td't nhat Id vdo miia thu - dbng, vi thdi gian hfiu thudng kho rao va mat me, nl^u chfit vao miia he gd hay bi md'i mgt thdi tie't nbng, khdng nen khai thae vfio miia xuan vi day la mua sirih trUdng ciia cay, cfic chat cfiy tap tnmg vdo nudi lfi, eanh dfin de'n ben eiia gd kem Hon nfla mua xuan Id mua dam choi lge ciia eay non, neu khai thac cay gd se ldm anh hfldng den tham thfle vfit * Nguyin Thdm Thu Hfi, Vi^n Ddn tdc hgc, Vi§n Hdn ldm KHXH Viet Nam 76 Trong viee khai thac thi ngfldi San IHu tfl xUa dfi ed nhitag luat tue va quy dinh rifipg eiia thbn la chi dflpc chat cfiy to, cfiy gb gifi d khu vflc ritag dau nguIn, khbng dfldc kh£U thfic nhitag cay gd'c non, hoac khai thfic bfla bfii anh hfldng den nguon nflde eua cdng dong Theo kinh ngbiem eua ngfldi dan, nhitag cay gb gid thfldr^ cb lfi thua, efinh day, vb mong, loi chde, thd min, khong cut nggn, vd nhin vao vfin gb se dfinh gid dfltfc cay db bao nhidu tuoi Tuy nhien, de nhan bid't mdt cfich ehinh xfie, cdn phai cb Idnh nghidm nhat dinh vi mdi loai go ebn eb nhitag dac diem rieng Vi du nhfl, de bie't eay khbng mgt tM ngfldi dan Sdn Diu nhin Id dl phfin bidt, bay cfiy soi thi nhin xem cfiy eb gai hay khong, vb mau den, thd to; cbn eay de bi mgt thi chat thay mem, thd khdng bang Ding bdo thfldng di khai thac gb theo nhbm chfl khdng di mbt minh, cb t h l ngfldi hode nhieu ngfldi hcfn nfla de van chuyen go Cbng vide nang nhpc ehi thfldng dfinh eho Ifla tuli nidn vd trung nien nam, ngfldi trung nien thi chiu trdch nhidm vide chgn gb vi hg co nhilu kinh ngiiiem vide phfin bidt vd chgn Ifla cdc loai gd td't d l chat, viee chat cfiy Id vide vfi't va nhfi't nam niem dam nhiem, ebn phu nfl ehi tham gia vdo viee kdo cay da chat ve thbn TrUdc chat, hg nhin xem ben nao la nhieu, tfin nang se chfit cfiy gb nga ve hfldng db de dd van ehuyln, hp chdt than cay phia ben nhilu la trfldc, sau db chfit bdn ebn lai tbi cfiy se tfl tfl theo diing hudng da dinh Ne'u chdt cay b ntfi eb dde thi day eho eay gd lao xud'ng chd bang rdi dung sfle ngUdi khieng ve hofic dung trau hay sfle ngfldi de kdo Trong khai thfic gd, sfl tflflng trp cua nhitag ngudi dan rat cao, hp sdn sang giiip dd mpt cfich tU gific Mli gia dinh nfio thon eb nhu cau khai thdc gd de ldm nhfi thi anh em hp hang, hdng Nghiin cdu Dong Nam A 8/2015 xbm, dfin Idng deu dd'n Ifim giup Vfi ngUdl tham gia khong nhdn dfltfc gi ngodi bfla ccrm gia ehu chuan hi Nhfl vfiy, cb t h l thay tinh gdn k i t cpng d i n g eiia ngfldi Sfin Diu rat manh Gd eb the khai thfic quanh nfim nhitag chii yeu van lfi mua kho tfl thfing dd'n thfing 12 Am lieh, vi dfiy Id lue thdi tie't khd rfio, it mfla, go cb chat Ifltfng td't nhat d l Iam nhd vfi ldm cdng eu san xud't Thdi ky ndy cfiy hdu nhfl khdng cb nfldc nen khai thfic it bi nflt, vd vd gl khbng hi mpt Khi ngfldi ndo phdt hidn cdy gd minh can lay nhflng chfla cb dilu kidn chfit ngay, thi hp se dfinh dfiu vfio thfin cfiy, cdc dfi'u thfldng thay la dau (X) hode dimg riu khde ten minh vfio eay, tfl db cay go ay se thugc vl ngfldi db Ne'u ngfldi den sau md chdt cfiy dfi'y nhflng hi phfit hidn thi tofin bp so g§ khai thfic dflflc phai trfi cho ngfldi dfinh da'u ddu tidn, hg cb t h l cho ngfldi khai thac mdt it nhflng ne'u khdng cung phfii chiu Trfldng hpp ngfldi ddnh dd'u cfiy gl db qufi lau khdng khai thde, da'u vet dd md hay mat di thi sd go se thupc ve ngfldi chdt, ngfldi ddnh da'u trfldc cb t h l xin ngfldi chfit mdt it gd ne'u can thiet - Trong khai thdc l&m sdn phi gd Cdc loai lam san dflpc khai thdc phu thudc vdo mue dich eiia ngfldi khai thdc, cb the Id cui, cay thudc, rau rflng, cii, qud ritog, Trong thu hfii cdc san pham rflng, nfl gidi ehiu trfich nhidm chinh vide thu hdi cfic Ifim san phi go d doi, db nam gidi ehiu trach nhiem vige khai thfic cdc ldm san phi go b niii cao Tfl xa xfla ngUM Sfin Diu da hdi cdc loai rau rflng vfi cu ritag dl b l sung vfio nguIn thflc dn ciia minh, nhat Id luc gidp hat Khi di ritag thay cb eay rau ritag vfi qufi ritag ndo dn dupc thi lay dem vl che" bid'n ldm thflc fin hdng ngdy Vdi ngfldi Sfin Diu, vide hdi lupm rau rimg lfi edng vide ddnh rieng cho phu nfl Nguyen Thdm Thu Ha - Tri thde dia phuang sd dung vd bdo vi db hdi mdng dUflc tien hfinh hau nhu quanh nam vi ritag ed nhieu loai mfing mpc sudt mua xuan, ha, thu, trfl mua ddng Thfing 1, thfing 2, thfing 3, thfing 4, d i n g bdo Sfin Diu di hdi mdng ddng, mdng vau Cbn thfing 5, thang eb mdng lulng, mang mai, mdng tre, mdng song Thang 7, thfing 8, thdng cb mdng nfla, mfing giang Trong cfic loai mang, ngUdi dfin Sfin Diu cho rdng mang mai, mfing vdu, mfing dang Id ngon nhat vfi thudng mang bid'u anh em hp hang hoac ldm qud eho khaeh d xa Miia xufin la miia mfing mpe nhieu nhfi't, ding bfio thudng di lay mdng ve an vfio mua nfiy Dfiy cung Id liic gidp hat, db ra't cdn nhilu mfing vd ede loai rau ritag dung eho bfla an Cfic loai mdng ritag thu hai theo mua ma an khdng hd't, ding bdo San Diu dem fldp chua bode phfli khd d l dung quanh nfim Hp cbn hdi mdt sd' cfiy ritag dun d l ud'ng hdng ngfiy nhfl Ifi vdi, chd xanh, dfic bidt vfio thfing 1, thdng Am lich, d i n g bfio cbn treo ldn dinh niii Tam Dao hfii ehd udng rat ngon Tat ca nhftng nguon nguyen Ueu db gdp phdn tao sfl phong phu vd dfic sac vdn hba am thflc cua ngfldi San Diu Ngodi cdc loai rau ritag nhfl rau ngbt ritag, rau bo khai, rau rdn, rau ddng, rau gai, rau den dai, rau tdu bay, rau mub'i, ldi eay ehudi ritag, dong bdo cbn di ldy nfi'm hflcfng, mge nhi vdo miia dbng gbp phan them gia vi cho bfla dn Thdm nfla, d i n g bao ebn lay cdc eay thube nhubm, eay eii nau, cay chdm, d l nhudm vd gifl mau eho qudn dflpc ben, dep Nhttng loai lam san trdn dflpc ngfldi dan kd't hpp bfii lupm khai thfic go, lam rdy, hdi mfing hay vdo thdi gian ranh rbi Cdng cu hdi lupm rat dfln gian, eon dao Id cbng eu thdng dung nhfi't de chfit, cdt, bdi, ddo, Ngoai hg cbn diing cud'c de ddo eii mfii, cu ndu Cde loai cay lUflng thfle thfldng khai thde tfl thidn nhien nhfl nhfin cfiy bfing, loi cay 77 dao, cu nfiu, cu bdu, cu mfii, db cu mfii lfi loai lflong thuc khfi quan trpng ddi vdi ddi sd'ng eua dong bfio Vl dfic diem, eu mdi gdn gid'ng cii md, eii tfl nhitag loai cii nfiy ndm sfiu dfldi da't rat khb ddo Theo y hgc CO truyin, eu mfii cb vi hfin dung de bdo che eiing mdt so loai cfiy Ifim thudc dbng dflflc Ngofii ra, cu mfii cbn dflpc diing nhilu vao lue giap hat, nfim mat miia Do db, ngfldi Sfin Diu cb cfiu "Liia tro thdng hai lin rdng ddo cu mdi" Tuy nhien, nhitag ndm gan day, Ifltfng thflc san xuat eiia ngfldi dan da dii, cbng thdm vdi vide trao doi, budn bdn vdi cae dan tgc khae cimg dia bfin sinh sd'ng nhfl ngfldi Kinh, ngfldi Dao, nen ngudi Sfin Diu khbng cbn khai thfic cfic cfiy cb tinh bdt nfla, bode nd'u eb citag ehi dl dn ehcri Rflng khbng ehi lfi mbt kho nguyen Udu dii dfio eung cap cdc san phdm phuc vu bfla fin mfi cbn cung cfip cfic loai cfiy thude eb gid tri ve mat y hgc ddn gian cho vide chfla bdnh, boi bo sfle khoe Ngfldi San Diu sfl dung cfiy cb nhfl nhttag vi thuo'c khdng phai ciii dau dm md dung thfldng xuyen Trong nflde udng hdng ngay, nd'u ngfldi Kinh dimg nfldc ehe, nflde vdi hay nfldc dun sdi thi cfic gia dinh San Diu ngoai nfldc che bao gid cung eb mpt a'm nudc la ritag dun tfl nhieu loai cfiy khde eb tac dung tidu ccmi, ldi tieu, giup ngii ngon Nghia lfi vi thude hang ngdy ludn dfldc dieu ciiinh bdng ede loai cay cb tfic dung phil htfp theo trang thfii sfle khoe ciia eae vidn gia dinh Hdng ngdy ngfldi dfin Ifi'y cfic bp phan ciia cfiy vdi, cfiy sa nhan, eay hd thii d de dun nfldc ud'ng hoae ngam rflpu cho xanh toe, db da, tfing tuoi thp Than, cdnh Id cua cay thude lfi nhCtag bd phfin dflflc ngfldi Sdn Diu d day sfl dung nhilu hdn ea, dfic biet lfi nhitag cdy thude nho Ngofii ra, hp cbn sfl dung cde loai qua, hat, re, eii, vb cfiy, de ldm thudc Hg eho rdng lay thude vfio 78 buli sang mat trdi chfla len tbi se t6t hon buoi chieu chat thudc cbn tieh tu tren cfiy sau mbt dem, chfla bi phan tan nen thud'c edng hieu nhat Ngofii ra, dong bfio ebn cho rang, lay cfiy thud'c vfio mua khd thi tdt hfln mua mfla vi luc db nfldc khbng tdp trung d la mfi tap trung d than, ebn mua mUa tM thud'c giai deu ca cay, khdng tich lai chdt thude cf thfin nMlu Nhin ehung, ngUdi San Diu da biet tfin dung the manh eua minh dang song mpt ncri cb tdi nguydn cfiy thud'c phong phii, biln cay eb Ifim thud'c trd thfiidi san phdm hang hod dem bdn, mdt Mdn tflflng trfldc Mdm tha'y tM mdt gia tfing Ngodi ra, mdt so gia dinh cb dieu kidn kinh t l dfi mua hep nfiu bang kM gaz, nhitag thinh thoang mdi sfl dung chi pM mua gaz ddt db; cur^ cb nhitag hd sfl dung bdp than, nMen phan ldn, ciii vfin dflflc ngudi Sfin Diu sfl dung Ifim nguon chat dd't ehinh cho cudc sd'ng hang ngdy Cui dflpc ngfldi dfin thu lUpm quanh nam, khbng theo miia CO dinh, mfi liic nao can tM hg vdo ritag kidm Thdi diem lay ciii nhilu nha't thfldng roi vdo miia mfla bao hode lue gdn tet, hofic kM nha eb edng vide quan trpng nhfl dam ma, dam cfldi, Ngfldi di lay ciii thfldng Id phu nfl vfi tre em, dan ong cb tham gia nhflng khdng nMeu Nhfl vay, nfl gidi lfi lUc Ifldng ehinh tim kiem chat ddt eho gia dinh Theo quy dinh cM dflpc lay eay khd, eay da chd't d l ldm cui chfl khbng dfltfc phep chat cfiy cbn sb'ng TrUde day, kM nba nao eb cbng viee, anh em, hp hang, hfing xbm cbn lay ciii giup de eho gia chii lo Ueu cbng viec Cb the thay tinh tUdng hb cua ngudi Sfin Diu lfi khfi cao Vai ndm trd lai day, vide thu lUpm mgt so' lodi cfiy dl trang tri eho eae gia dinh da trd ndn bie'n, nhat la hoa phong lan Ngofii gifi tri de trang tri eho gia dinh tM eac loai eay nfiy ebn cb gifi tri kinh te cho ngfldi dan Nghiin cdu Ddng Nam A 8/2015 - Trong sdn bdn Tfl xa xua, d i n g bao Sfin Diu thUdng di san de eai tMdn bfla an gia dinh va bao ve miia mfing Thudng cb hai Mnh thflc di sdn la sdn tfip the theo nhbm, nMlu ngfldi ru ciing di vfi di sdn ca nhfin -1- Hinh thfle sdn tap the: thfldng khdng di qud ddng md cM khoang - ngfldi, cdng viec di san ehu yd'u nhitag ngfldi ddn ong gia dinh b Ifla tuoi men vfi trung men dam nMdm, ngUdi gid, phu nfl va tre nho khdng tham gia vi day Id cdng viee doi hbi sfle khoe vd kinh ngMem di ritag Hp ehii ye'u di sdn liic ndng nhdn, dip ddu xuan mdi, vi thdi gian nfiy cb xanh non, cb nMeu mang ndn hflflu, nai,,, xud'ng an nMlu dl san hcfn hode kM phat hidn dfldc eon thii ldn di kiem fin Trfldc kM di sfin dong bdo phai chpn ngdy ky ludng, khong di vdo ngfiy chupt vi quan mem se khdng gfip may man Dung cu di sdn thfldng lfi siing kip, tii vfi, mo Ngodi mbi ngfldi di sdn thfldng eb them - eon chb san di cung de giiip vide quay duli Mbt sd ngfldi eung chb sdn xua vfit chay xud'ng, nhitag ngfldi lai dflng ehan theo dfldng cfii, mdi ngfldi each 50 - 100m Nd'u ban dfldc thti to tM dem ve nhfi ngfldi trfle tie'p ban trung d l Ifim thit vfi Cling bao mdi to tien v l dn mttag de cau xin t l tien phu hd lan sau di sfin se bdn dflpc nMeu thu to vd an toan hcta Sau kM eiing xong, hp cMa phdn thit cho mpi ngfldi, ngfldi trflc tid'p ban tning dflpc ridng mdt vai, dau va bd'n chfin; sd' thit cbn lai ehia deu cho nhitag ngfldi di sdn, ne'u cb chb di sdn eung tM dflflc thdm nfla phdn eua ngfldi di sdn Nd'u ban dfltfc thii nho thi hp se khbng chia phan, md cM mang vl nhd ngudi ban triing, ldm thit, khbng phai cung t l tidn, sau db se Uen hoan vui v^, chuc mimg lan sau se di sdn duoc thu to hcfn Cfic bfla tide sau cfic cube sfin vd sfl phdn cMa "cMln lpi phdm" dem lai I^yin Thdm Thu Hd - Tri thdc dia phuang si^ dung vd bdo vi eho hg m l m hfin hoan vfi gan gui hcfn (Tran Hong Hanh, 2006) -f- Ifinh thfle sdn ca nhdn: ehi dfin ong thfle Men cdng vide nfiy Nfli to chfle san thfldng b nflcfng ray hoac rflng gid KM phdt Men thu, hp di tat dbn ddu de phue Idch Hinh thflc cb t h l di ca ngdy lan dem, vi trflcfng htfp di sdn cd nhfin hp khdng t h l d i n duli thii mfi cM rinh vd bdn chet, vi ne'u sfin duoi thu phat Men ho ehay se khdng duoi ldp Nd'u bdn dfltfc thii to, ngudi Sfin Diu eung mang vl nhd mo citag, mdi t l tien dn mttag vfi xin t l tidn phu hd eho ldn sau se san dupc nhilu thu to hfln, ding thdi cung la dip rfidi nhOfng anh em hp hang than tMet d l fin mttag mdt bfla, neu sfin dflflc thii nho tM thbi Dong bdo cbn eb nMeu kinh ngMem viec bdt rdn Hg lay khiic go de ddu rdn, tbm eo, cho ngfli thud'c ldo de rdn say rii mdi eho vdo rp Nhu vfiy se khbng hi rdn edn Rieng vdi trUdng hflp di sdn tap the vdo dip dau xufin mdi, ngoai tinh chat vui ehcri giai tri, ren luyen sfle khoe deo dai tM nhitag ngfldi di sfin mong mudn Ian sau di sdn se ban dflpc nMeu thu to hon Hidn nay, vdi vide lap vfldn qud'c gia Tam Dao va Lufit Bao vd vfi phfit trien ritag ddi ngMem cam cfic hfinh vi san bdn trfii phep, eting vdi chfin nudi ngdy cdng phfit triln, vide san ban khong cbn bid'n vfi dbng vai trb quan trgng viee tim kiem nguon thit nfla T r i thdc d i a phifcfng t r o n g b a o v$ t a i I r u y e n rijbng Cimg vdi vige khai thae, ngfldi Sfin Diu cung cb nMeu bien phfip d l bao ve tai nguydn rttag Theo truyin t h i n g eiia dong bdo, vide bfio ve ede tai nguyen ritag dflflc thflc Mdn d cfi'p thbn Trfldc kia, rimg ciia thdn nao thi thudc quan Iy ciia thbn db 79 Dia gidi ciia cfic thbn khdng dflpc ddm cu t h l mfi cM dfla vao ede dae diem tfl nMen nhfl cac khe sud'i, cdc ddng hay nui, de phan dinh ranh gidi Khdng dflpc phep sfl dung dat va ritag ciia cfic thbn khde sau ranh gidi da dflpc phan dinh xong Ranh gidi thfldng ngudi gia hofic nhitag ngfldi eb cbng khai pha vimg dat dd tao nen dflpc moi ngfldi rat tdn trong, kdm theo db lfi lufit tuc vd sau la quy fldc cua thdn ddi Ifi mdt edng eu hCfu Mdu de bao ve, quan ly va sfl dung tdi nguydn ritag Luat tue eiia ngudi Sfin Diu ncfi Stfn Dudng quy dinh rd't ro rdng ve vide sfl dung tdi nguyen rttag, phfin loai ritag thfinh titag khu vuc nham phuc vu cfic nhu eau khfie eiia edng dong thdn xd - B a o v^ rijfng d a u i ^ u o n : day Id nhitag efinh rtmg ldn cb nMeu loai gb vfi ddng vfit quy Mem, eb trfl Iflflng nude Idn cung cap nUde cho dong bdo nfli day sinh boat ldm rugng va chdn nuoi CMnh vi vfiy mfi thbn eb quy dinh efi'm mpi ngUdi chat phfi rttag bfla bai de Ifim nuong rfiy, cM eho phep khai thde mot so eay go quy d l Ifim nha nhitag vdi so lUpng ban ehd' vfi khbng dflflc phep phd hai nhitag cay nho xung quanh Thbng thudng cfl de'n thang 3, dong bfio Sfin Diu vdo ritag Idem gd ehuan hi cfic vat dung, ndng cu phuc vu mua mdi nhfl can cud'c, cfin cfiy , Ngoai ra, eac thbn eac xfi cbn quy dinh cM dflpc khai thac cfiy dfi dii dp tuoi sfl dung cf nhitag khu rttag nfiy Vi nhfl luat tuc trfldc day eua thbn Ninh Lai qui dinh ngfldi ngodi thbn vao ritag lay eii nau tM mat hao, lay may tM mat hfiOr Ngfldi quan ly hflOng fldc (ggi lfi khfin thu) cb trfich nMem thu tiln vfi thbng bfio cho mgi ngfldi, ngfldi vdo rflng khai thfic xong tM phai trinh Hfln the' ntta, hp cbn xay dflng nen cac eau chuyen huyin thoai de thidng hba, than hofi cfic khu ritag ddu nguon de khbng ddm xam pham Nghien cihi Ddng Nam A 8/2015 - RuCng m a (ngMa dia): theo quan nidm cua ngfldi dan, ritag ma Id nfli cfic Unh h i n tni ngu nen ngMdm cain cdc boat dpng san xua't vd khai thfic Ifim t h l san, ne'u vi pham se kMd'n cho ea thdn bi Unh hon qudy phfi, khdng yen on Vi the, ding bfio ludn eb trfich nMem chung vide bfio vg rttag ma Khdng may eb ngfldi vi pham thi ndp nfla ta thbe, mdt gfi, chai rflpu de Cling than Iinh vd ngfldi vi pham se phai xm Idi ea Idng va hfla khong lap lai sai ldm nfiy nfla Vfio dip te't Nguyen dfin hfing nfim, cfic ehii hg gia dinh dd'n d l tu sfla, quet dgn xung quanh mieu thd khu rttag ma cua cdng dong Cung hdm db, trfldng thdn vfi nhitag ngfldi eb tuoi thdn se nhdc nhd mgi ngfldi thflc Men td't cfic quy fldc, hflcfng fldc cua thbn, db eb quy fldc, hflflng fldc bao vg rttag Trong trudng hpp gia dinh eb rfiy d canh khu rttag ma, ding bdo cung bie't cfich bfio vd rtmg ma Idibi bi chfiy lan bang cfich cfich ly rfiy vdi ritag ma bdng mdt khoang each dUpe dpn saeh nhflng vfit dd ehdy, de bat Ifla trfldc dot ray, kM dot phai Ifla theo chilu gib vd thfldng dot tfl tren xud'ng dfldi d l trdnh Ifla ehay lan Neu gia dinb nao khbng can than de chfiy ritag bi Idng phat bdng thoe ttiy theo mflc dp tMet hai ndng nhe - Rufng c p n g d o n g : Dbi vdi ritag dfltfc phdp khai thdc gb vfi Ifim t h l san ngodi gb, ngfldi- Sdn Diu tuan thii nhitag quy dinh cQa chdn, xfi ve khai thae go hofic ehpn ddt iam rfiy Hp eung cb nhieu kinh nghiem ve thdi vu, dae tinh sinh trfldng cua cay de Ifla ehpn thdi dilm vd edeh thflc khai thdc thieh hpp Hem nfla, dong bdo cung quy dinh gid md rttag va dbng rflng, chfl khbng dflpc vdo mdt cfich tidn, nd'u co tinh vfio thdi gian cfi'm mfi bi bat gfip se hi edng dong thdn phat, eb t h l bdng tiln bode thbe Hdu hd't ngfldi Sfin Diu d Stfn Dfltfng deu bid't cfich chfla tri nhitag bdnh thdng thudng bdng cay thud'c tfl kie'm Vdi mbi loai cfiy thuo'c, ngudi Sfin Diu cb nhitag thdi dilm thu hfii tMch hpp Ddi vdi thao dupe diing cdnh Ifi cb the thu hoach quanh nfim; vdi cfiy lay eu, d i n g bdo thudng cM ehpn cii gid mdi Nhitag vi thudc lfi hoa, qua dUtfc thu hfii vao mtia eay hoa, ket trfii Dd'i vdi che' bid'n, dong bao dung ca dflflc lidu tfldi vfi khb Thuo'c tflcfi Ifi loai dflflc sfl dung sau thu hfii Cbn thud'c khd Id dd qua stf ehe' (bfim, thai nho, dap nfit, ), dflpc phcfi khb roi ca't bulng Ding bao thfldng sfl dung thud'c tfldi la cMnh va cho rang thude tflfli tot hon thuoc khd vi kM tflfli, chfi't thube cbn nguyen; kM khd, cha't thuoc bi phfit tan di nMlu Tuy theo titag loai bdnh vd kinh ngMdm cua titag thay lang, bdi thude eb the gom mpt hay nMeu vi thud'c vd edng dung ciia nb cb t h l lau hay chbng, diift diem bay khdng diift dilm De gin gifl nhitag bdi thudc gia truyen, dong bdo Sdn Diu thfldng truyin tfl ddi ndy sang ddi khdc Phflcmg thflc truyen nghe thuo'c chti yd'u Id qua truyin mieng vd nhijfng tJng dung thflc td' Hg ddn ngfldi dflflc truyen nghe vdo ritag mdt vdi lan dau ehi eho titag cfiy thud'c vd nbi cbng dung eua chung Nhitag lan sau ngfldi phai tfl vdo rttag hfii Hode ngfldi truyin nghi se hdi mgt sd' eay thudc trdn lfin vfio vdi vfi ngfldi diTtfc truyen nghe se phai nhfin dien tttag loai thud'c, nd'u sfl quen thi phai ghi vdo mot cud'n so ddc diem, cdng dtjng, cfich sfl diing ciia cfic cay thud'c db nhu the' ndo Ngofii ra, ong thay ebn gM giay tttag benh vdi tttag loai cfiy thud'c, Uiu Ifltfng phti hpp de ngfldi bpc nghe dd tid'p thu Tuy nhidn, vide truyen hd't bi quyd't gia truyen cM vdi ngfldi gia dinh, thudng Ifi truyen eho trai, ne'u trai khdng hgc dupc hofic khdng ehiu bpc thi truyen cho eon gdi hofic cdc chdu, ebn nd'u ngudi ngodi hpe nghi tM thdy lang chi day 70 - 80% cfic bdi thudc Nguyen Thdm Thu Hd - Tri thdc dia phuang sd dung vd bdo vi Ngodi ra, ngfldi Sfin Diu cd quy dinh cam sdn bdn vdo mua sinh san ciia cac loai thu de dam bao cfic lodi mudng thti cb ctf hpi de sinh nd vd phfit trien 81 tat ca dodn di sfin se tap trung d nha ngfldi true tiep ban dfltfc thii db, ngUdi bdn tning se mdi dng tfl ctia thbn - la ngfldi quan ly chiia den ciing b sfin nhd minh,.do cung la dia xdi, rupu vfi vat ban dUpc N ^ i i le the Men long thfinh kinh va biet on than Unh da giiip eho ea dofin cb sfle khoe tdt d l di sfin thuan Itfi, bdt dflflc eon thtj to, d i n g thdi Id citag db la d l trfl ma Sau le citag mdi dfltfc phep Ifim thit tbu vfi cMa thfinh qua di sdn theo qui dinh Hien nay, nhitag Id cung ndy khong cbn ton tai ntta, mbt phan thu ldn cbn it, phan khfie la Nhd nfldc da tie'n hanh quy hoach vUdn qude gia Tam Dao, ngUdi dfin khdng dUtfc phep sfin bdn bfla bdi Cbn ritag ctia cpng dong tM citag eb Ban kiem lam xa tudn tra vfi bao ve, mat khfic mudng thti ciing khong nMeu Cfic qui tdc bao ve rflng d ngfldi Sfin Dm lubn dfltfc trudng thon vfi dai didn to chflc quan chiing nhdc nhd cac cudc hgp cua thdn, trd thdnh qui fldc bao ve ehung eiia cgng d i n g vd dflflc mgi ngfldi dan tbn trpng Nhitag ngfldi dan cua thdn khac khbng dfloc vi pham nguydn tdc db Viec bao ve rttag cua thbn cung dflflc tie'n hanh theo nguydn tdc tren Td't ea mpi ngfldi thdn, kM di ritag gfip ngfldi thon khdc de'n dia phdn rttag ciia thon minh de chfit cfiy, deu c6 trdch nMem bfio eho trfldng thbn xfl ly vi pham Trong nhfin thflc cua ngfldi dfin tM hoat dpng bao ve tfl gific eua ngfldi dan thdn Id nhan td Cfl ban dam bao cho eong tfic bao ve, bao KM di vao ritag, ngfldi San Diu kieng vd rflng cb Meu qua Dfla tren thfle td' nay, mdt sd' diem bao khdng may nhu kidng vai trb cua ngfldi dfin dfldc dfinh gifi eao nhin thfiy vfit chet nam ngang trdn cbng tfic bao ve tai nguydn ritag dudng vi cho rdng eb sU rui ro Gap trudng htfp nfiy, hp phai mdi thdy ciing de'n lam Id Mpt so nghi Id va k i e n g ki l i e n giai han, sau kM lam Id xong, thay cbng vd quan de'n siif d u n g v a b a o v$ tai ngudi gap vat chd't di sbng tha mid'ng nguyen ri^ng btia xudng sbng tM rui ro citag nhanh tan Ritag khdng cM eb gifi tri ddi sd'ng bid'n theo, va thudng ldm vide db vao luc hdng ngfiy md cbn eb y ngMa ddi trua hoac buoi tdi de it ngUdi trbng thay, sdng tinh thdn, dflpc ngudi Sfin Diu tMdng nhu vay se linh ngMem hon, trdnh nii ro hba Ding bdo Sfin Diu kidng sfin bdn thu cho ngudi khae Nd'u tren dudng di trdng rflng vdo mua sinh san vi thii ritag miia ndy thay hai rdn quydn vao tM ngUdi thudng gdy vd yd'u giao phdi de sinh de Sfin Diu lap tflc quay ve iihfi vi db lfi nen thit fin se bi hdi Kieng sdn ban vdo diem bao tai nan se xay TrUdc kM di mtia ndy cdn lfi y thfle bao vd viec vdo ritog ma na'u com hi khe va song tM dfl trfl nguon ddng vat tfl nMdn Trfldc kM dong bao Sfin Diu se khbng di nfla vi eho di sdn, nhitag ngfldi tham gia thudng cung rang db la dilm xau, ne'u di citag khdng to tidn gia dinh minh, le vfit ciing thuan lpi va khbng lam dfltfc vide gi ca Cd gom eb rfldu, chd vd mot gd lupe chin nguiri can than htfn cbn vdo tuoi minh, bfim thfinh ndm dia vdi mbt dia mudi Ne'u xem ngdy cho phu hpp mdi di vao rflng di sdn cd nhan md sdn dUtfc thti tM hp tie'p Nam gidi di vfio rftng ma gap gdi b ngb tuc Cling t l tien mgt lan nfla d l ta fln vfi tM se quay ve nhfi, dpi hom idiac tdt ngfiy mong to tien lubn phti hg eho nhitag lan di mdi di, vi ngUdi San Diu quan mem ne'u gfip sdn tie'p theo Cdn neu di sfin tfip the tin gdi, nhat la nhitag ngudi dang cb bau tM se 82 Nghien cdu Ddng Nam A 8/2015 khor^ gfip may man KM chat dUde cfiy go quy, hg se phai mang mgt it hoa qua thap hflflng eho de'n kM nfio diat xong eay db mdi thoi, vdi mem tin nhfl vay se trdnh dflpc riii ro, tai nan Vi vay, d l phfit trien ben vitog nguon tdi nguydn rttag bd'i canh Wen nay, vide kd' thfla vd phdt huy nhflng kinh ngMdm khai thfic, sfl dimg vfi bao ve truyin thing la mdt cfich flng xfl khdn ngoan Trfldc day, cfl vao ngdy rdm, ngfldi Sfin Diu b day cbn Ifim ll eung tai mieu thd ritag tMdng, xung quaidi mie'u trdng cfiy xflflng ring, Mflng tntag eho bd rfio, cbn b gifla khudn vidn lfi mbt cfiy si rdt to (ggi la cfiy tMeng) Moi gia dinh dbng gbp tu^ tfim, eb the mot lang dd'n hai lang thit, dfiu d l ciing nau an chung, dilu db the Mdn tinh thdn dofin ket eiia dan lang Cung dip nfiy hp eimg thao lufin dfla nhitag quy Udc mdi bode nhdc rdid cfic qui Udc eu vl bao ve mtia mdng, trat tU - an ninh Idng xbm vd khai thde lam san tai ritag thieng Chinh cdc yd'u t l tfim Unh ndy eung da gbp phdn bao vd tdi nguydn ritog nfli dfiy Trong dilu kidn hgi nhap va phfit triln nhfl Men nay, mgi mdt ddi sd'ng xa hdi eua ngfldi Sfin Diu da vfi dang cb nMeu thay dii nhung nhitag tri thflc dia phflflng van ebn luu gifl dfltfc nMeu gid tri tich cflc VSn de cfl ban b day lfi lam the' ndo ke't hpp hfii hba dflpc tri thfle dia phflflng vdi tri thflc khoa hge khai thae vfi bao ve tfii nguyen tMen nMdn, db cb rttag d l dem lai Mdu qua kinh td' cao, ding thdi gbp phdn bao t i n vfin hoa truyin thd'ng ciia dan tgc./ Ket lu|in Tran Hong Hanh (2006), "Tri thflc dia phuctog sdn bdn cua cbng dong ngUbi Dao d huydn Sa Pa, tinh Ldo Cai", K^ ylu Hdi nglii Thdng bfio Dfin tdc hgc ndm 2006, Vidn Dfin tdc hge Nguyin Ngpc Thanh, Tran Hong Thu (Chu bidn) (2009), Tri thdc dia phuang cua ngudi Mudng sd dung vd qudn li tdi nguyin thien nhien", Nxb Khoa hoc xa h^i, Hd Ndi Nguyin Nggc Thanh (Chu bidn) (2011), Vdn hda truyin t/idng ddn tpe Sdn Diu a Tuyin Quang, Nxb Khoa hgc xa hdi, Ha Nbi Mai Vdn Timg, (2005), Tri thjic dia phUang vi sU dung vd bdo vi ngudn tdi nguyin t/iiin nhiin ciia ngiidi Muimg d xd Cdm Thdnh, huyin Cdm T/iu^, tlnh Thanh Hod, Luan vdn thac si khoa hoc lich sfl, Hfi Ndi Hoang Xudn Ty, Ld Trgng Ciic (1998), Kiin thdc bdn dia cda ddng bdo vdng cao ndng nghiip vd qudn ly tdi nguyin thiin nhiin", Vi^n Khoa hgc Ldm nghidp Vidt Nam, Trung tam ngMdn ciJlU sinh thdi vd mdi trUbng ritog, Nxb Nbng ngMdp, Hd Nbi Tri thflc vide sfl dung vfi bao vd tfii nguyen rttag eua ngfldi Sfin Diu khdng nhCtag phfin finh dfltfc sfl tMch nghi, sfl sfing tao eiia ngfldi San Diu qua trinh ehinh phuc tMen nMdn de phat trien mfi ebn trd thfinh quyln lpi, trdeh nMem ciia mpi ngfldi vd da dfltfc cu the hba cdc ban quy fldc chung Khdi tri thflc db mdt mat da phan fiiih ban sdc van hba tde ngfldi, mfit khac cbn the Men each itag xfl xd hpi vfi bfio ve cbng dong ciia hp Qua nhitag tri thfle viee khai thdc, sfl dung vfi bfio vd rttag cho thay ngfldi Sfin Diu eb nhfin thflc ve ritag tflong dbi ddy du, sau sde vfi dfi nhan bie't ritag lfi tfii nguyen quy gifi nhung khbng phai lfi vb tan Do db, ne'u khdng cb cfich khai thfic vd bao vg hpp ly thi ngudn tdi nguydn quan trgng nfiy se nhanh chbng hi can kiet Ne'u rtmg bi khai thfic can kiet tM se keo theo nMlu hd luy T A I L I E U THAM K H A O ... mgt so'' lodi cfiy dl trang tri eho eae gia dinh da trd ndn bie''n, nhat la hoa phong lan Ngofii gifi tri de trang tri eho gia dinh tM eac loai eay nfiy ebn cb gifi tri kinh te cho ngfldi dan Nghiin... tdi nguydn ritog nfli dfiy Trong dilu kidn hgi nhap va phfit triln nhfl Men nay, mgi mdt ddi sd''ng xa hdi eua ngfldi Sfin Diu da vfi dang cb nMeu thay dii nhung nhitag tri thflc dia phflflng van... dia phflflng van ebn luu gifl dfltfc nMeu gid tri tich cflc VSn de cfl ban b day lfi lam the'' ndo ke''t hpp hfii hba dflpc tri thfle dia phflflng vdi tri thflc khoa hge khai thae vfi bao ve tfii