CHiNH SACH CUA HAN QUOC DOI VOTI NHAT BAN TREN UNH VUC CHiNH TRj, NGOAI GIAO TUT 1998 DEN 2012 HOANG 1HIMIKH HOAPHAN nil ANH I H U " Tdm tit: Hdn Qudc vd Nhdt Bdn la hai qudc gia ldng giing a Chdu A cd su gdn gSi vi dia ly vd gdn kit vi vdn hda Mdi quan he hai nudc da bi "rgn nut" khd nhieu qud khu chiim ddng Bdn ddo Triiu Tien cim Nhgt Bdn (1910-1945) Nhung tic cuoi thi ky XX, hai nudc dd chuyin sang xdy dung quan he ddi tdc chien luac Trong thai gian 1998-2012, chinh sdch cua Hdn Qudc tren finh vuc chinh tri, ngogi giao ciing da cd nhiiu budc dieu chinh quan trgng, thi hien qugn diim vd cdch icng xic khde moi quan h? vdi Nhgt Bdn Xudt phdt tic ca sd thitc tien do, bdi viit di sdu phdn tich vd dgt mgt so ddnh gid hi qua chinh sdch cua Hdn Qudc thdi gian ndy Tir khda: Hdn Qudc, Nhdt Ban, Chinh ttj, Ngogi giao, Chinh sdch Chinh sach ciia Han Qudc doi vdi Do sy can thidp cp chii y cda Nhat Ban Nhat Ban trudc nam 1998 ttong vide gidi quydt van dd thdng nhdt Ban Kd ttt sau Chidn tranh Lanh, Hdn Qudc da dao Tridu Tidn bdi cdnh bdt ddng ljch xdc dinh quan he vdi Nhdt Bdn Id nhidm vy Sli giua hai nudc chua dupe gidi quydt ndn chinh ttj then chdt nhdm tri khudn khd chinh sach "Ngogi giao phuong Bde" eua hpp tac song phuong vd dam bdo hda binh, Roh Tae Woo (cudi thdp nien 80 cua thd ky dn djnh ttong khu vye Ddng Bdc A Trd ngai XX) vdn chu ttpng cdi thien quan he lidn ldn nhdt cua mdi quan he ndy vdn la ky ue Tridu hon Id diy mgnh lidn kdt vdi Nhgt thil ban eua Han Qudc vd qua khii cai ttj cua Ban Ngay sau len ndm quydn (1993), kd Nhgt Ban vd nhung he luy xd hdi eua nd hoach "ham ndng" mdi quan he vdi nude (phy ntt ldm nd Id tinh due, van dd sdch gido lang gidng dd dupc Tong thdng Kim Young khoa ljch sii:, ttanh chdp nhdm ddo Sam thyc hidn theo djnh hudng tach hpp tde Dokdo/Takeshima) Do dd, cho ddn trudc kinh td khdi van dd ljch su va xay dyng ndm 1998, mdc du da cd nhidu cd gang ddi tdc htm nghj hudng tdi tuong lai ttdn co nhung chinh sdch eua Hdn Qudc vdi Nhdt sd coi Tokyo Id "tdm true" ttong chinh sdch Ban qua cdc ddi Tdng thdng Roh Tae Woo, ddi ngoai cua minh Tuy vdy, quan he Kim Young Sam vdn chua cd tidn, tridn ndo Trung Qudc - Nhdt Ban bdt diu rgn nirt vdo ddng kd gitta thdp nidn 90, Kim Young Sam da quay trd lgi vdi xu hudng chdng Nhdt bing vifc PGS TS, Khoa ljch su, Tni6ng D^i hoc Su pham, Dai tgo sue dp ldn mdi quan he vdi nudc ldng h ^ Hue " Nghien cuu sinh Truimg Dai hoc Khoa hoc, Dai hoc gieng Ndm 1995, Tdng thong Kim Young 20 NGHIEN Cflu OONG B^C fl sti 1(167) 1-2015 Nghien citu khoa hoc Sam td chuc hpp bdo chung vdi Chu tich Giang Trgch Ddn nhan ehuydn thdm Trung Qudc nham tuydn bd chinh sdch "khang Nhdt" vdi npi dung: "Mgc dii nita thi ky dd trdi qua tit kit thdc cugc chiin tranh giUa Nhdt Bdn vdi Trung Qudc vd Hdn Qudc nhimg cdc chinh tri gia nguai Nhgt vdn cd tinh nhin nhdn sai lich ve vdn di lich sii giUa cdc bin Chiing tdi (Hdn Quoc) se siia thdi xdu ndy ciia Nhgt Bdn"^'\ Thai dp chdng ddi eua Hdn Qudc khdng chi xuit phdt tu mdi quan he qua khii ma cdn Id djnh kidn eda Han Qudc cho ring hanh vi cua Nhat Bdn la "hai mat" (vua xin ldi, vua td vd ljch sir) Thuc td khidn cho mdi quan he ldng gidng cdng ttd ndn "gin gui md xa Ig" sy dan xen giua mong mudn hop tdc - phdt tridn vdi tinh cdm cdm ghdt - oan hgn cua Hdn Qudc vdi Nhdt Ban Du hai nudc dd chinh thdc binh thudng hda quan he ttt ndm 1965 nhung eho ddn Kim Young Sam kdt thuc nhidm ky (1997), tinh thdn "httu nghj" hay "khep Igi qua khir, hudng tdi tuong lai" vdi Nhdt Bdn thuc chit cilng chi la khdu hidu Chinh sach ciia Han Quoc doi vdi Nhat Ban tir 1998 den 2012 2.1 Thdi ky Kim Dae Jung (1998-2003) Ddu nam 1998, du ludn Han Qudc gin nhu chdn dpng bdi thdng diep ljch sir dupc phat di tu chinh phu mdi: "Ngudi ddn Hdn Qudc khdng nen chi nghivi nuac Nhdt trudc chiin tranh md nen nghi vi nudc Nhdt sau ' Kim Young Sam (1995), Korea's Quest for Reform and Globalization: Selected Speeches of President Kim Young Sam, The Presidental Secretariat, The Republic of Korea, p 86 NGHIEN cflu OONG BAC il, sd 1(167) 1-2015 chiin tranh Qudc gia ndy dd thi^cc hien qud trinh ddn chii hem 50 ndm nay"^^^- Djnh hudng gae lai qua khu, xdy dung tuong lai vdi Nhdt Bdn Id ly khidn Tdng thdng Kim Dae Jung khdng ydu cdu nudc ndy phai xin ldi vi Ijch sir thuc ddn ma chi chu truong ca ngpi nhung nd lye sau ehidn ttanh nham thuc day hda binh, thinh vupng ttong cdng ddng qudc td thdng qua Hidn phap hda binh vd hd tro phdt ttidn d nudc ngodi cua Nhat Bdn Xudt phdt tit mong mudn khep lai qud khu dau budn cua hai dan tpc vd chdm diit cupc khiing hoang chinh sdch vdi Nhdt Ban ttong sudt 33 nam (1965-1998), Kim Dae Jung da than chiiih sang Nhdt Bdn vd td chirc cudc hpp thupng dinh vdi Thu tudng Keizo Obuchi nhdm dua "Tuyin bd chung vi quan h? ddi tdc mdi Hdn Qudc - Nhdt Bdn thi ky XXI" Tuydn bd ndu rd: "Nhdt Bdn bdy td su hdi hgn sdu sdc vd chdn thdnh xin ldi vi dd gdy dau khd cho nhdn ddn Hdn Qudc sudt thdi ky thuoc dia '*' Tir vide ddnh gid cao nhdn thuc Iich su cua Thli tudng Obuchi, Kim Dae Jung khdng djnh chu dd ca ban ttong chinh sdch eua Han Qudc ddi vdi Nhgt Bdn Id xdy dyng mdi quan he hai nudc theo dinh hudng hda giai vd hop tdc ldng gidng thdn thidn ttong tuong lai, cung vupt qua rdo can ljch ' The White Book for State Affaire, Seoul (1998), Basic Topics in the New Policy of South Korea for Japan, p 250 ' Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan (MOFA) (1998), "Japgn-Republic of Korea Joinl Declaration A New Japan-Republic of Korea Partnership towards the Twenty-firsl Century", Database of Japanese Politics and Intemational Relations, Provisional Translation by the Japanese Govemment 21 Nghien citu khoa hoc su vd xda bd hgn thii gitta hai dan tpc^' Chinh sdch ngoai giao sang tgo va hudng tdi tuong lai ciia Tdng thdng Kim Dae Jung da lam thay ddi dang kd mdi quan he Han Qudc - Nhdt Bdn Trdn ca sd Tuydn bd chung (1998), hpp tdc ITnh vyc chinh ttj, ngogi giao giua hai nudc ngdy cang dupe that chat thdng qua vide tridn khai he thdng lidn lac, trao ddi thdng tin khdn cdp gitta hai qudn dpi va ddy manh co chd hpp tac ba bdn My - Nhdt Bdn - Han, Qudc Djnh hudng tdng cudng quan he vdi Nhdt Ban theo quan didm thyc te cua Kim Dae Jung bdt ngudn tu nhu ciu hpp tae chung nhdm giai quydt mpt each hda binh van dd hat nhan eua CHDCND Tridu Tidn thdng qua tien trinh dam phdn sdu bdn Kdt qua hpp tdc ttdn mdt trdn chinh trj, ngogi giao gitta Han Qudc vd Nhgt Bdn Id "ddu mdi" quan trpng dd tri ddi thogi da phuong vdi My, Nga, Trung Qudc va CHDCND Tridu Tidn theo nguydn tdc gidi trit hat nhdn; ddng thdi ldm mdm hda thai dp cua My each gidi quydt vin dd eua Binh Nhudng Trdn thuc te, hai nudc da thdnh edng "ldi keo" My cung tham gia Hdi nghj thupng dinh APEC tai Los Cabos Mehico (26-10-2002), kdt qua Id dua Tuydn bd chung vd vide hdi thuc Binh Nhudng dinh chi cdc chuong ttinh hat nhdn va khdng djnh lap trudng tri gidi phdp hda binh'" Nhd chinh sacli ngoai giao tich The White Book for State Affaire, Seoul (1998), Basic Topics in the New Policy of South Korea for Japan p 253 ' Report for Congress (2002), "Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) Free Trade and the 2002 Summit in Mexico", Congressional Research Service, The Library of 22 cue, Kim Dae Jung da nhdn dupc sy ung hp eua Thu tudng Koizumi ttong vide thyc hidn chinh sach "Anh Duong" vdi CHDCND Tridu Tidn til diu ndm 1998 Ddy la co sd quan ttpng dd Han Qudc diy manh tidn trinh hda gidi dan tpc vd can bang ttang thai "chdng ehdnh" cua minh mdi quan hp "tay ba" gitta CHDCND Tridu Tien, Trung Qudc va Nga Xudt phat tu y tudng vd vipc xdy dyng quan he vdi Nhdt Ban trudc ddy nhu mdt "try dd" quan he qudc td, thang 9-2002, Kim Dae Jung sang thdm Nhat Ban lan thu hai, neu rd chidn luoc "ngogi giao hdi hda bdn bdn" vdi trpng tdm Id tri quan he ddng minh vdi My, eai thipn quan he vdi Nga, Trung Qudc vd cung cd quan he vdi Nhat Ban Tu ddy, lidn minh Han Qudc - Nhdt Bdn trd thdnh mit xich quan trpng giup Han Qudc tti ca chd didu tidt quan he d khu vuc, cu thd Id ciing cd tam gidc chidn lupc "My - Nhdt Ban Han Qudc" vdi muc dieh tdng cudng an ninh qudc gia vd khdng chd su trudng qudn sy cua Nhdt Ban 2.2 Thdi ky Roh Moo Hyun (2003-2008) Ld thd he Idnh dgo ddu tidn d Hdn Qudc dupc sinh tu sau thdi ky Nhdt Ban chidm ddng Ban ddo Trieu Tien, Roh Moo Hyun mong mudn xda nhda ky lie dau thuong gitta hai nudc va ddn sue cho mdt myc tidu ldn ban Id xdy dimg "ky nguydn Ddng Bdc A ttong thd ky XXI" vdi vai ttd ndng cdt cda Hdn Qudc vd Nhat Ban Ong tuydn bd "se tdt han cho Hdn Qudc chim diit ddi dau Congress, Order Code RL3I038, hltp://www.cnie org/NLE/CRSreports/03Jun/RL31038,pdf NGHIEN Cflu OONG B^C fl s61(167) 1-2015 Nghien citu khoa hgc lich sic vd khong khieu khich Nhdt Bdn bdng cdch chi trich hay lin dn qud khic"^''\ Thdng 6-2003, Roh Moo Hyun tham gia Hdi nghj thupng dinh tai Tokyo vd chu dpng thuydt phye Thu tudng Nhat Bdn Koizumi chdm diit cdc cupc thdm vidng tgi ddn Yasukuni Ddy la hanh ddng thidn chi diu tidn cua Tdng thdng Han Qude chung td nd luc gdn kdt quan he hai nudc trdn ea sd tim kidrii gidi phap cho nhttng bat ddng song phuong vd van dd lich sd Thai dp than thidn treng each tidp can vdi Nhgt Ban dd giup Han Qudc phdt tridn mdi quan he song phuong tdt dep ndm 2004 vd hua hen dat nhidu budc tidn quan trpng nhdn ky nidm 40 ndm thidt lap quan he ngogi giao gitta hai nudc Tuy nhidn, chinh sdch "Hda binh vd thjnh vupng" cua Tdng thdng Roh Moo Hyun'ddi vdi CHDCND Tridu Tidn dupe thyc hidn cung thdi didm dd gidn tidp lam ran mit mdi quan hd gitta Hdn Qudc vdi My va Nhdt Ban Tinh hinh tidp tuc xiu di Thd trudng Ngoai giao Nhdt Ban Shotaro Yachi tuydn bd vdi cde nghj si Han Qudc: "Nhgt Bdn khong mudn chia se cho Hdn Qudc ngudn tin tinh bdo cim My ve Bdc Trieu Tiin bdi My khong tin Hdn Qudc bdng Nhdt Bdn ""' Cde phat ngdn ttdn dd lam cho chinh sdch hdm ndng quan he eua ngudi tien nhidm Kim Dae Jung vd ea ban bj phd sdn Tit sau qudn Shimane (midn Tdy Nhdt Bdn) thdng qua sac lenh coi ngdy 22-02 la ngdy "Takeshima" nhdm khdng djnh chii quydn vdi nhdm ddo ndy, Tdng thdng Roh Moo Hyun da chinh thuc thay ddi chinh sdch vdi Nhdt Ban theo dudng ldi ddi ngogi ciing ran vd khdng khoan nhuang Budc didu chinh ndy dupc cdng bd cimg vdi sy ddi cda "chii nghia Roh Moo Hyun", theo do: "tii cho khdng de cap din vdn di lich sic, Hdn Qudc se truy tim tgn gdc re nhiing vdn de xdy thdi ky thuc ddn vd su dung cdc bien phdp rdn de thay ddi thdi cd chdp cua chinh quyin Nhdt Bdn "' ' Cd thd thdy, sy thay ddi chinh sdch ddi vdi Nhdt Ban ttong thdi ky cim quydn cua Roh Moo Hyun gdn lidn vdi budc ehuydn tu tudng eda nha Idnh dgo Han Qude, tu chd kd thua chu nghia thyc dung (thdn Nhdt) cua cyu Tdng thdng Kim Dae Jung ddn chd bdo vd chu nghia dan tdc (chdng Nhgt) cua du ludn ttong nudc vd bdi xich ehu nghia ddn d Nhdt Ban Sy ddi ciia "chd nghia Roh Moo Hyun" dy bdo mdt gde nhin hoan toan mdi cua Han Qudc vd vdn dd ljch sii ddi vdi Nhat Ban bang vide van dung cdc gidi phdp "chidn ttanh ngogi giao" Vdi tuyen bd: "Chinh phu se phdn icng ciing rdn trudc hdnh dgng tranh chdp nhom ddo Dokdo vd dm muu biin bgch cho cugc xdm luge thudc dig qud khii"^^\ Hpi ddng An ninh Qudc gia Han Qudc (NSC) da thdng qua "hpc thuydt mdi vd quan he Nhdt Bdn - Han Qude" (17-3-2005) bao gdm nhttng quan didm CO bdn vd phuong hudng ddi phd vdi hdnh vi bdi nhp lich sir vd "chidm dogt Ban * Roh Moo Hyun (2007), Speech Collection Part II and Part III, Govemment Information Agency, Seoul, p 86 ' Thing tin xa Vilt Nam (17-06-2005), Tin tham khio the g\6\, "Rdn nut sdu sdc Irong quan hf Hdn Qudc - Nhdt Bdn" * Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan (2006), Diplomatic Bluebook, Chapter 2: Japan's Regional Diplomacy, p 28 ' Thang tin xa Viet Nam (2005), Tin Tham khao thj gi*i, "Tranh chdp Idnh thd Idm tdn thuang nghiem cptan he Nhdt Bdn - Hdn Qudc ", s6 ng4y 19-3-2005 NGHIEN Cflu OdNG BflC fl s61(167) 1-2015 23 Nghien citu khoa hgc ddo Trieu Tidn lin thu hai" eua Nhdt Bdn'""Ddy la lin diu tidn Chinh phu Hdn Qudc dua "kim ehi nam" ttong ehinh sach vdi nudc lang gidng nhdm khing djnh lap trucmg ciing rdn ttong cd ba vin de ljch su lidn quan Thii nhdt, vd tranh chdp nhdm dao Dokdo/Takeshima, Han Qudc ddp ttd vide ludt hda "ngay Takeshima" bdng tuydn bd edng nhan ngdy 19-06 Id "ngdy Daemodo" dd ky nidm su kidn Han Qudc phdi quan dpi ddn dao vdo ndm 1419 Ngdy 09-6-2005, chinh quydn tinh Bic Kyongsang (Hdn Qude) thdng qua sdc lenh coi thang 10 hdng ndm la "thang Dokdo" va phdn ddi "ngdy Takeshima" ciia Nhdt Ban bdng edeh taydt giao quan he vdi chinh quydn vd Hdi ddng ddn bidu tinh Shimane (gin khu vyc ttanh chdp gitta hai nudc) Thic hai, vd vdn dd sach gide khoa ljch sd, Hdn Qudc kjch lidt phdn ddi sy minh cho qud khii thdi chien eua Nhdt Bdn cho rdng qud ttinh hpp nhdt gitta hai nudc trudc ddy hoan toan xuat phat tu nhu cdu ciia Hdn Qudc vd nhd vao nhitng di sdn thude dja md Hdn Qude tidn bp va phdt ttidn nhu ngdy Tdng thdng Roh Moo Hyun dd chii ddng khoi mdo "cudc chidn ngogi giao" nhdm ldn dn tinh chdt phi nghia ciia cupc chidn ttanh xdm lupc Tridu Tidn ttt ndm 1910*"' Thii ba, vd vdn dd nd Id tinh due d Han Qudc va nhidu qudc gia khde tgi Chdu A, NSC edng bd cdc nguydn tic mdi ttong chinh sach eua Han Qudc ddi vdi Nhat Bdn (17-09-2005) nhim ydu eiu ' Ministry of Foreign Affaire of Japan (2006), Diplomatic Bluebook, Chapter 2: Japan's Regional Diplomacy, p 29 " Emanuel Pastreich (2005), "The Balancer Roh Moohyim's Vision of Korean Politics and the Future of Northeast Asia", Japan Focus 24 Chinh phu Nhdt Bdn xin ldi va bdi thudng cho cac ntt nan nhdn Han Qudc ciing nhu cdc nudc Chdu A khae ttong Chidn tranh The gidi thil hai Cdc sy kidn ttdn cho thdy quydt tam chinh trj cua Tdng thdng Roh Moo Hyun ttong vide todn bit ddng qua kbit gitta hai nudc bdt chip nguy co ran nut cua mdi quan he Vdi chu truang ttdn, Roh Moo Hyun da ttd thdnh nguydn thd qudc gia dau tidn cua Hdn Qudc ydu cdu Nhdt Bdn phai bdi thudng thidt hgi kd tir sau chidn tranh 2.3 Th&i ky Lee Myung Bak (20082012) Sau nha lanh dgo mdi Lee Myung Bak ldn cim quydn, chinh sdch ludng eye: vira tdn trpng tinh thin quan he ddng minh chidn lupc My,- Nhdt, vtta tri quan didm gdy bit ddng ljch su vdi Nhdt Ban cua Tdng thdng Roh Moo Hyun da chim dirt hoan todn Ngdy 25-02-2008, ttong didn vdn nhdm chue, Tdng thdng Lee da khang djnh: "si thijcc hi^n chinh sdch ngogi giao thuc dung, tdng cuang quan hi ddng minh vai My, phdt triin quan hi vdi Nhdt Bdn, Trung Quoc, Nga vd gia vOng lap truang cimg rdn han vdn di cua Bdc Triiu Tiin' Nhu vdy, chidn lupc hudng vd Chdu A, chinh phu mdi da khdng ne tranh vipc phat trien chinh sach "ngogi giao thyc dung" nhdm dam bao lpi ich qudc gia Dd chinh sdch phi hgt nhdn hda Ban ddo Tridu Tidn thdnh cdng, Lee Myung Bak cam kdt that chat quan he vdi Nhdt Bdn " The Hanhyoreh (25-02-2008), Lee's inaugural speech, hnp://english.hani.co.kr/arti/english_edition/e_national/27 1850.html NGHIEN Cflu OONG B^C fl SO 1(167) 1-201S Nghien cOu khoa hoc Trong nhttng ddu sau die cir, Lee Myung Bak mong mudn tao dyng "mdi quan he hudng tdi tuong lai" vdi Nhgt Ban ttdn CO sd chia sd cdc gid trj chung ciia ndn ddn chu Ong la tdng thdng Hdn Qudc thil ba lidn tidp ed y mudn xoa dju qud khir bang each xay dyng tuong lai vdi Nhdt Ban thdng qua hpp tde chinh tri song phuong Vdi each thuc uydn ehuydn vd kheo leo, Chinh phu Lee Myung Bak dd hda gidi bat ddng qud khii gitta hai nudc bang tuyen bd: "Hdn Quoc vd Nhdt Bdn cdn co gdng nudi dudng mdi quan hi hudng tdi tuang lai vdi mgt thdi lich cue Su that lich sic Id khdng thi chdi bd, nhung chung ta khdng nen cdn trd mdi quan he tot d?p ndy vi nhitng tranh chdp qud khii"^ ' Khi tinh todn thidt hem ttong quan he vdi Nhdt Ban, Lee Myung Bak nhdn thdy ed qua nhidu lpi ich ma Hdn Qudc sd nhdn duoc ndu chu ddng "gdc lai" qua khir, cd thd bao gdm ca khd ndng tao cdp quan he chidn lupc Hdn Qude - Nhgt Ban ttong vide giai trtt vu hat nhdn, tgo thd qudn binh tai khu vuc va gidi quydt cdc van dd toan edu ttong thd ky XXI nhu mdi trudng, bidn doi hdu, ndng lupng sgch va vidn ttp cho cdc nudc dang phdt ttidn Vdi quan didm coi hop tac vdi Nhat Bdn Id "gidi phdp kep" giup Han Qudc vua ty vd, vua phat tridn ttong khu vyc, Lee Myung Bak xdc djnh chinh sach ndy ddi vdi Nhdt Ban nhu mdt budc di dung dan dupc kd thda tit nhirng ngudi tidn nhidm tidn bp trudc day Thang 4-2008, Lee da chu ddng tham Thu '^ Yonhap (11-02-2008), "iee Kowj lo Renew Relations with Japan: Aide", at http;//english.yonhapnews.co kr/news/2008/02/11 /0200000000 AEN200802110043003 15.HTML (March 24, 2008) NGHIEN Cflu OdNG B^C ft s61(167) 1-2015 tudng Nhdt Ban Yasuo Fukuda vdi cam kdt tdi khdi dpng kd hogeh "ngogi giao thoi" dya vdo su hidu bidt, tin cdy ldn nhdm cung cdp kdnh ddi thogi thudng xuydn cho cdc nhd hogch djnh chinh sdch cua hai nuoc Cdc cudc ddm phdn gitta Tdng thdng Hdn Qudc Lee Myung Bak vd Thu tudng Nhdt Ban Yasuo Fukuda tai Tokyo thang 42008 dd ddnh ddu budc khdi ddu quan ttpng ttong tidn trinh cdi thidn quan hp hai nude Vdi vide thye hidn chinh sdch ngogi giao thyc dyng, Hdn Qudc chu ydu tap trung thao ludn vd mdi quan he "hudng tdi tuong lai" ttdn CO sd ddng minh an ninh, hop tdc kinh td vd ttao ddi van hda - xa hpi thdng qua cdc cudc hpp thudng xuydn gitta nhttng ngudi dung dau hai chinh phu Khdng chi ddi thoai tryc tidp vdi Nhdt Bdn, Lee Myung Bak cdn chu ddng thidt lap nhidu kdnh ttao ddi khu vyc nhdm gidn tidp cdi thidn quan hp song phuang thdng qua dam phdn ngoai giao da phuong Tdng thdng Lee Myung Bak djnh hudng Han Qude vd Nhdt Bdn can ddng vai ttd ndng edt ttong vide tao dung mdi quan he chidn lupc vdi My; ddng thdi cung Trung Qudc md "thdi dgi tam cudng" d Ddng Bdc A Theo dd, thang 10-2008, ba nha lanh dao My - Nhgt Bdn - Han Qudc da gap gd vd thdo ludn edc gidi phap nham thuc diy hpp tdc ttong nhttng vin dd khu vyc vd todn cdu, ttpng tam nhat Id chuong ttinh phdt tridn hgt nhdn cua CHDCND Tridu Tien va vide noi lai hdi nghj thupng dinh khdng chinh thii:c da timg bj dinh chi trudc ddy Cac cupc tidp xuc tai Hpi nghj Thupng dinh Ddng A (EAS), Didn ddn Hpp tde A - Au (ASEM) va cudc gap ba 25 Nghien citu khoa hgc bdn gitta Han Qudc - Nhdt Ban - Trung Qudc didn lin ddu tidn tgi Fukuoka (122008) ciing dgt dupc thdnh tyu thidt lap quan he hpp tac da phuong vd ca chd Hdi nghj thuang dinh thudng nidn gitta cac nudc khu vyc Thdng 9-2009, Han Qudc va Nhdt Ban dimg trudc co hdi ndng cdp quan he song phuong nhd ehinh sdch ngoai giao cdi md ciia Lee Myung Bak va chinh sach tich cyc ciia tdn Thu tudng Yukio Hatoyama - ngudi chu truang xac djnh lgi mdi quan he vdi Han Qudc theo hudng "gan giii va than thudc" Trong tuydn bd 10-8-2009, dng khdng djnh "muon ddi mat vdi lich su bdng thdi chdn thdnh vd mudn hgc cdch chdp nhgn qud kha vi tdt cdphdn dnh trung thuc nhitng sai idm cita chinh chiing ta (ngudi NhiSt)"^'*\ Thu tudng Yukio Hatoyama mong mudn xda bd nhiing bat ddng lich su vdi Han Qudc vd cung Lee Myung Bak xdy dung mdi quan he "hudng tdi tuong lai" Dd thuc hidn didu nay, dng cam kdt khdng ddn thdm ddn Yasukuni (dupc thuc hidn cho ddn nay) dd trdnh gdy ttanh cai giua hai nude vd ed kd hogch ddn Seoul ttong thang 10-2009 nhim thao ludn cdc vdn de song phuang, bay td thidn chi vd ehuydn vidng thdm Hdn Qudc cua Nhdt Hodng Akihito Nhd trung vdi giai phdp nhdn nhuang va hpp tdc, Han Qudc va Nhgt Ban dd ty tin budc qua thap nidn diu tidn cua thd ky XXI vdi nhOng tidn bp ddng kd ttong nd luc cdi thidn, nang cap vd phdt ttidn quan he song phuong gitta hai nudc Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Japan (2009), Diplomatic Bluebook, Chapter 2: Regional Diplomatic, p 14 26 Mot so nhan xet, danh gia Trong sudt thcri ky cam quydn ciia Kim Dae Jimg, quan he Han Qudc - Nhdt Bdn dd cd dupe nhiing budc tidn ddi nhd vide thye hidn chinh sdch ngogi giao linh hogt, tich cyc, gin gui tren ca sd phii hap lpi ich ddn tdc va chidn lupc phat ttidn cila qudc gia Mac du vdy, nhttng van dd ljch su cdn tdn dpng vin la mdi de dpa thudng tryc, tdc ddng tidu cyc ddn nd lye "binh thudng hda" quan he eua ca hai bdn Trong hai nam diu cua thd ky XXI, chinh quydn Kim Dae Jung cQng phdi ddi mat vdi khdng it sdng gid su biing phdt lan sdng chdng Nhgt sau Thli tudng Junichiro Koizumi lidn tuc ddn thdm ddn Yasukuni (nai thd nhttng binh si Nhat Ban thidt mang ttong Chidn ttanh The gidi thu hai, dd ed 14 tpi phgm chidn ttanh) vdo nam 2001 vd 2002 Cimg thdi didm, nhung nghi si Qudc hdi thudc dang cam quydn vd ddng ddi lap d Han Qudc da ddng logt cdng bd danh sach 798 nhan vat "thdn Nhat", ttong dd cd ca cyu Thu tudng Lee Wan Yong - ngudi tung hdu thudn cho qudn dpi Nhdt Ban chidm ddng Ban dao Tridu Tidn tu ndm 1910 Sy kidn ndy khdng chi gay xao trdn mdi quan he song phuong ma cdn anh hudng tidu cue ddn qua ngoai giao ma Tdng thdng Kim Dae Jung da day cdng vun dap tir cudi thd ky XX Djnh hudng cimg vupt qua qua khii va xdy dimg tuong lai Id sy chpn lya tat ydu, la dudng khdng thd khdng budc qua cua ngoai giao hai nudc Vi le dd, mdi quan he khdng chi can tri, phat tridn md phdi dupc bdo vd trude nhung sdng gid cua vin dd ljch sit tu thdi thupc dja Nhdn thiie NGHIEN Cflu CONG BflC sd 1(167) 1-2015 Nghien citu khoa hgc giup Kim Dae Jung trung vdi chinh cua Nhat Ban ttong khu vyc va vdn dd bdt sdch ngoai giao than thidn, tich cue va cd ddng ljch su day dd xuit hidn ttd lai vdo tinh dn djnh hon so vdi ngudi tidn nhidm nam 2010 (ky nidm 100 ndm Nhdt Bdn xdm Kim Young Sam vd Tdng thdng kd nhidm lupe Han Qude) nhung quan he hai bdn vdn Roh Moo Hyun kha dm dpp chinh sdch thyc dung cua Trong giai doan cam quydn cua Roh Moo Lee Myung Bak da thuydt phuc Tdm lgi, Hyun, Han Qudc vd Nhdt Ban da cd mdi Thu tudng Naoto Kan nhde lgi ldi xin ldi quan he kha dm dep dng ttd thdnh Tdng Han Qudc mdt vai trudc Id ky nidm Vd thdng vdo nam 2003 Thd nhung, ttong niia CO bdn, tuyen bd ndi ttdn cua chinh quydn nhidm ky cdn lgi, Roh Moo Hyun lai chuyen Nato Kan khdng khde gi ldi xin ldi tu nam hudng chinh sach, thd hidn rd lap trudng 1995 cua Thu tudng Nhdt Bdn Tomiichi cirng ran vd kdu gpi mpt cudc chidn ngogi Murayama ddi vdi cdc qudc gia Chdu A giao vdi Nhdt Ban van dd lanh thd, sach (trong dd cd Han Qudc), nhung didm khde giao khoa lich sii, bdi thudng cho phu ntt bj biet d ddy Id sy kjp thdi vd dung luc cua ldi lam dung chidn tranh va sy kidn vidng xin ldi da lam gia tdng gip ddi hidu qud Nhdt thdm ddn Yasukuni cua Thu tudng Koizumi Ban Trong thdi ky cdm quydn cua Kim Dae Chinh vi bdt ddng qua khil cung vdi sy phdn Jung, Roh Moo Hyun vd Lee Myung Bak, ky chinh sdch khu vyc giira Han Qudc chinh sach cua Han Qudc ddi vdi Nhdt Bdn va Nhdt Bdn ndn quan he hai nudc lidn tuc dd gdp phan djnh hinh tinh chat "hai mat": cang thing cho ddn Roh Moo Hyun vtta hpp tdc - vtta diu tranh quan hp chinh thuc man nhidm (2008) ddi ngoai song phuang Sudt mdt thdi gian Ddi vdi Lee Myung Bak, cho den kdt dai, van dd ndi epm vd ttanh ehdp lanh thd thuc nhiem ky Tdng thdng (2012), nhttng nd va bdp meo Ijch sur gitta hai nudc cho thdy luc cua dng da mang lgi cdng nhdt chu nghia ddn tdc vd sy bit ddng nhgn thuc djnh kdt qud cai thidn quan he Hdn vdn la trd ngai khdng nhd ddi vdi vide Qudc - Nhdt Ban Vdi vide chii dong thyc tri hda binh, dn djnh d khu vye COng vi ly hidn chinh sdch ngogi giao, thuc dung ttdn ndy, ehinh sach eua Hdn Qudc ddi vdi llnh vye chinh trj, ngogi giao chinh quyen Nhdt Ban trdn llnh vyc chinh ttj, ngoai giao Lee Myung Bak da dung cam vupt qua rdo cdng phdi kidn djnh lap trudng cimg chia sd, cdn ljch su dd tti quan he "ddng minh" cdm thdng va tin tudng dd cung gidi vdi nudc Idng gidng Tir nhung bit ddng vd quydt nhttng vin dd gai gdc ttong quan hd cdc vdn dd ljch sd, hai bdn dd chu dpng gat hai nudc Vide thd hidn mOt thdi dp gdn giii, bd thu ban qud khu, cung phdi hpp ttdn mdt vdi each tidp can mdm mdng nhung linh mat trdn chung nhdm chdng lai chuong trinh hogt, uydn ehuydn van Id sy lya chpn thidt lam gidu uranium va hdnh vi khidu khich thuc cua ngoai giao Hdn Qudc nhdm bao qudn su cua CHDCND Tridu Tidn Du Han dam lpi ieh qudc gia tgi "vung triing an Qudc vin cdn canh gidc vd y chidn lupc ninh" Ddng Bdc A Ngay ca bi danh gid NGHIEN Cflu DONG BflC fl sd 1(167) 1-2015 27 Nghien citu khoa hoc Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan la mpt "chdn ydu" ttong tam giac quan he My - Nhdt Ban - Hdn Qudc thidu vdng (2006), Diplomatic Bluebook, Chapter 2: mOt ndn tdng hpp tdc mang tinh chidn lupc, Japan's Regional Diplomacy, pp 28-29 Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Japan chinh sdch ddi ngoai eua cdc thd he Idnh dao d Hdn Qudc vdn phdi hudng ddn myc tidu (2009), Diplomatic Bluebook, Chapter 2: xdy dung qudc gia ttd thdnh ddi tac "gdn Regional Diplomatic, p 14 Report for Congress (2002), "Asia gfli va than thude" cua Nhdt Ban bdng cdch vupt qua cac ttanh chap vd vdn dd Ijch sd va Pacific Economic Cooperaiion (APEC), Free tdn dung lpi thd cua vipc hinh Trade and the 2002 Summit in Mexico", Congressional Research Service, The Library of thdnh ttdt ty quydn luc d khu vyc Ddng A Congress, Order Code RL31038, http://www cnie.org/NLE/CRSreparts/03Jun/RL31038.pdf TAI LIEU THAM KHAO Roh Moo Hyun, (2007), Speech Thong tin xd Viet Nam (19-3-2005), Tin Collection Part 11 and Part III, Govemment tham khao the gidi, "Tranh chap lanh thd lam Information Agency, Seoul, p 86 tdn thucmg nghiem trpng quan h? Nhgt Ban 10.' The White Book for State Affairs, Seoul Hdn Quoc" (1998), "Basic Topics in the New Policy of Thong tin xd Viet Nam (17-06-2005), South Korea for Japan ", p 250; 253 Tin tham khao the gidi, "Ran niit sdu sdc ttong //, The Hanhyoreh (25-02-2008), Lee's quan he Han Quoc - Nhat Ban" Inaugural Speech, http://english.hani.co.kr/arti Emanuel Pastteich (2005), "The english_edition/e_national/271850.html Balancer: Roh Moo-hyun's Vision of Korean 12 Yonhap (11-02-2008), "Lee Vows lo Politics and the Future of Northeast Asia", Japan Renew Relations with Japan: Aide", at Focus liitp://english.yonhapnews co kr/news/2008/02/1 Kim Young Sam (1995), Area's gwejt 1/0200000000 AEN20080211004300315.HTML for Reform and Globalizaiion: Selected (March 24, 2008) Speeches of President Kim Young Sam, The Presidental Secretariat, The Republic of Korea, p 86 Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan (MOFA) (1998), "Japan-Republic of Korea Joint Declaration A New Japan-Republic of Korea Partnership towards the Twenty-first Century", Database of Japanese Politics and Intemational Relations, Provisional Translation by the Japanese Govemment 28 NGHIEN Cflu DONG BAC fl s61(167) 1-2015 ... cilng chi la khdu hidu Chinh sach ciia Han Quoc doi vdi Nhat Ban tir 1998 den 2012 2.1 Thdi ky Kim Dae Jung (1998- 2003) Ddu nam 1998, du ludn Han Qudc gin nhu chdn dpng bdi thdng diep ljch sir dupc... giao sang tgo va hudng tdi tuong lai ciia Tdng thdng Kim Dae Jung da lam thay ddi dang kd mdi quan he Han Qudc - Nhdt Bdn Trdn ca sd Tuydn bd chung (1998) , hpp tdc ITnh vyc chinh ttj, ngogi giao. .. ly hidn chinh sdch ngogi giao, thuc dung ttdn ndy, ehinh sach eua Hdn Qudc ddi vdi llnh vye chinh trj, ngogi giao chinh quyen Nhdt Ban trdn llnh vyc chinh ttj, ngoai giao Lee Myung Bak da dung