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cAc VAN D£ QU6C T£ SUTHAM GIA CUA C O N G DONG TRONG QUAN LY TAI NGUYEN NUdC KINH NGHIEM CAC NU6c CHAU PHI VA BAI HOC CHO VIETNAM''''" Nguyen Thi Hong Nhung* Le Ha Thanh** Nguyen Dieu Hdng*** TOM T A T Q[.]
cAc VAN D£ QU6C T£ SUTHAM GIA CUA C O N G DONG TRONG QUAN LY TAI NGUYEN N U d C : KINH NGHIEM CAC NU6c CHAU PHI VA BAI HOC CHO VIETNAM'" Nguyen Thi Hong Nhung* Le Ha Thanh** Nguyen Dieu Hdng*** TOM TAT Qudn ly dua vdo cdng ddng ITnh vuc tdi nguyen nudc la mot qud trinh cd su tham gia eua ngudi ddn he thdng qudn ly Sir tham gia ciia cong ddng rdt da dgng vdi nhieu hinh thuc tuang icng vai cdp tdng ddn the hien vai trd kiem sodt ciia chinh phu gidm ddn vd mice hgp tdc ciing nhu quyen ldm chii cua cdng ddng tdng len Kinh nghiem qudc te cho thdy neu cgng ddng dugc tham vdn ddy dii, dugc tham gia vdo qud trinh xdy dicng vd thuc thi cdc chinh sdch vd du dn thi cdc chuang trinh, du dn se hieu qud han vd dem lgi lgi ich cao hon cho cdc ddi tugng muc tieu De khuyen khich sir tham gia cua cdng dong vdo qudn ly tdi nguyen nudc nhd nudc cdn Idm tdt vai trd hd trg ndng cao ndng lire cho cgng ddng cd tieu chi lua chon ro rdng ddm bdo nguyen tdc cdng bdng ddng thdi phdi cdi cdch he thdng chinh quyen theo huang gidm bdt vai trd trung tdm qud trinh quyet dinh Tir khda Qudn ly ldi nguyen nudc, sir tham gia cua cong ddng, hnh nghiem quoc te Nhdn bdi: 22/12/2015; Phdn bien ddnh gid vd sira chica: 20/1/2016; Duyet ddng 20/2/2016 Mo hinh quan ly co sur tham gia ciia cgng dong 1.1 Khdi niem chung Theo quan niem chung, cdng ddng dugc hieu la mdt tap hgp cdng dan cu tru mdt khu vuc dia Iy nhat dinh, hgp tac vdi ' " Bai viet na\ la ket qua nghien ciru ciia Nhiem vu nghien ciiu khoa hgc va cong nghe theo nghj dinh thu "Nghien ciiu img dyng mo hinh quan ly dua vao cong d6ng nham nang cao hieu qua hop tac song phirong tai cac dia phucmg bien gioi Viet Nam - Campuchia" " Phd gi^o su Tien sT Vien Kinh li va Chinh tri thd gioi ' " ' " ' ' " ' T h a c sT Trudng Dai hoc Kinh t4 Qu6c dan \i nhirng Igi ich chung va chia se nhirng gia tri van hda chung Noi mgt each khac, mot tap hgp ngudi dugc ggi la cgng ddng neu thda man cac tinh chat ve dia Is van hda va Igi ich, cu the nhu sau: Ddng nhdt ve dia ly: De ggi la mgt cgng ddng thi cgng ddng phai ciing sdng mdt vung dia ly sinh thai nhat dinh va ciing cd the cung mgt dan vi hanh chinh Ddng nhdt ve lgi ich: Trong trudng hgp quan ly tai nguyen - mdi trudng trudc Tgp chi nghien cuu CH VI; PHI & TiasG DONG SO 03(127) thang 3/2016 Nguyen Thj Hong Nhung-Le Ha Thanh-Nguyen Dieu Hang het cgng ddng can hgp lire quan Iy cac yeu td tai nguyen - mdi trudng de ciing thu hudng cac Igi ich chung va ciing chia se lgi ich ma yeu td dd mang Iai - Dong nhdt ve vdn hda: Tu> trudng hgp cu the, can tim kiem nhutig gia tri van hda ehung de td churc su tham gia cua cgng ddng () day yen td van hda va dia ly cd quan he mat thiet vdi Ndi den van hda la noi den ngudi d mdt viing, mdt dan tdc, mdt qudc gia hay chau luc Quan ly dua vao cdng ddng (Community based management - CBM) la mdt tap hgp mo hinh quan Iy co sir tham gia cua cdng dong, dd cgng ddng la tham gia vao viec quyet dinh ve eac van de lien quan den qua trinh lap ke hoaeh va trien khai thuc hien Phuang thiirc CBM la mgt ba phuong thuc quan ly' (i) Nha nudc quan Iy tap trung; (ii) Quan Iy dua vao cdng dong; va (iii) Cdng ddng tu quan ly Cac to chuc quan Iy dua vao cgng ddng dugc hinh tai mdt dja phuang cu the tren co sd tu nguyen, phi lgi nhuan, dam nhan vai tro cung cap dich vu xuat phat tir lgi ich ehung ciia cdng dong Quan ly moi trudng dua vao cgng dong la mdt khal niem rgng va da nghia, phu thudc vao iing dung thuc tien cua CBM Khai niem de cap den sir tham gia cua cac cgng ddng cd lgi ich Hen quan quan ly tai nguyen dat va nudc, rimg, dgng vat hoang da, du Uch ngudn Igi thiiy san va cac tai nguyen khac Ap dung md hinh tham gia ciia cdng ddng quan K' danh dau each tiep can tir dudi len thay \ i phuong thuc ap dat tir tren xudng nhu trudc Muc dd tham gia ciia ngudi dan dugc phat trien theo timg cdp va phu thudc vao quan he ddi tac giira chinh phu va ngudi dan Quan he ddi tac phu SiJtham gia cua cong dong thudc vao sir tin nhiem va tin tudng cua ca hai phia De phat trien mdi quan he can phai cd nd lire tir hai ben va thdi gian Ve ban chat, qua trinh phat trien chinh la tien trinh "phi dieu tiet hda" cua chinh phu nham xac dinh Iai ngi ham cua quan ly nha nudc de phii hgp vdi trinh phat trien kinh te thi trudng timg giai doan 1.2 Cdc cdp tham gia cua cpng dong Theo quan diem hien dai, muc tham gia cua ngudi dan cac hoat dgng quan 1\' dugc phat trien theo tirng cap va phu thugc vao quan he ddi tac giira chinh phii va ngudi dan (M.Dower 2004) Theo do, cap tham gia ciia cdng ddng the hien vai tro kiem soat cua chinh phii giam dan va muc hgp tac cung nhu quyen lam chli ciia cgng ddng tang len Phuong thirc quan ly dua vao cdng dong dugc chia cap do, bao gdm: (i) Cdp thdng bdo: Nha nudc quyet dinh, thdng bao va hudng din cgng ddng tham gia quan ly (ii) Cdp tham van- Cgng ddng cung cap thdng tin, nha nudc Iham khao y kien cua cgng ddng de dua quyet djnh, thdng bao va hudng dan cdng ddng tham gia quan ly (iii) Cdp cimg thuc hien: Cdng dong CO CO hdi va dugc phep tham gia thao luan gdp y kien de dua quyet dinh va dugc tham gia quan ly (iv) Cdp ddi tdc: Nha nudc va cgng dong ciing quan Iy (v) Cdp chd tri: Cdng ddng dugc nha nudc trao quyen quan Iy, nha nudc chi thuc hien viec kiem soat Tgp chi nghien cicu CHAU PHI & TRUNG DONG SO 03(127) thang 3/2016 Sir tham gia cua cgng dong Nguyen Thi Hong Nhung-Le Ha Thanh-Nguyen Dieu Hang Sff 60 Thang cap tham gia ciia cgng dong Ngudn: M Dower (2004) 1.3 Cdc hinh thuc tham gia cua cpng dong Su tham gia eiia cdng ddng quan Iy cd vai trd quan trgng va dugc bi^u dien dudi cae hinh thuc cu the nhu sau: (i) Cung cdp thdng tin: ngudi dan cd the tham gia cung cap thdng tin cho cac nha quan Iy ve thuc te cac van de kinh te xa hgi - mdi trudng d dia phuang (ii) Tham gia lanh dgo: nhiJng ngudi lanh dao cua cdng ddng cd the thu hiit su tham gia ciia cgng dong bang each noi len nhtmg mong mudn cua ngudi dan to chirc cac boat dgng, huy ddng mgi ngudi tham gia vao cac cdng viec cu the (iii) Cung cap cdc ngudn luc: cdng ddng cd the tham gia vao cac hoat ddng nhu cung cap nhan Iuc, vat chat, cac nguon tai chinh va cdng tac to chuc cho cac dir an phat trien tai dia phuang, tham chi edng dong cd the thuc hien mgt sd nhiem vu ciia du an de giam bdt chi phi (iv) Qudn ly vd bdo dicang- sau cac du an ket thuc, cdng ddng co the tham gia quan ly bang each chju trach nhiem hoan toan \e hoat ddng quan ly va bao duong dinh ki (v) Kiem tra vd ddnh gid: sudt qua trinh trien khai du an, egng dong cd the xem xet va danh gia nhitng gi dang tien hanh nhd dd cd the phat hien nhtrng van de sinh va khac phuc kjp thdi 1.4 Qudn ly tdi nguyen nirdc dira vdo cpng dong O nhieu nudc dang phat trien quyen sd hiru va quan ly tai nguyen thien nhien nhu nudc khoang san rimg, thiiy san, ddng vat hoang da dugc trao cho nha nudc Chinh phu khdng nhiJng xac dinh mo hinh su dung cac ngudn tai ngu\cn ma cdn anh hudng den viec phan phdi lgi ich kinh te tir cac nguon tai nguyen dd Do vay, cdng ddng dia phuang rat it tham gia vao hoat dgng quan l\ Tu\ nhien, viec nha nude quan ly tai nguyen sc dan den mgt sd van de chinh trj, xa hgi nhu chi phi cao cho luc lugng kiem lam, kho khan bao ve tai nguyen thien nhien, sir dung khdng ben Tgp chi nghien ciru CHAI: PHI & TRUNG DONG SO 03(127) thang 3/2016 19 Nguyen Thi Hong Nhung-Le Ha Thanh-Nguyen Dieu Hang vOng cac ngu5n tai nguyen thien ntiien, sinli cac mau thuin, xung dot giOa cong d5ng dia phuong voi cae co quan duoc nha nuoc uy quyen quan ly tai nguyen thien nhien v.v Trong boi canh do, mo hinh quan ly moi truong dua vao cong d5ng CO thi phat huy dugc gia tri Su* tham gia cua cong dong (ii) Quyen luc: voi tu each vira la ngucri sir dung, vita la nguoi quan ly tai nguyen nuoc, epng dong co quyen hpp phap de nhirng quyet djnh lien quan den kiem soat, van hanh va tri tai nguyen nuoc va he thong cap nuoc di kem (iii) Kiem sodt: epng dong co kha nang Quan ly tai nguyen nuoc dua vao cpng thirc hien va xac dinh dirpc ket qua tit cac ddng khong ham y cpng dong phai c6 trach quyet dinh ciia minh co lien quan den he nhiem doi voi tat ca eac khia canh he thong Khia canh de cap den nang luc thong nuoc ma hp dang sir dung Cpng ciia cpng dong \e kha nang dong gop ve ky dong CO the tham gia vao mpt, mpt vai hoac thuat, nhan eong va tai chinh ciing nhu sit tat ca hoat dpng quan ly van hanh ky thuat h6 trp ve the ehe ciia cpng dong qua va tai chinh ciia mpt he thong cap nuoc Su trinh lap ke hoach thuc hien va tri tinh tham gia cua epng dong vao qua trinh quan ben vOng cua he thong cung cap nuac ly rjt da dang, phu thupc vao nhung dieu Quan ly tai nguyen nude dua vao cpng kien eu the eua tung dia phuong dflng da co lich sir tir lau tren the gioi Xem Quan ly tai nguyen nuoc dua vao cpng xet kinh nghiem quflc te se gop phan rut dong la mpt qua trinh eo su tham gia cua nhtrng bai hpe huu ich cho Viet Nam nguoi dan vai vai tro la trung tam ciia he Kinh nghiem (V chau Phi ve su- tham thong quan ly nuac Mo hinh co the xac lap duoi dang eac hpi nguoi tieu dung gia ciia cpng dong quan ly tiii va cae nhom hanh dpng cpng dong o khu nguyen niro'c vuc thi cho den cae nhom sir dung nuoc va hpp tac xa thiiy loi a vung nong thon 2.1 Thiic diiy su- tham gia ctia cgng (Tong thu nhgp thdp viio cung cdp nudc sach vd ve sinh ff Ghana Du ton tai dual hinh thirc nao, nguyen tae cot loi ciia CBM ITnh vuc tai nguyen nuac la su tham gia cua cpng dong viec lap ke hoach, van hanh, tri eac he thong cap nuoc ma cpng dong duoc huong loi Quan ly tai nguyen nucrc dua vao cpng dong co khia canh chinh la trach nhiem quyen lire va kiem soat Cai thien dich vu cung cap nuoc sach va ve sinh la mpt nhirng nhiem vu trpng tam de dat cae Muc tieu Thien nien ky (MDGs) va doi hoi each tiep can nhieu ben C) Ghana, chi 30% cae hp gia dinh khu vue dfl thi CO ket noi voi dudng dng cap nudc, 22% sd hd cd nha ve sinh dat tieu ehuan De cai thien dich vu cap nude dd thi va ve sinh mdi trudng, chinh phu Ghana quyet dinh day manh hop tac vdi cac phin xa hdi Su hop tac chu yeu hudng tdi dua cac nhdm ddi tupng khac tham gia vao qua trinh quyet djnh, (i) Trach nhiem: cpng dong tham gia lam chli, CO quyen so hiru cung nhu co nghia vu tham du vao quan ly he thong cdp nuac de dam bao \ ice van hanh, tri he thong 20 Tgp chl nghien cuu CHAti PIII & TRl NG DONG SO 03(127) thang 3/2016 .Sutham gia cua cong donq Nguyen Thj Hong Nhung-Le Ha Thanh-Nguyen Dieu Hang dd sir tham gia cua cdng ddng chinh la chia khda de tri dugc djch vu cung cap nudc sach va ve sinh Tuy nhien, d Ghana, vai trd ciia cdng ddng Iinh vuc chua dugc chinh quyen trung uong va dja phuang luu y diing mue Chua cd nhieu no lire de khuyen khieh cdng ddng tham gia vao ITnh vuc d khu vuc dd thi, ldn Vai tro ciia hg chu yeu the hien d ndng thdn va cac thi tran nhd Trudc thuc t8 do, ban diu chinh sach nudc sach va ve sinh ciia Ghana chi tap trung vao sir tham gia cua cgng ddng d ndng thon Chuyen gia Viet Nam giang day va chuyen ,iao tien bp ky thuat nong nghiep tai Ghana Nguon: hltp.//ww w2 hcniuaf.edu.vn Cac CO sd cung cap nudc sach va ve sinh cho hd gia dinh thudng la cac he thong dua vao cgng ddng, bao gom cac co sd thudc sd hiru cua cdng ddng hoac ciia doanh nghiep tu nhan hoat dgng vi muc tieu Igi nhuan Cgng ddng duge phan chia rd rang nhdm nhiJng ngudi co the tra tien cho dich vu nudc sach va ve sinh va nhdm nhiJng ngudi khdng the chi tra Dieu anh hudng den qua trinh quyet dinh dau tu eiia ngudi cung cap dich vu ca d khu vuc cdng cgng va khu vuc tu nhan Ket qua la hinh hai he thdng song song, he thdng cung cap nudc sach va ve sinh chinh thiic, cd dudng dng nudc sach, nha may xir Iy nudc thai; va he thdng phi ehinh thuc ciia nhtrng ngudi ban nudc sach va van hanh he thdng nha ve sinh Hau h^t cac CO sd cung cap nudc sach va ve sinh dua vao cdng ddng d cac dd thi thu nhap thap cua Ghana la phi chinh thurc (j khu vuc thi, su tham gia ciia cdng ddng thudng ed xu hudng chi gidi han cac hoat dgng chia se quyen Igi chii khong lien quan den hoat ddng kinh doanh Trong md hinh hgp tac edng tu de cung cap dich vu nudc sach va ve sinh moi trudng d dd thi su tham gia cua cdng ddng CO the ho trg xay dung mdt moi quan he hgp tac hihi ich giira khu vuc cdng va khu VUC tu dac biet mudn dap iing nhu cau ciia cdng ddng ngudi thu nhap thap Vdi cgng ddng ngudi cd thu nhap thap dieu quan trgng nhat vdi hg va cung la yeu td quyet djnh den su tdn tai ciia cac nha cung Tap cltingliien ciru CHAU PHI & TRUNG DONG S6 03(127) thang 3/2016 21 Nguyen Thi Hong Nhung-Le Ha Thanii-Nguyen Dieu Hang cip nudc sach va ve sinh moi trudng thudc nhom phi chinh thiic la tinh hop phap cua nha d Chinh vi nha d cila ngudi co thu nhap thip ed tinh hpp phap khdng cao nen dieh vu phi chinh thiic la phu hpp Miic dp sSn long diu tu mpt he thdng mdi phu thudc true tiSp vao tinh hop phap cua nha d eua ngudi dan Mot hd gia dinh neu khdng chic chan minh ed dupc d ngdi nha lau dai se chi san Idng tra tien de tri dich vu cap nudc va ve sinh theo timg Dong thdi, khdng ed nha d hpp phap, lau dai, cae hd gia dinh ciing khdng dupe phep ket ndi vdi he thdng nudc sach va ve sinh chinh thiic Vdi edng ddng ed nha d hpp phap, yeu td quan trpng khien cpng dong san ldng tham gia dau tu, quan ly he thflng dirdng dng nude sach va ve sinh mdi trudng la chat lupng eua dich vu He thflng mdi phai ed chat lupng tdt hon he thflng hien tai Neu h? thflng mdi khflng dat dupc tieu chi thi cdng ddng se khdng san Idng ket ndi, va ea hp da tham gia thi cung cd kh^ nang hp khflng chi tra phi dich vu Ngoai ra, gia dich vu cung la mdt yeu td nira quyet dinh su tham gia eiia ngudi dan Neu gia qua cao thi edng dflng thu nhap thap se tir chfli ket noi Ghana dang nfl lire khuyen khich cac nha eung cap nudc sach va dich vu ve sinh mdi tnrcmg dap ling duoc nhu ciu cua ngudi ngheo khu vue dd thi vdi sir tham gia cua cdng dflng De cpng dflng cd thi tich eire, chii dflng tham gia vao nhirng hoat dpng ma theo truyen thflng vdn thuflc ve nha nude, can phai ed each tidp can Iinh hoat eung nhu khung phap ly virng chie Ngoai ra, can cd nd lire b^n viing giira eac 22 Sutham gia cua cong dong ben thi mdi cd the giup cdng ddng nhan biet, tan dung dupc toan bp nang lire cua minh qua trinh tham gia 2.2 Vai tro cua cpng ddng hai dit dn cdp nu-&c sach &Hombori, Mali viing dat khfl can Hombori, Mali, nudc chu yeu dupc diing lam nude an eho ngudi va site vat Nudc rat quy hiem, khdng the diing de tudi tieu vao miia kho Hau het dien tich dat dai viing deu khflng trdng trot dtrpc vi dat rat can coi, ehu yeu la da He thflng cap nudc d day la mdn qua ma ngudi lanh dao danh cho cir tri de dfli lay la phieu eua hp Nd tdn tai tir nam 1953, nhung su dung cdng nghe qua phuc tap nen da nhanh ehdng bj hdng, khflng dung dupe vi thieu ngudi cd hieu biet ve ky thuat de van hanh va thieu trang thiet bi thay the Nam 2001, mpt du an cip nudc mdi dupe thuc hien, nhung he thdng mdi khdng cd kha nang bom nudc cho ngudi dan sdng tren ddi eao Do dd, du an ehii yeu phue vu ngudi dan sdng viing chan ddi Nhung ngudi dan tren doi cao lai van mufln cd dai dien ban quan ly dir an Ket qua la, cpng dflng mau thuan vdi va dtr an phai ngirng hoat dpng Nam 2007, Tflng thflng Mali cho xay dung mflt he thdng cap nudc mdi vdi may bom du manh de cap nudc cho ca ngudi dan sdng d chan dfli va tren ddi cao Mpt phan dudng flng cu van dupe sir dung Mpt cflng ty hpp tac cong tu dupe chi dinh phu trach nhiem vu tri tinh fln dinh eua he thflng va thu phi ngudi su dung Mac dii he thdng cap nudc cu khong cdn boat ddng, nhung ke ea cd he thflng mdi, phu ntr eac gia dinh va nhiing Tgp clilnghien cicu CHAU PHI * TRUNG BONG so 03(127) thing 3/2016 Sir tham gia cua cong dong, Nguyen Thi Hong Nhung-Le Ha Thanh-Nguyen Dieu Hang ngudi dan dng lam cflng viee ehan gia sue van tim dupe ngudn nudc khae dd sir dung Vdi sir hd trp eua ehinh phti, ba gieng nude Idn lin lupt dupc dao d ehan ddi Chinh phu hd trp ngudi dan tri, giO gin ngudn nude vdi ehi phi thap va cflng nghe don gian Nude gieng dupc dung cho ngudi va gia siic Ngudi dan tham chi cdn cho ring ngudn nude sach hon nudc may Cpng dflng dan cu dia phucmg da thiet lap bp quy tac rieng de tranh canh tranh, mau thuan su dung nudc Bfl quy tae cd hieu lyc thyc sy: Mpt gieng eho ngudi dan sdng tren dfli cao; mpt gieng cho ngudi dan vimg ehan dfli, gieng cdn lai eho sue vat Diem thii vi la bfl quy tae mflt nhdm nien dua va kiem ludn nhiem vu giam sat thyc hien Nhiing ngudi su dung nudc viing deu tuan theo bp quy tic ddvi hp thay nd bao ve quyen Ipi eua tat ea mpi ngudi Mdt sang kien phi chinh thirc khac eung dupc ap dung: Dd la vao thang hang nam, thang khd nhat nam, mue nudc ngam gieng xudng thap va viec lay nudc khd khan hon thi chi cd mpt sd phu ntr dupe phu traeh viee lay nudc va ehia tui va ban cho mpi ngudi Nguai dan sii dung nuac sach tai Mali Nguon: hllp://wateraidrutlandgroiip btck.co.uk Nhu vay, eau chuyen d Hombori cho thay tam quan trpng cua cflng ddng cac dy an cap nudc Tat ea mpi khia canh eCia dy an dudng dng cap nudc nhu edng nghe, each thire van hanh ban dau deu nim tay chinh phu Nhung hp khflng cd du nang lyc Ignh dao va khong san Idng bd edng sire, ngudn lyc de tri nd Trong dd, he thdng cap nude eiia ngudi dan dia phuong lai hieu qua, dupc quan ly tflt, chi phi thip, dap ling duoe mong mudn eua edng ddng Tham chi, he thdng cd kha nang cang lam giam ddng lye cua epng dflng tham gia quan ly dy an cap nudc mdi cua nha nudc Neu khdng thu hiit du ngudi sir dung, he thdng mdi se khdng thu dupe phi de boat dpng Khi loai trit ngudi dan khdi qua trinh quylt dinh, viec thu phi sir dung nudc sach tir dudng dng se kha khd khan Vi vay, cd thi thay day la hai dy an cip nude vdi mire dp tham gia cua cpng dong khac va kit qua ciing khac Tgp chl nghiin cd-u CHAt PHI & TRUNG BONG SO 03(127) thang 3/2016 23 Nguyen Thi Hong Nhung-Le Ha Thanh-Nguyen Dieu Hang 2.3 Anh hu&ng cua ngit&i gidu dtf dn bdm chim &Iliza, Zambia Dy an bom chim cap nudc d lliza la mpt dy an tien phong ap dung phuong phap tiep can quan ly nude tong hpp ed sy tham gia cua nhieu ngudi sii dung Dy an nham cap nudc tir nhieu ngudn khae cho nhieu ngudi sir dung vdi cac muc dich, nhu eau khae Vi vay, dy an da ap dung phuang phap ed sy tham gia eua ngudi dan Du an da gianh thdi gian mot nam de xac dinh, dao tao mflt td chirc du kha nang san ldng thyc hien dy an vdi phuong phap mdi nay, va mflt nam ntra de lap ke hoaeh vdi dai dien cua cac cpng dflng duoc hudng Ipi tir dy an Kit qua la dy an dam bao dupe tinh ben vihig, nhtmg khdng tranh khdi tinh trang bi ngudi giau, ngudi tang ldp tren lam dung Su* tham gia cua cgng dong Nhu nhieu dy an khac, co quan thuc hien dy an thudng d xa va ehi phi di lai cap Do dd, mdt "dieu phfli vien dy an'' duoc bfl nhiem Thdng diep ve mpt du an cap nudc nhanh ehdng dupc cdng bo Mdt chu trang trai A da tim each dam bao rang trang trai rieng ciia minh dupe ehpn vao khu vyc hudng Ipi De nhan manh sy tham gia eda cpng ddng, ong ta thu thap chil ky eiia nhung ngudi hang xdm the hien mong mudn chung eua hp dupc lam ngudi hudng lpi cua du an mdi Trong cuflc hpp cd sir tham gia vl phan bd ngudn lyc ctia nha tai trp, dng A la eu dan nhat ciia khu vuc dd cd mat Danh sach cae chil ky giup dng ta quyet dinh chpn dupc cflng nghe nudc ngam khu vye ciia minh Sau dd, dng ta tuyen bd la da giup ngudi dan "mang dir an ve eho dia phuang" Cong trmh cap niroc tai Zambia Nguon: hltps://www.daily-maU.co, Khi thao luan xa ban ve cae loai hinh cflng nghe dupc chpn va dja dilm dat may bom, mau thuan gia tang dac biet la vdi chli trang trai B, mdt ngudi giau cd Cudi cimg, ca hai ngudi chpn mdt cdng nghe bom chim mdi dat tiln, kit ndi vdi dudng dien chay qua nha cua ca hai Mflt dia diem ehinh xac d gitta nha eua cua hai 24 ngudi A va B dupc xac dinh can than Tuy nhien, vap khoan cac Id khoan, dng A da thuyet phuc dupe ben thi cdng khoan san rieng eiia minh trude sy khdng hai ldng eiia tat ea nhirng ngudi khac Nhd may bom nudc, gia dinh dng da md rdng khu vudn ciia minh ngoai sil dung nudc cho sinh hoat va chan nuoi, dem lai them Tgp chl nghien cii-u CHAU PHI & TRING BONG SO 03(127) thang 3/2016 .§0]gm gia cua cong dong Nguyen Thj Hong Nhung-Le Ha Thanh-Nguyen Dieu Hang thu nhap eho flng ta Trong dd, tien dien ehay may bom nudc lai dupc chia deu eho dng ta va mpi ngudi xung quanh Nhtmg dy an lai dupc coi la cdng vi giilp cai thien sire khde, sinh ke ctia ngudi dan dia phuang Cae ben tham gia thyc hien dy an cd quan diem khac Co quan thyc hien dy an thi thich lam viec vai nhtmg ngudi nhu ong A vi cdng cua dng ta dupe coi la mpt vi du tflt de thyc hien eae dy an tiep theo Nhung nhOng ngudi khae, bao gdm cac can bd thuflc chinh phu va dai dien cac nha tai trp lai tim each khic phuc tinh trang dy an phyc vu rieng cho mflt sd it ngudi giau hp nhan ring dilu da xay Nhieu cufle hpp dupe tfl chirc de thao luan ve viec nhieu ngudi hon cd the dupe tiep can vdi may bom, nhimg khflng dat ket qua Nhu vay, ke hoaeh thyc hien dy an nay, viee lya ehpn cflng nghe va dja dilm uu tien sit dung nudc la quyet dinh hoan toan eiia ngudi thu hudng Tuy nhien, md canh cua quyet djnh cho tat ca mpi ngudi ma khdng bao gflm cac thu tuc va tieu chuan de ehpn la ngudi dupc tham gia da din den ngudi nao cd tien, cd quyen se cd mat dau tien va sau tiep tue sinh xung dot Trudng hpp cho thay ngudi giau cd the thu dupe Ipi ieh rieng tir dy an va mue tieu cdng bang da khdng dat duoc Ngudi dan se bat binh ve tinh hpp phap ciia viec phan bd ngudn lyc edng Bai hoc vl quan ly tai nguyen nudc CO sy tham gia ciia cong dong if chau Phi Thii- nhdl, ndng cao ndng life cho cgng ddng De cpng dflng tham gia mdt each cd hieu qua, tat ea cac ben tham gia quan ly tai nguyen nudc nhu chinh phu, cdng ty tu nhan cung cap dich vu va ea cpng dflng can phdi hpp day manh cac hoat ddng sau: - Chia se thdng tin: La diem khdi diu dl edng ddng cd the tham gia vao quan ly viec cung cap nudc sach va ve sinh mdi trudng Thflng tin giup cflng dflng hieu dupe bfli canh, van de va cam ket tham gia vao qua trinh hpp tac - Tham van: Thudng xuyen tham van cdng dflng de biet dupe nhu cau thyc sy cua hp (cung nhu kha nang va mite sin Idng ehi tra) ve nude se giiip nha cung cap hieu dupc mong mudn cua cflng ddng tir dd chuyen tir lap ke hoach quan ly theo phuong phap tiep can tii' tren xudng sang phuong phap ed sy tham gia - Xay dyng nang lyc: Nang cao nang lyc cho cdng dflng thflng qua dao tao, hfl trp ky thuat se giup cflng dflng the hien dupc vai trd ciia minh Thiir hai, hgn che dnh hirdng cua mot nhom Iff! ich thieu so Khi thuc hien nhirng chuong trinh quan ly tai nguyen nudc ma tieu ehi dau la sinh ke, hieu suat , thi nhiing ngudi giau cd the tao anh hucmg manh me Trong nhieu trudng hpp, gidi lanh dao cd xu hudng thieh edng ddng thieu sfl ngudi giau tham gia vao quan ly tai nguyen nudc han vi hp cd the tao thu nhap nhieu ban so vdi cdng dflng ngudi ed thu nhap thap chiem da sd Khi dd, ngudi lanh dao se de dang ban viee chimg minh hieu qua eua md hinh quan Iy tai nguyen nudc cd su tham gia cua epng dflng Trong thyc te Tgp chl nghien ciiu CHAU PHI & TRUNG BONG SO 03(127) thing 3/2016 25 Nguyen Thj Hong Nhung-Le Ha Thanh-Nguyen Dieu Hang tinh cdng bang lai khong dugc dam bao Trong truong hgp nay, thiit ke quy trinh quan Iy, can xac dinh ro ddi tugng hudng Igi cd cac tieu ehi lira chgn ngudi tham gia cac qua trinh quyet dinh de dam bao tinh cdng bang, hgp phap viec phan bo nguon Iuc, bao gdm ca tai nguyen nudc va ngudn kinh phi thuc hien ThU- ba, cdi cdch he thdng chinh quyen Chinh quyen cd anh hudng rat ldn viec huy ddng sir tham gia ddng gdp ciia cac cgng ddng dan cu Trong nhieu trudng hgp sir dau tu ban dau ciia nha nudc dii khong Idn nhung cd tac dgng manh den viec tri nhirng phong trao, sang kien Su" tham gia cua cpng dong cdng ddng khdi xudng va tu nguyen dong gdp de thuc hien Cac co quan nha nudc can cai each theo hudng minh bach hda, giam bdt vai trd trung tam qua trinh quyet dinh "truyen thdng" va hudng tdi chu trinh md vdi su tham gia ciia nhieu phan xa hgi thdng qua cac kenh thdng tin dien dan Cudi ciing, dieu dac biet quan trgng la md hinh tham gia CLia cgng ddng cung nhu tat ca cac chinh sach quan K tai nguyen \a moi trudng phai het sue minh bach va cong bang cho cac ddi tugng Bat eu chinh sach nao neu bd qua yeu td chac han se kho cdng Tai lieu tham khao Dower, M (2004) Bd cdm nang dao tao vd thdng tin ve phdt trien ndng thon todn dien NXB Nong nghiep I-ia Ngi Nguyen Viet Dung va Nguyen Danh TTnh (2006) Quan ly tdi nguyen nudc dira vdo cdng ddng a Viet Nam: Nghien ciru tdi lieu ve kinh nghiem vd md htnh thdnh cong, Trung tam Con ngudi va Thien nhien (PanNature) Ha Ndi Viet Nam Osumanu (2010), Community involvement in urban water and sanitation provision The missing link in partnerships for improved service delivery in Ghana, Journal of African Studies and Development Vol 2(8), pp 208-215 Van Koppen Barbara; Rojas V C ; Skielboe, T (2012) Project politics, priorities and participation in rural water schemes, Water Alternatives 5( I), pp37-51 26 Tgp chi nghien cicu CHAU PHI & TRUNG OONG SO 03(127) thang 3/2016 ... xet kinh nghiem quflc te se gop phan rut dong la mpt qua trinh eo su tham gia cua nhtrng bai hpe huu ich cho Viet Nam nguoi dan vai vai tro la trung tam ciia he Kinh nghiem (V chau Phi ve su- tham. .. tai nguyen nudc CO sy tham gia ciia cong dong if chau Phi Thii- nhdl, ndng cao ndng life cho cgng ddng De cpng dflng tham gia mdt each cd hieu qua, tat ea cac ben tham gia quan ly tai nguyen... ket ndi, va ea hp da tham gia thi cung cd kh^ nang hp khflng chi tra phi dich vu Ngoai ra, gia dich vu cung la mdt yeu td nira quyet dinh su tham gia eiia ngudi dan Neu gia qua cao thi edng dflng