^1-H Phgm Thi Cdm Van PHirONG THtrC su" DUNG VA QUAN LY TAI NGUYEN Nir6c CUA NGirol TAY THON PO C ^ , XA GIA CAT, HUYEN CAO LQC, TINH LANG SON PHAM TH! CAM VAN Bgt van de Ngudi Tiy dugc bilt den Ii mdt frong nhung cu din liia nudc, cu tiii chii yen d vung thung lung chan nui, noi gin nguon nudc va cd dieu kifn thuin lgi cho sin xuat va sinh boat Trai qua tiidi gian, hg da tich luy cho minh von kinh nghifm phong phu stt dung tii nguyen nudc dS sin xuat ciing nhu sinh hogt hing ngiy Mac du vgy, cho den nay, cd rat it cong ttinh nghien ciru ve stt dyng tai nguyen nudc hay tri thttc dia phuang stt dyng tai nguySn nudc etta ngudi Tay (La Cdng Y, 1977; Vien Din tfc hgc, 1992, 2014; Trdn Van Ha, 1999; Doin Dinh Thi, 20,05) Dac bift, vin dl stt dung va quan ly tii nguyen nudc tirudc nhung tie ddng cua qua ttinh phit trien kinh tl - xa hgi theo hudng cdng nghifp hda, hifn dgi hda d ngudi Tiy hifn lgi cing dugc it nhi nghiSn cttu dl cip den Bii vilt niy la nhung tun hilu ban dau vS phuang thflc su dung ngudn nudc cua cgng ddng ngudi Tiy d thdn Pd Cgi (xi Gia Cat, huyfn Cao Ldc, thih Lgng Son) dudi ba phuang difn khic nhau: phuc vy san xudt (tudi mgng, nudi gia siic, gia cdm, nudi ttdng thuy sin), sinh boat hang (in udng, tim rtta, giit giu ) vi cac nghi Ie, tin ngudng lien quan din nude; tii do, tim nhung biSn doi ttong stt dyng va quan ly tai nguySn nude ttong boi canh mdi d mdt x3 vimg bien cua tinh Lgng Son Cac loai nguon nirdc cua ngirdi Tay d Po C^i Theo phin logi etta ngudi din, d tiion Pd Cgi cd cac ngudn nudc chinh: nudc mua (nam pdn), nudc sudi (nam khudi), nudc khe (ngm ldng)\ nudc mgeh (ngm mgchf, nudc ao (nam pgi) Vdi mSi nguon nudc, ngudi dan diu stt dyng rdt Iinh boat ttong ddi sdng etta minh (xem Bang 1) Cich sit dung ngu^n nirdc cua ngirdi T&y 2.1 Su dfing nudc sinh hogt (3 thdn Pd Cgi, ngudn nudc chii yeu ngudi din stt dyng sinh boat hang ngiy li nudc ngam dim ttt long dit len (nudc mach) DS tim dugc ngudn nudc co chat lugng, ngudi Tiy xua cd kinh nghifm ring, den khu vuc ven chan nui, tim frSn mat ddt, thdy cd dim ddt ddy ISn tten mat v i cd mf t it nudc ttao thi chic chin cho dd li cd nudc Sau xic djnh dugc vj tri nay, hg khoi rgng, dao siu rli lit di cuoi xudng diy cho nudc dugc ttong vi trtt dugc nhieu nudc ' Nuoc niy chay tir khe niii ^ Hay goi la nuoc ngam dun len tir long dat; nguon nuoc dirge nguoi dan gpi vol cai tSn khac la nuoc "gieng trdi" i Tgp chi Ddn tdc hgc sd'4&5 - 2015 Bdng Myc dich stt dung cic nguon nudc cua ngudi Tay STT Muc dich sv dyng T6n nguon nudc Nudc diing ttong sinh hoat - Nudc mach - Nudc gieng khoan; cd rit it hd stt dyng, chi diing ttong gigt rtta, khdng dimg frong an uong Nudc dimg sin xuat - Nudc mua; quan ttgng vdi nhimg difn tich radng d xa sdng, suoi, khe nudc - Nudc sudi: ngudi dan xay eac dgp chdn nudc nhd, diing may bam nudc len mdng - Nudc khe: ngudi dan thudng khoi nhung phai nhd, va theo mua, cho nudc chay vio mdng theo hf thdng phai Nudc dung ttong nudi trdng, - Mat nudc ragng, mgt nudc ao danh bdt thtty sin - Mat nudc sudi Ngudn: Dilu tra thuc dja nim 2014 Theo thdi gian, dac bift Ii vdi sy phit triSn cua khoa hgc ky thuit, each thttc lay nudc ve nha cua ngudi dan d Pd Cgi da cd nhieu thay doi Trade kia, hg phii di Iiy nudc tfl - gid sang mang ve trfl d cic chum nhd Hifn nay, cac hg gia dinh sfl dyng dng nhua Tiln Phong lam dudng dng dua nudc vS nha Nudc dugc din vl theo hai each: thtt nhit, cac hg din tii tgo dudng dl dng dan nudc nlu khu vuc ddu ngudn nudc gdn cac hg, vi vifc bic dudng dng dan nudc la khong khd khin; thtt hai, cd nhung nhdm hd tao chung mgt dudng ong, dua nudc vl bl chung ttong thdn va ttt dd nudc dugc chia tdi cac hd Nhihig hd dung chung dudng dng dan nudc niy thudng d gdn v i d gin mgt ngudn nudc Be chtta nudc chung dugc xiy bing xi mang va dgt d khu vyc thugn tifn nhdt cho vifc dua nudc vl cac hd Vdi die dilm d noi cd dja hinh thuin lgi, nguon nudc d cao han khu vuc sinh song ciia ngudi dan nen vifc lay nudc ve nhi d cic hg la kha thugn tiea Nhung hd gia dinh cd dilu kifn sam miy bam cdn true tilp bdc dudng ong bom nudc tii mgeh nudc vl be nha minh Cd the ndi, vifc ldy nudc vl nha cua ngudi dan theo each hien da khiln ngudi Tay tiet kiem dugc ca thdi gian v i cdng stte so vdi trade Cac gia dinh ngudi Tiy d Po Cgi cimg chung mgt ngudn nudc "gilng ttdi" cd su phin cdng rd rang Ijch ldy nudc Su phin cdng niy khdng dugc quy djnh thinh vin nhung cac hg diu thong nhit ring: nhung hd phai di Iim dSm^ thi dugc uu tien cho nudc chiy vS nha vio ban ngay, hd khic cd the cho nudc chiy vS vio ban dem Su phin cdng gitta cic hd nhu viy nhdm trinh tinh ttang nhieu gia ^ n h liy nudc cimg liic, nudc se khdng "vl" kjp Vio nhiing dip hgi he, hay gia dinh nao cd hilu hi, cic gia dinh ttong thdn khdng kl cimg ddng hg sin sing ' thon P6 Cai co rat nhieu hg di lam thue, khuan vac khu vyc ciia khdu Cflng vi§c thuong dupc thyc hifn vao ban dent Phgm Thi Cdm Vdn chia se nudc cua nha minh cho nhi khac neu cdn Chinh nhung hoat dgng cua ngudi dan Pd Cgi da cho thdy tinh co kit cgng dong cdn rdt dam net d dja phuang Pd Cai nim ttong khu vuc thung limg ldng chio giua nggn nui chinh; Keo Bl, Pan Ca, Lin Ludng, Lg Cai, Luong Ngai Die diem ciia chiing la cac nui dit, hien tugng cacxto hiu nhu khdng cd, nen quanh nam ngudi din dSu cd du nudc dung cho sinh hogt Theo thdng kS, d dja phan thon Pd Cgi hifn cd mach nudc cung cip cho ngudi dan: Lin Ludng (7 10 hd dung chung), Thdng Cg (tren 30 hd dung), Lg Cai (6 hd dung chung), Bd Lugt (nudc ttong va sach nhdt, cd tten 30 hd dung) Mdt sd hd khac gdn ngudn nudc "gilng trdi" cua thdn khac (Bic Nga, Na Bd ) cung dugc dung chung vdi thdn dd m i khdng phii tri bit ky khoan If phi nao Cung vdi lugng nudc ddi dao, chdt lugng nudc d Pd Cgi cung kha tit Phin anh ciia ngudi dan d diy cho tiiiy nudc ttong, nggt, khdng cd mui hdi, dimg ttt trade din khdng cd bj benh Tuy nhiSn, vio nhflng mua ldn, nudc dun len nhilu, thudng dye hon tiiudng Ngoai nudc mach, d thdn P6 Cai cung da cd hd gia dinh khoan gilng dk dimg Tuy nhiSn, theo y kiln d cac hg niy, chit lugng nudc giSng khoan khdng bdng nudc mgeh, nudc cd miu vang, lin mui tiian da, nen chi dugc stt dung dl giat rtta, khdng dugc dung de niu in " Hien tupng cacxto la qua trinh rua lua hoa tan da v6i Hi?n tugng niy xay nhQng ngpn niii co cau t^o da voi Theo thoi gian, da voi bj hoa tan se lam tang cac khoang rSng dS khi^n cho nhiing khu v\rc n^y khong trO dugc nudc ngam 2.2 Sit dung nu&c sdn xudt ndng nghiep Hifn d thdn Pd Cai cd khoang 19,66ha difn tich ttong lua, ttong dd chu yiu li ragng nudc (nd nam) cdn Igi li ragng cgn chd mua (nd leng), v i mdt sd it radng d cic khe roc it mau md, ddt doc (nd pitng) Tmdc Doi mdi, hiu hSt difn tich mdng d day phy thudc hoin toan vio nudc mua vi nudc chay ttt cac khe niii nSn chi cdy dugc mdt vy Ttt sau nim 1980, nhd vao nhttng tiln bg thuy lgi, ngudi din d diy da canh tic dugc hai vu ltta Theo thdng ke etta UBND x i Gia Cit, toan xa hifn cd khoang 70% difn tich ttdng lua nudc cd the canh tie dugc hai vy lua 2.2.1 Sit dgng nuac khe chdy tir niii Difn tich mdng d gin mgeh nudc ngam vi nhiing khe nude chiy tii ttong nui la khu vuc mi dilu kifn tudi tieu tiiuin lgi nhat Mudn tgn dung dugc ngudn nudc niy, nhutig chu mgng tren phii dua vio sttc mgnh tap thS de cung dua nudc vl mdng Hg thudng chon mdt ttong cac each sau dl dan nudc vl radng: Cdch chia nudc thir nhdt, cic hd dao mgt muong chinh bit diu tii khe nudc ve ragng, rdi hg lai tao mdt dudng muang nhd chiy dgc theo radng dl trtt va din nudc ttt muong chinh vao mgng Ngudi dan cd till de ding tao nhttng dudng muong din nudc ve ragng ma khdng cin phii bdc 6ng muong ho^c dng nhua dS dan nudc nhu nhttng noi cd dja hmh phttc tap khac Ngoii dudng muong chinh, cic hg din niy cung tgo nhttng khe cgn dk tiioit nudc vio mua mua cung nhu cho nudc chay di di dugc cung cip du nudc dl khdng bj mdt chdt miu d mdng Theo ngudi din, vdi cich "chia nudc" niy cd thS dim bao sy cdng bing gifla eac Tgp chi Ddn tdc hge sS4&5 - 2015 hd viec tilp c|n cung nhu stt dung nguon nudc Cdch chia nu&c thir hai, ngudi dan van tgo dudng muong chung dl dan nudc ttt khe vS, sau dd, nudc cho chay vao radng tren ciing; sau radng d phia ttSn du nudc, hg s6 md mgt dudng nhd de nudc chiy xuIng ragng dudi; ctt thi cho nudc chiy xudng nhung difn tich ragng d dudi thdp hon Dao muong din dau, ngudi ta thao nudc tdi de kilm tta thdng thoit, ttanh bj tu ung hoic qua doc thi mua lu de bj phi hiiy Vdi cich nay, mac du ragng ttSn cimg nhgn dugc nguon nudc dau tiSn, nhung de bj ttdi mdt phan chdt miu xuong nhiing radng dudi thap De ban ehl din muc thdp nhit lugng chat mau ttt radng ttSn ttdi xudng mdng dudi, ngudi dan thudng chi thao nudc trade thdi diSm bdn phan cho ragng Vifc chung nguon nudc san xudt bugc cac chu radng d day phai cd mdt quy udc chung, Quy udc quy dinh rang, ragng d tten cao hay d ddu nguon nudc thi dugc md cfla radng liy nudc nhd, nudc dugc thio ttt mdng ttSn xudng mdng dudi sau mgng trSn da duge cung cap dtt nudc Quy udc mac du khdng dugc ghi thinh vin ban nhung deu dugc cac hg dan tuan thu va tu giic lim theo Mdt thuc tl la d day chua bao gid xiy tranh chip ldn ve nguon nudc tudi cung cap cho ragng Muong ddn nudc dugc cic gia dinh dttng chung bao vf cdn thin Hang nam, trade nghi an tit NguySn Din, hg se cung dao, stta dudng muong de chudn bj cay cay mda xuin den 2.2.2 Su dgng nu&c sudi Cd thS ndi, sudi Pd Cai li mft ttong nhttng nguin cung cip nudc chinh cho boat 67 dgng ndng nghifp etta thdn Vio mua mua, sudi cd thS cung cdp nudc tudi cho cac difn tich rafng d gdn vdi hf thdng "phai" chdn nudc Ngugc lai, vio mua khd, suoi cgn long, khdng thS cung cap nudc tudi cho nhiing difn tich mfng dugc Nhiing nim gdn diy, vdi phuong cham "Nhi nudc va nhan dan cttng lam", viSc xiy dung, nao vet cac cdng trmh thuy ndng*, xay dung dap chdn nudc da chu dgng phdn nao vifc tudi tieu cho lua, kl ci nhiing ragng d cich xa sudi khoang 25 - 100m NhiSu difn tich cdy liia mgt vy da ciy dugc hai vy Vdi nhung ragng thdp d gdn sudi, ngudi din lam hf thong "phai" (dip ngin nudc) de chdn ngang ddng chay ciia sudi lam ding cao ngudn nudc dk cd thS din nudc vio raf ng Trade day, "phai" etta ngudi Tay d Pd Cgi dugc lam ttt g5, tte, ntta Ddu tien, hg ddng cgc, cac try rg di, dung phSn, dd ddt, di ngang ddng suoi, dong thdi dung cic hang cdt xien chlng dd "phai" Nhung nhung "phai" thudng bi phi vd vl miia lu (ViSn Din tdc hgc, 1992, tr 76) Ndm ttong Chuong trinh 135, nhttng "phai" dugc dyng bdng phSn va ddt di trade day dugc thay bing dip di xay xi ming, rat chic chdn DSn nay, d dia phuong da xay dugc dip ngan nudc ttSn sudi Pd Cai Vdi nhung chan radng cao hon, vifc dua nudc suoi vao mdng ttt "phai" hay dip ngan nudc la khdng thS, nhflng ragng bit budc phai chd nudc mua Ttt nim 1995, cd difn ludi quoc gia, ngudi Tiy d Pd Cgi da diing miy bom dua nudc ISn nhiing * Theo thong ke ciia UBND xS Gia Cat, chi tinh rieng n5m 2014, t o ^ xa da sira chiia nao vit dugc 9.300m muong; d6, thon Po Cai 1^ khoang hon 1.000m muong Phgm Thf Cdm Vdn radng Kl ca nhflng chin radng cich xa suoi 25 - 100m diu da chtt ddng dugc nudc tudi Vdi tiln bd nay, nhimg difn tich mdng d xung quanh khu vuc suoi Pd Cgi da trdng dugc hai vu lua ttong nam D I dimg dugc nudc suoi, cic hg cd chin mgng cao cung bac mdt dudng dng nhya dudng kinh khoing 10cm ttt sudi ISn mgng Khi nao mdng cin nudc, hg dung may bom bom nudc len radng DS tiet kifm difn ning ciing nhu phi lim dudng ong bom nudc, nhung hd thudng chung dudng dng nudc dl dd tdn kem Diu tien, nudc dugc bam ISn ragng fren cao nhit, sau dd, se duge thao nudc xuong nhung ragng d dudi thip ban Hifn nay, nhttng difn tich ragng d gdn suoi Pd Cgi da dugc hai vy lua: vu mua (thing - thing 10) va vy chiSm (thing - thing 6) Gidng Ida dugc ngudi dan stt dyng li ltta Bao Thai cho vu mua va liia Kim Cuong cho vu chiem Nang suit vy mua dat dugc khoang 1,5 tg/sio, vy chiSm dgt tg/sio Mac du cho ning suit thdp hon gidng lua Kim Cuong, nhung ngudi din van ua trdng gidng liia Bao Thai vi gidng cd nang chlng chju djch benh tdt ban vi bin dugc gia ban Nhu vay, cho dii mdng lua stt dyng nudc suoi hay nudc chiy tii khe nui dk canh tac thi nguySn tie ca bin vi chu ySu nhdt ttong vifc dan nudc vao mgng cua ngudi din d day van li dan nudc vio ragng cao nhit rli thio xuong nhihig difn tich mdng d dudi thdp Dudng muong din nudc diu dugc giO gin, bao vf va tu stta tiiudng xuySn DSn nay, ben canh nhiing difn tich radng d gdn sudi, khe nudc dugc cung cdp du nudc tudi, cdn khoing 30% difn tich dat ragng khdng chd ddng dugc nudc tudi m i phii ttdng chd vio nudc mua D^c bift, vio nhung nira ban han, difn tich mdng chtt ySu khdng canh tic dugc Chinh vl vgy, mdt sd dy in ttdng rau tham, cay dt muon dugc thuc hifn d Pd Cgi deu khdng kha thi 2.2.3 Sir dung nu&c mira Tmdc day, chua cd sy tham gia etta tiln bd kj^ tiiuit ciing nhu nhiing chinh sach cua Nhi nudc, boat df ng ndng nghifp etta ngudi Tiy d Pd Cgi phu thudc phan ldn vao nguin nudc mua Theo kinh ngjiifm etta hg, ttong djp ddu xuin, nghe thiy tilng sdm kSu bao hifu thdi tiet am ap, cay cd dam chdi niy ldc li liic sip cd mua, cdng vifc ddng ang ttong nam mdi se bit dau, bao hifu mdt nim mua ming thugn lgi Vao nim ban han, phdn ldn ngudi dan khdng canh tac dugc, kl ci lua va rau mau Trong bdi cinh biSn doi hau nhu hifn nay, difn tich radng cgn chd mua d Pd Cai hdu nhu chi canh tie dugc mgt vy ttong nara vao mua mua 2.3 Sit dgng nu&c nudi trdng vd ddnh bdt thuy sdn Ngudn thuy sin tfl sudi, ao, mdng la tiiuc phdm quan ttgng doi vdi ngudi Tiy Chinh vi thS, hg cd nhiSu each khac dl tii nguon thyc phdm Tmdc day, tin dyng mat nudc suli, ngudi Tiy d Pd Cgi thudng cung danh bat ca tap till Nhung hiSn nay, trade bli canh kinh te thj tmdng, mgt sd ngudi di lam time d khu vuc biSn gidi," boat dgng niy khdng cdn dugc quan tim nhilu ntta Bit ca hifn gid chi dinh cho ngudi trung tudi hoic nien rtt di ttong tiidi gian nghi Tgp chi Ddn tdc hge sd4&5 - 2015 he Nhiing ngudi thudng ty tap thinh timg nhdm nhd vdi dyng cy danh bit Ii chai, ludi, cin ciu vi mgt sd loai moi de nhtt ci Ddnh chdi, ddnh lu&i: Ngudi dan d day thudng chgn di bdt ci vio luc ndng nhan hoic mua mua Theo thdi gian, hg cd kinh nghiSm bit ca kha ddc dao Diu tien, ngudi ta chgn dogn suoi quang, it canh ciy vudng lam nai quing ludi Trade thdi gian di dinh ludi khoang - ngay, hg thi cim rang dl ca vio an cho quen mdi Khi ca da quen mdi, hg ttdn cam vdi dit set, nudc ming chua, nan thinh nam nhd, thi xudng dogn suli dl nhtt ca quanh quin d khu vuc tha mdi Thdi dilm tha mdi cim ddt set la - gid chilu, dSn khoing gid tdi; thiy cd nhieu tam ci, hg quing ludi chic chin bdt dugc ci Ci bit dugc thudng li c i chep to, frS, chudi NSu gap ca nhd, hg se tha ei Bing each niy, nguon lgi thuy san ttt thiSn nhiSn cua ngudi Tay d day dugc tri Cdu cd: Ngudi Tiy cau ci nhieu vao mua nudc Idn tai cic sdng, sudi Mdi ciu thudng li giun Cin ciu dugc lam bing fre Sgi ciu dugc lam bdng cudc Thdi gian di ciu thudng vio buoi chieu, Iuc ca di in nhieu nhit TrSn sdng, suoi, ddng bio thudng ciu d nhihig cho nudc quin Cac logi ci ciu dugc thudng la ttS, bdng, chudi BSn canh diiih bdt ca d sdng, sudi, mgt so hg din d Pd Cgi van gifl thdi quen nudi ca d ao Trade day, d Pd Cai, hdu nhu gia dinh nao cQng cd ao nudi ca Hg thi ca ttt thing din tiiang 10 nim sau thi thao nudc Khi tat nudc bit ci, ca to dugc mang ban, ca nhd dugc mang radng tha, ca nhd Iiic rit chdng ldn tin dyng dugc ngudn miu md d mdng Ca dugc thi d ragng tir thing 10 dSn khoang thing thing lgi dugc chuyen vl ao nudi, sau - thing cd thi thu hogch dugc ca Vdi each lam nay, luc nio tit nudc bat ca cflng dugc c i to dk ban Mua thu hogch ca rudng thudng dugc lam sau thu hogch Ida Day la phuong thttc chan thi rat dgc dao d ngudi Tay: hg da biet tan dyng cac ngudn Igi ty nhien dl phat ttiln nudi thuy sin m i khdng cin stt dyng bat ctt mdt logi thttc an chin nudi nio Tuy nhiSn, hifn nay, cac mdng dung nhieu phan hda hgc, thudc trtt sau nen viSe nudi thi ci kSt hgp ci d ao v i d ragng khdng cdn tin tai d Pd Cgi Vdi xu hudng phat triln kmh doanh, dich vu, di lim thue d khu vyc biSn gidi nhu hien nay, ngudi Tay d diy khdng miy quan tim tdi nghe nudi ca ntta Quan sat cho thay tten dia ban thdn, ngudi din chi thi ca d nhirng ao nhd d gin nha vdi muc dich cii thifn bfla an cho gia dinh Gidng ci dugc chgn thudng la trdm, chep, me, ttdi Ca dugc nudi ldn ty nhiSn MSi nam, ao dugc thao nudc mgt lin vao miia ddng dk thu hogch ca cung nhu ldy bim bdn ragng, vudn Bao vf va quan ly tii nguyen nudc Viec khai thie nguon nudc dS sinh hogt va canh tac ndng nghifp da di siu vao tiem thttc ciia ngudi dan Pd Cgi, cimg vdi dd, li eac quy djnh, tip tyc vS bio ve v i sfl dyng ngudn nudc da ddi Trong xa hgi xua, nhung quy djnh ve quan ly va bio vf tai nguyen thien nhien cua ngudi Tay deu tuan theo luat tuc dia phuang Tmyen thdng niy din van dugc luu gitt va phit triln Ddi v&i nguon nuac sinh hogt vd nu&c sdn xudt: De bio vf ngudn nudc, trade diy va ca hien nay, ngudi Tay Pd Cgi vin bio luu tip quan gitt lgi cac khu rflng ttSn dinh Phgm Thj Cdm Vdn doi nui vi chung dugc coi la cac khu riing diu nguon, nhim bao dim ngudn nudc ngim dugc cung cip tiiudng xuyen Quy udc cua thdn ludn quy dinh ro: Mgi ngudi ttong thdn cd ttich nhifm bio ve he smh tiiii rflng, khdng chan tiii gia sue vio rttng; sin, bdt, biy ddng vat ttong rung; nghiem cdm chat, phi, khai thac rttng " (Huang udc thdn Pd Cgi) Nhung hg dung chung mach nudc ngim, hogc chung dudng dng din nudc, ben cgnh vifc tuin tiieo nhung quy tdc chung etta thdn ve bao vf tai nguyen thien nhien, cdn phii tuan theo nhiing quy djnh rieng vl gm gitt, bio ve mgeh nudc, bS tru nudc Cy the li, ctt khoang - thing, nhflng nhdm hg lgi ctt ngudi di thu gom la rung vi phat dgn ciy coi xung quanh khu vuc "gilng ttdi" mgt lin nhdm ttinh li ciy, rong reu, mdm cay lim tdc dudng ong din nudc Ching ban, doi vdi cic hg dan dung chung ngudn nudc Pd Lugt (30 hg), dugc chia nhdm, moi nhdm hd, ctt - tiiang di kilm tta va dgn vf sinh khu vuc ddu ngudn nudc Ngoii ra, ttong ngiy culi cimg cua nim cu, tdt ci cic hd dung chung ngudn nudc diu cd mgt budi cung itiiau phat quang xung quanh khu vyc ngudn nudc, dip bd, sfla chtta hf thing dan nudc vi ve sinh lim sgch "giSng" chtta nudc tmdc lam le liy nudc cdu may ttong nam mdi bit, nhung cam dimg thuoc dfc bd xuong suoi, cim dung kich difn dl bit ca Quy djnh nhdm bio vf nguin nudc cung nhu ngudn lgi tiiuy san, ttanh khai thie cgn kiSt tai nguyen Dac biet, hifn nay, ngudi Tay d Pd Cgi cd Hgi "hilu"' rdt cd uy tin vdi ngudi dan ttong thdn Nhung ngudi tiiam gia Hfi "hilu", bSn canh viec tuan tiieo quy udc ciia ling, cdn phai luin tiieo nhttng quy tdc nhdt djnh etta "Hdi" vS bao vf rttng dau nguon, gift vf smh ddu ngudn nudc, bio vf muong mang chung Cy the la, neu vi pham cic quy dinh cua Hdi "hilu" se mdt hit cac quyin lgi frong Hgi, bj tude quyin tham gia vao hdi va bi mgi ngudi coi thudng Vi the, cic tiianh vien ttong Hdi "hilu" diu co ging tiiyc hifn dung ndi quy, quy djnh cua Hfi Phong tuc t^p quin lien quan din nguon nirdc Vao ngiy ddu nim, ngudi Tay d Po Cai cdn gifl dugc tyc If di cung ddu nguin nudc ciu sttc khde, may min, lam in phit tai ca nam Le vit tiiudng la binh chung chay, keo binh, tiln vang, huong Tuy vao khoang each tfl nha den nguin nudc ma cac hd di sdm hoic di mudn, tiidi gian din khu vuc ngudn nudc li trade gid giao thtta Ngudi di le thudng la nhdm cac nhdm chii hd diing chung nguin nudc Tmdc lam le Cling, hg cttng dgn sach cd ric khu Ddi v&i khu vuc nu&c sudi chdy qua vyc ddu ngudn nudc rdi cung lam le thdn, quy dinh cua thdn neu rd: ea, tdm d Cling "than gieng" Khi lim le cung xong, hg suoi la cua chung, ciing cd quyen danh ldy nudc vS cdu may, v i bit diu ttd vS nha la vao thdi diem diu tiSn etta nim mdi * De l^m sach dugc long "gieng", hg khoi mgt i^nh nuoc nho ben canh phong mach nuoc dun len Trong bai khdn "thdn gieng", hg ciu mong nhanh khong kjp v? sinh long "gieng" Khi nuoc duoi meich diin len, hg tat nuoc sang ninh nho vua t^o thinh, nh^t da cudi, liun sach long gi^ng, va lat lai da cugi de giu cho nuoc ' NhQng nguoi tham gia h§i "hieu" khflng nhat thiet phai ciing dong hg, chi cdn sinh song cling thfln Tgp ehi Ddn tge hgc sd'4&5 - 2015 sttc khde cho cic viSn gia dinh nim mdi, lim an thugn lgi Sau khan "than gieng", hg mang mdt it nudc vl vio chum, hoac be nudc nha minh ggi la ldy may dau nim Ngoai ra, mdt sd gia dinh cdn nh§t nhttng hdn da cudi d "gilng nudc"^, muc mgt am nudc, cho da vao gid, sau dd mang nhiing hdn da vl dit ttong chuong ga, Iiy nudc ttong am cho ga uong Tin ngudng la mong muon chin nudi thugn Igi, din gi sinh sdi niy nd ddy nha, ddy sin Cd thS ndi, day la tin nguong rit riSng cua ngudi Tiy d Lang Son, mac du ttong bdi canh xa hgi phat triln, nhung din naj vin cdn nhieu hg gia dinh tin vao tin ngudng ciu may d ngudn nudc vio diu nam mdi Ngoai ra, cung nhu cac din tdc khac, phy nu Tiy d Pd Cgi ciing nhu d nhilu vimg khac thudng kiSng ngudn nudc sau sinh nd Yeu to t i c ddng d i n sir dung tii nguySn nirdc cua nguxri T^y d Pd Cai Nhirng biln ddi ve stt dyng v i quin 1;^ tai nguySn thien nhien, ttong dd cd tai nguyen nudc, cua ngudi Tay d Pd Cai li tie ddng cua mdt sd yiu tl: chmh sich ciia Ding va Nhi nudc vl phat triln kinh te - xa hgi mien nui; van hda tdc ngudi; mdi tradng tu nhiSn biln doi Cac yeu to niy ludn cd tic dgng hai mit din stt dung va quin ly tii nguyen nudc d Pd Cai 5.1 Anh hudng eda cdc chinh sdch phdt trien kinh ti - xd hpi Theo Quyit djnh sd 135/1998/QD-TTg 31/7/1998 etta Thtt tudng Chinh phu vl "Phi duyit Chuang trinh phdt triin kinh te xd hdi cdc xd dgc bi$t khd khdn miin nui, ' Theo quan nigm cua hg, dSy li nhiing "gi g i ^ ^ ' vitng sdu, viing xa", vdi phuang chim "Nhi nudc va nhan din cttng lam", Pd Cgi da dugc ho trg xiy dung cii tao hf thing tiitty lgi: xiy dgp tudi tieu phuc vy canh tic ndng nghifp RiSng nim 2014, ca xa Gia Cat da nao vet tu stta dugc 9.300m kSnh muong; dilu da tic dgng khdng nhd den sin xuit ndng nghifp ciia ngudi dan dja phuang Nhieu difn tich mgng chi canh tac mdt vu thiSu nudc niy da canh tic dugc hai vu lua ttong nim Hogt ddng khai hoang phyc hda dat canh tac dugc khuyin khich, thay doi gidng ciy ttIng, ddi s6ng cua ddng bao ddn dugc cii thifn Dau mdc ntta la Chuang ttinh xay dung ndng thdn mdi; Theo bg tieu chi qudc gia xiy dung ndng thdn mdi, x i Gia Cit da dgt dugc 9/19 tieu chi, frong dd cd tieu chi vS thuy lgi Trong 19 tieu chi xay dung ndng thdn mdi, tiSu chi vS mdi tradng "ty li ngu&i ddn duac sir difng nu&c sgch hap ve sinh theo quy chudn Quoc gia" chua "dat" d dja phuang DS cd dugc muc "dat" ttong tiSu chi vl stt dyng nudc sach, dja phuong niy phai cdng ttong vifc xiy dung hf thdng cung cap nudc cho ngudi din NghTa li, Nha nudc xiy be nudc d trung tam thdn, sau dd se ed hf thdng dudng dng cho cic hd tu bom nudc ve Nhung dudng nhu ngudi din khdng mdy "min mi" vdi du an niy bdi ttSn thyc tl, Nha nudc xay bl chtta nudc, nudc lgi dugc ldy ttt cic mgeh nudc ngim ttSn ntti cd qua xtt l^, ldp dat ddng h i nudc, cac hd dan dung phai tti tiln Mic du nudc qua xtt iy tdt ban so vdi loai nudc hg van dimg tmdc day nhung dugc hdi, nlu cd cdp nudc nhu viy thi ngudi din d day cd dung khdng, hiu hSt cau tta ldi ma nhdm nghien cttu nhan dugc li "khdng" Theo hg, Phgm Thi Cam Vdn ngudn nudc hg dang stt dyng li rat sach NIU dung nudc sgch cua Nha nudc cap, hg phii mdt tiln difn bam nudc vi tien nudc hing thing 5.2 Anh hu&ng cua yiu td vdn hoa tpc ngu&i Ngudi Tay cfing nhu cic din tge khac d nudc ta vdn cd tip quan doin ket, tuong ttg lln ttong sin xudt cimg nhu ttong sinh boat Dieu dugc thS hien trade het la vifc cung tao mdt dudng dng din nudc chung dk dua nudc ve stt dyng, cung dip dap ngan nudc dl canh tic ragng Die biet, vi stt dung nudc din ttt ttong mii ve chtta tai cac be xi ming, nen nhiSu cac hg gia duih cd vifc hieu hi cd thi bj tiiieu nudc dimg; cic hd hang xdm xung quanh sin sing ehia nudc d be nha mmh cho hg cin dimg Tinh doin kit tuong ttg etta ngudi Tiy d Pd Cai cdn dugc till hifn rdt rd ttong qua trinh cttng bio ve, lam vf sinh nhung dudng ong nudc etta nhimg nhdm hg cimg chung mgt ngudn nudc 5.4 Tdc ddi^cua nen kmb^tbi trudng, cdng nghiip hda, him dgi hda ddt nudc Do d khu vyc gan bien gidi, ngudi din cd dilu tiien tirao doi, budn ban hang hda cung nhu lam thuS Vi viy, mttc sing cua hg da ting ISn ding ke, khdng chi vl phuang difn luong thuc ma cdn ve tii sin ttong gia dinh Ngudi din ddu tu mua miy bom nudc, khiln viec dilu tiet nudc cho radng lua ttd nen de ding hon Theo dd, mua vu v i nang sudt cay ttdng dugc ting cao Ket lu^n 53 Anh budng cua biin dSi mdi trudng Qua thdi gian, vifc khai thac va bio ve ngudn nudc theo traySn thdng eho den vin dugc ngudi Tay bao luu Tuy nhien, ngudi din ciing cd mdt so thay doi nhat dinh ttong cdng tic Cy the Ii nhiing thay dli d mdt sd cdng dogn: thay vi phii di lay nudc rit sdm nhu tmdc diy, ngudi dan da stt dyng dng nhya din nudc ve nha; thay \d chi chd vao nguin nudc mua, vi nudc chiy ttt khe nui dl ttdng ttgt thi hg cd thi bora nudc ttt cic sudi de chtt ddng nude tudi cho dong ragng Trong nhiing nim gin diy, hien tugng biln doi hau dang diSn manh me trSn ci nudc Nai sinh sdng etta ngudi Tiy d 1-gng San cung chju inh hudng khdng nhd cua hifn tugng niy Die bift, tiieo khao sit tgi dia phuong, mua mua nim 2013 dien biSn bit thudng, mua nhieu, vdi cudng ldn, gay ngip lyt Vdi die tiiu la dja phuang nim ttong khu vuc Idng chio gitta nui, nudc sdng Ky Cung vl nhanh, khiln suli Pd Cgi cd muc nudc ldn, gay ng$p lut d radt s6 khu ao, ragng inh hudng ldn din sin xuit cua ngudi din Cttng vdi dd li nhttng kinh nghifm tao muong, phai ddc dio cung nhu nhung t^p quin hen quan din tai nguySn nudc van cdn dugc luu gifl ttong ddi sdng ngudi Tay d Po Cgi Song song vdi vifc stt dung nguin nudc, nhiing quy djnh ve bao ve ngudn nudc dugc ngudi din ttong tiidn thyc hifn nghiem tiic va cd ttich nhifm Tmdc nhilu tac dfng cfla qui trinh phat triln kiitii tl x i hdi cung nhu su phit tiiln etta ky thuit hifn dai, hg da bilt sfl dyng, bilt thich nghi, dli mdi, cii tien ttong viec tan dyng nguon nudc, phyc Tap chi Dan tdc hgc so4&5 - 2015 vu cho sinh ho^t cung nhu cho s^n xu§t cho phu h(;yp vai boi canh mdi Iia lieu tham khao 73 Vifn Dan tfc hoc (1992), Cdc dan toe Tay Niing d Vi^t Nam, Nxb Khoa hoc xa hoi,HaNai Tr4n Van Ha (1999), Cac dan toe Toy, Nung vii tiin bg ky thuat nong nghiip, Nxb Khoa hoc xa h6i, Ha Npi Vifn Dan tfc hoc (2014), Cae dan toe it nguai a Viet Nam (cac tinh phia Bic) (Tai b^n co sijra chGa, bo sung), Nxb Khoa hoc xa hfi, Ha Noi Doan Dmh Thi (2005), Dan loc Tay, Niing i Bac Giang, Bao cao de tai cjp Vifn, Tu lito Vifn Dan toe hoc La Cdng Y (1977), "VS c4c phuang phap "dan thiiy nhSp di6n" ciia ngudi Tay o Vift Bac", Tgp chi Dan tge hoe, Sd 1, tr 53-62 Nguon nudc ao cOa ngudi Tay d thfln Po Cai, xa Gia Cat, huyfn Cao Loc, tinh L^ng San Anh: Mfc Mien ... cic hd nhu viy nhdm trinh tinh ttang nhieu gia ^ n h liy nudc cimg liic, nudc se khdng "vl" kjp Vio nhiing dip hgi he, hay gia dinh nao cd hilu hi, cic gia dinh ttong thdn khdng kl cimg ddng hg... vl nha cua ngudi dan theo each hien da khiln ngudi Tay tiet kiem dugc ca thdi gian v i cdng stte so vdi trade Cac gia dinh ngudi Tiy d Po Cgi cimg chung mgt ngudn nudc "gilng ttdi" cd su phin... dilm d noi cd dja hinh thuin lgi, nguon nudc d cao han khu vuc sinh song ciia ngudi dan nen vifc lay nudc ve nhi d cic hg la kha thugn tiea Nhung hd gia dinh cd dilu kifn sam miy bam cdn true tilp