NCHIEN CIJIU-TRAO DOI * jVV^S^ Giai pHapnthu h u t di cir lao d o n g chat livong c a o ASEAN PGS.TS Pham Thj Thanh Binh Vu Thj Phuang Dung NhOng ndm gan day, mDc tang cua d^u tu trirc tlep nuoc ngoal (FDI), thuong mai qu6c te, trinh dp nghl§n cOu va phat trien (R&D) va cita tien b6 khoa hpc cdng nghe n§n nhu cau lao dong chat lupng cao tang nhanh, thuc day su di chuyen lao dong c6 chuyen mon cao glQa cac nude khu vuc, dac bl^t la Dong Nam A Dl cu lao dpng co chuyen mon cao da thuc su thu hut dupe su quan tam Idn cOa cac nha hoach djnh chinh sach Hiep hpi cac qudc gia Ddng Nam A (ASEAN) nhat la Cdng dong Kinh t^ ASEAN (AEC) se dupe hlnh vao cudi nam Ddi net v^ chi'nh sach thu hut lao dong ch^t iLfdng cao lugng cao, sau khung hoang tdi ehinh todn cau, Ngubn nhdn tue c h i t lugng eao Id ngubn nhdn chinh sach phdt tridn ngubn nhdn luc, md nhan tb luc cb frinh db hgc van vd chuydn mbn ky thuat cao, chinh Id phat trien ngubn nhdn lire chat tugng eao ed ndng lue sdng tao, dac biet Id kha ndng thfch Khi cde nude ASEAN dat d u g c tbc dp tdng trudng ehinh phu cdc nude ASEAN dd ehCi frpng ttiuc hien u n g nhanh, ddp Crng d u g c nhCrng ydu cau cua frd lai sau tde dbng cua cube khung hoang tdi chfnh ehdu A ndm 1997 -1998, ede doanh nghidp nhdn thue tien, bidt vdn dung fri thCre, ky nang vdo qua tiinh lao ddng sdn x u i t nham dem lai ndng suat, thay d n thu hut ngubn nhdn luc chat lugng cao dd c h i t lugng vd hieu qua eao Vdi muc dich phdt trien cd the canh tranh d u g c tren thi trudng qubc td d^y kinh td tiibng qua vide thu hCit ngubn nhan lue c h i t bidn dbng TAP CHf DOI NGOAI ® 4/2015 | Trong bdi eanh todn cau hda kinh te, di ehuydn ngodi eb ehuyen mdn t h i p vd tao didu kien thuan lao ddng qubc td chuyen mdn cao chinh Id s u "trao Igi cho lao dbng nude ngodi cb chuyen mdn eao, dbi c h i t xdm" hay "tuan hoan chat xdm", va vdng chu trpng tuyen dung nhdn tdi nude ngoai thdng chu chuyen edng tang cdng dbng gdp ngubn eho qua kdnh gido due Thdm ehf, Chfnh phiJ n u d e ndy tri thCre the gidi NhCrng nhan tb thCic day s u tang cdn eho sinh vien nude ngoai vay tidn dd hgc dai nhanh di ehuyen lao ddng chuydn mdn eao gbm: hge, dbi lai, ede sinh vidn phdi a lai Idm vide it n h i t nhirng thay dbi ve cbng nghd, dde biet phdt minh nam sau tbt nghiep Vi vdy, ludn cd ngubn lao mdi ebng nghe tiibng tin vidn thbng (ICT); dbng ehuyen mbn eao n u d e ngodt bb sung hang todn cau hba thj trud-ng san x u i t vd lidn kdt thbng ndm vdo cdc ebng ty cua Xingapo qua thuang mai hdng hba, djch vu vd dau t u frue P h i n Idn di ehuyen lao dbng ed chuydn mdn tidp nuac ngodi (FDI); khu vue hda cac doanh eao (khoang 80%) ddn ttr My, chau Au, 6xtraytia nghidp da qubc gia (I^^NEs); tidp edn ede ITnh vue d u d i danh nghTa dau t u true tidp nude ngodi vd phdt minh mdi, c a hdi kinh doanh cdng nghd eao; theo yeu cau cDa chfnh phu cac nude ASEAN, bao ehuydn giao cbng nghe vd qubc td hda cde hoat gbm ede chuyen gia cd ky ndng vd tay nghe eao ddng nghien eCru va phdt trien (R&D) Cde nhdn vdi mCrc luang d u g e tra t u a n g xCrng Hg nhdn vide tb ndy eb vai trb rat quan trgng Idn sdng di Idm vd thuc hidn cde ebng vide quan ly ddi hbi ky ehuydn lao dbng chuyen mdn cao d cdc nude phdt thudt ehuyen mbn cao, tham gia vdo vide m d rdng frien vd dang phdt trien Han nua, cdc nhdn tb nhu djeh vu thuang mat qubc td bao gbm cd djeh vu tdi s u khdc tiij frudng lao dbng, cht trd eho chfnh vd thbng tin vidn thdng Cac nha qudn 1;/ vd chuyen mbn, c a hbi flm viec vd trien vpng nghd lao ddng cd chuyen mbn cao cua Nhdt Ban rat nbi nghidp van tiep tuc d u g c eoi Id nhCrng xu hudng tidng cac d u an dau t u true tidp nude ngodi ehinh eua di ehuyen lao dbng chuydn mbn qube td eua Malaixia, Thdi Lan, Phillppin vd Indbnexia Lao ndn kinh te todn c i u dbng ed ehuydn mdn eao eua Hdn Qudc giu vai trb Ttr sau cube khung hoang kinh td todn eau nam r i t quan trpng d Phillppin Xingapo c h i p nhan lao 2008 eho den dbng chdy eua lao dbng chuyen dbng di chuyen cb chuyen mbn cao tir nhieu nude mbn cao eb s u gia tang ve quy md va tbc do, dbng frong ca ngdnh che tao va ngdnh djch vu lien quan thdi dbng chay cung dan xen nhau, neu nhu trudc ddn ngubn vbn dau t u n u d e ngodi ddy thudng ttr cac nuac kdm phdt trien den eac Di ehuydn tao dbng ed chuyen mbn vdo ede nude phdt trien thi cb cd chidu ngugc lai vd n u d e ASEAN thudng d u g c phdn loai thdnh dan chdo nhdm nude: (1) N u a c nhdp khdu lao dpng ed mire Thi^c trang cua di chuyen lao dong ch^t lupng cao ASEAN thu nhdp cao (nhu Xingapo): Lao ddng di ehuydn Trong khoang 15 nam gan ddy, ASEAN dang trb thdnh khu vue eb hoat dbng di chuydn lao dbng qube td manh Vide di ehuydn ede nhd kinh doanh, lao dpng eb ky nang vd nhCrng ngudt tdi gioi d u g c eoi Id mbt frong nhirng ehidn luge edn ban de tien tdi thidt ldp thj trudng lao ddng ludn ehuydn nbi bd ASEAN vdo nam 2015 Xingapo id qubc gia tidp nhdn sb lugng Idn lao ddng dt ehuydn cb ehuydn mbn eao Cuu Thu tudng Goh Chok Tong coi vide thu hCtt nhan tdi nude ngodi la mgt van dd sbng edn, quydt dinh khd nang canh tranh kinh td cOa nude ndy Ddc diem chinh sdch lao ddng cua Xingapo Id han che tuyen dung lao dpng nude cde ngdnh ky thudt; (2) N u d e nhdp khau lao ddng 46 r.M'CHIDOl NGOAI ©4/2015 cd chuyen mdn cao tai ddy chidm tdt 20-30% cd mCrc thu nhap vCra phai: Lao ddng di ehuydn eb ehuydn mbn cao den cac qude gia eb mCrc thu nhdp vCra phai nhu Thai Lan, Malaixia chf chiem khoang 10 - % tbng sb lao dpng cdc ngdnh ky thudt vd chuyen mdn eao; (3) Cdc qubc gia cd nhieu ddo Idn vd ngubn vbn dau t u nude ngodi: Mdc dii ehi ehtdm mdt phan nhd, song eho den lao dpng di ehuydn cb chuyen mbn eao vdn giCr vai frd rat quan frpng d Indbnexia vd Philippin (4) Cde qubc gia cb thu nhdp t h i p d vCing sdng Md Cdng: Lao ddng eb chuyen mbn frong nude cb thu nhdp t h i p d vCing sdng Md Cbng gbm Campuchia, Ldo, Vidt Nam vd Mianma tham chi rat ft han che cua ngdnh cdng Nhung day Id mbt nhidm vu khdng dd giai quyet nghidp hidn dai va ngubn FDI chay vdo it han so vdi neu kha nang kinh te han hep Nhieu nude thuc ede n u d e ASEAN khac hien bien phdp d p kinh phi cho ede nhd khoa hge Hien nay, xu hudng chung cDa lao ddng cd n u d e ngoat nghien cuu thdi gian n g i n de chuyen mdn cao tdi cae n u d e ASEAN Id: Thu nhat, hg hodn thien vd cdp nhdt eae kien thCre vd sau dd khde vdi lao dgng di chuyen khdng cd ehuydn mbn, frd ve phuc vu dat nuac p h i n idn lao dpng di chuyen cd chuydn mbn eao Tuy nhidn, di chuyen lao dbng chuyen mbn cao den tCr cdc n u d e bdn ngoai ASEAN Thu hai, la hien tugng kinh te - xd hbi Do vdy c i n cd nhung ydu cau cua chinh phu nude gui lao dbng, tao dbng nghien ciru thau dao de cb nhirng gidi phdp hgp ed ehuyen mdn cao ed xu hudng tang, giam cung ly, khbng han chi Id nhirng giai phap hdnh chfnh de vdi xu hudng eua dau t u true tiep nude ngoai ngan can, ma can cb hd giai phap dbng bb cd d Trong thdi ky nganh edng nghidp suy giam xu cap qubc gia va qubc te de dam bao lao dbng ed hudng chung eua mdt sb nude ASEAN Id tdp frung chuyen mdn eao d u g c sCr dung hidu qua eho ca xa lao dpng cb chuyen mbn ede ngdnh ehd tao hdi vd ca ban than ngudi lao dbng vd dich vu Mpt so giai phap d cip quic gia Cde n u d e ASEAN deu cb nhu eau trao dbi lao Mot la, giai phap vd c a che, chfnh sdeh C i n cb dbng ed ehuyen mdn eao vdi ede ngdnh c a ehe qudn ly vd ehinh sach thi frudng lao ddng ke todn, c a khf, ky s u thiet ke, dien tCr vd nhCrng phti hgp, giai phdng sCre sang tao, ndng eao c h i t nganh ed lidn quan Hien ASEAN thidu khoang iugng va hieu qud Idm vide cua ddi ngu tri thCre, n h i t 54,1% lao dbng ehuyen mdn cao ngdnh ea Id nhirng ngudi Idm viec ITnh vue khoa hpc vd 39,7% nganh dien, dien tir Cde thba cdng nghe cao C a ehd, ehinh sach phdi thoa ddng thudn ve trao dbi tao ddng cd chuyen mdn eao hien nham dam bdo ddi sbng vat c h i t vd tinh t h i n eho vdn edn dang giai doan dau eCia s u hgp tdc, dpi ngu can bb khoa hoe yen tam Idm vide; tao mdi vdy rat can cb s u trg giup cua cde ehlnh phu Tuy frudng Idm viec phCi hgp, tang cuang dau hJ" trang nhidn, mot nhij-ng han che dd dat d u g c muc bj ea s d vat chit, didu kidn va phuang tidn Idm vide, tidu trd nen kinh te tri thCre eua ASEAN Id dbng tiidi, can tao mbt frudng tam IJ xd hdi thudn tgi thidu ehuydn gia, lao ddng eb ky ndng ehuyen mbn cho ddi ngu ndy S u tdn vinh cua xd hbi ddi vdi ede Do vdy, lao dpng cb chuyen mbn eao nude ngodi nhd khoa hgc, cbng nghd se la mbt dbng lue quan d u g c thud lam viec frong eac ngdnh y td, gido due, frpng dd hg yen tam tdm viec vd phdt huy hdt ndng cbng nghe thdng tin da giup cdc qubc gia ASEAN luc chuydn mdn cua minh Bay manh vide sCr dung fri d u g e muc tidu Idu dat frong phdt trien cdng internet dd tb chirc cde bubi toa ddm, hdi thdo khoa nghe vd ddi mdi ngdnh edng nghidp hgc de thu hCit s u ddng gbp cua cdc nhd khoa hge Mot s o gidi phap doi vdi di c h u y e n lao d d n g chuyfen mdn c a o ASEAN frong vd ngodi nude Di chuyen lao dgng ehuyen mbn eao cd dnh hudng nhat djnh ddn chidn luge phdt trien ngubn nhdn luc va phdt trien ndng lue ngi sinh cCia mdt d i t nude Bi han ehe tinh trang di chuydn lao ddng ehuydn mdn cao, dbng thdi lai cb the thu hCit d u g c luc luang tCr nude khac, nhieu n u d e dang phdt tiidn dang nb luc dua nhidu giai phdp nhlim giCr "ehIt xdm" d lai Hien nhidn, dd lam d u g e didu nay, bien phdp tbt n h i t Id cde n u d e can tao didu kien c^n thidt dd ede nhd nghien eCru, cde nhd khoa hgc phdt huy khd ndng cr fren dat nude minh cbng nghe Can tao dieu kidn dd cdc san pham Hai la, chii frpng phdt trien thj truang khoa hpc nghien ciru khoa hoc dircfC "tieu dting" nhanh chdng, thiic day va khuyen khieh dpi ngu eac nhd khoa hpe nang eao nang luc sdng tao Dbng thdi, c i n cd s u phbi hgp giira c a quan nghien ciru khoa hpe, c a s d san xuat vd doanh nghiep nham dua vao Crng dung nhanh ket qua nghidn eCru khoa hge vd cdng nghe vdo san x u i t kinh doanh; thuc hien day du vide bao ve quydn s o hiru fri tue de dam bao lai fch eua cdc nha khoa hpe ddi vdi ede tdi sdn tri tud hg lam TAP CHI DOI \GO.\I @ 4/2015 [ vl mbi t r u d n g Idm viec, hg can eb mbi tiirdng dd cbng hien, dd hpc fridm ndng cao trinh dd Ngudi lao ddng can phai d u g c bao vd quydn lgi vd Igi l d i tai nai hg di ehuyen den Vi vay, c i n phai cd nhirng giai phap da quoc gia, Id: Thu nhat, nen cb nhCrng thoa thudn di e u hai ben giira n u d e gCri lao ddng vd nude nhdn lao d d n g ' ddn Theo dbi viec thuc hien, thiet lap didn ddn frong khu v u e va dien dan qubc te dd qudn I9 vd thiic day dbi thoai giCra cde nude; Thu hai, ndng eao nhdn tiiCrc d cdc nude nhdn Ba la, day manh mb hinh lien ket gido due eb s u tham gia cCia nude ngoai Day manh md hlnh lidn ket gido due cb s u cam kdt chat ehe vdi nude ngodi n h i m ndng eao c h i t lugng ddo tao, giiip sinh vidn tidp nhdn d u g c nhtrng fri thCre mdi nude, trdnh hidn t u g n g "di c u khbng trd ve" ciia mdt bd phdn Idn du hpc sinh Can cb gang dbi mdi gido due dai hpc, ndng cao chat lugng dao tai ehd ngang t i m vdi cdc nude khu vue vd trdn thd gidi b i n g vide dp dung cdng nghd giang day, hpc tdp ttdn tidn, dbi mdi phuang phdp giang day, ndng cao c h i t tuang dpi ngu giang vidn lao dpng di chuyen den vd tinh c h i t tFch cue, vd Igi ieh kinh te eua chinh sach di c u lao dbng qudc td mbt hg thue hidn cbng cac chfnh sdeh ndy; Thd ba, phdi hgp ehdt che giu-a ede nude cd ngudi lao ddng di ehuydn di vd nude ed ngudi lao dpng di ehuydn ddn gdp phdn tdng tbt da nhCrng lgi ich dat d u g c tCr hoat dbng di cu Vide thidt idp mbi lien ket hgp tde ndy Id mbt b u d e ddng khich Id; cdc tb chCrc khu v u e ASEAN vd Hidp hbi cde qudc gia Nam A (SAARC) se ddng vai trd ddc bidt quan trong di chuydn lao ddng qubc td Bin ta, c i n cd ehidn luge xdy dung trung tdm nghidn eCru vd ddo tao qube gia ve tai nang; eb ehinh sdeh ddc thu dd bbi duang nhtrng tdi nang trd Ddo tao nhirng tdi ndng fre khbng ehf tdp trung vdo tri thCrc, md e i n eb phuang phdp giao due chfnh tri t u tudng dd khai day long tiJ- hdo dan tbc, giCip hp hidu duge rang quydn Igi vd nghTa vu eua hg Id cbng hidn eho d i t nude, s u dung tai ndng cua hg ddng gdp vdo s u phdt fridn cua dat nude Di ehuyen lao ddng ehuyen mbn cao la thue frang ehung cua ndn kinh te tiij tiudng Mgt tiij frudng lao dbng d u g c mb tat ydu se cd s u ehuyen djeh lao dbng tCr ngdnh ndy sang ngdnh khac, ttr khu vuc ndy sang khu vue khdc, vd ttr qubc gia ndy sang qude gia khde Trong nen kinh te tiij frudng, sCrc lao dbng Id loai hdng hda ddc bidt vd vl vay, trdn khia canh gid tri, duang nhien hdng hba dd se hut vd nai md gid fri cua nb d u g e djnh gia cao han Ld hdng hda dac bidt, nb cdn b| ehi phbi bdi nhCrng khia canh khdc nhu mdi trudng lam vide, s u hap ly hba x u ly cae mbi quan he Chfnh vl vay, ed nhirng ngudi di khdng phai vl thu nhap ma 48 T \ i ' CHf D I \ G O A J e / Tdm lai, ndn kinh te todn cau, thj trudng lao ddng eung ngdy edng mang tfnh todn cau hba Mpt nude mubn phdt tridn cung c i n cb ehidn luge, chinh sdeh ngubn nhdn luc khbn khdo Vd ndu vdy, cdc nude eung khbng nen ngan can di chuydn lao dbng chuydn mbn cao, bai le, lao dgng "di ehuydn di" thi cung se "di ehuydn ve" neu cd chfnh sdch hgp ly thu hCit "nhan tdi" The gidi hidn khbng ft qubc gia dang cb nhiJng giai phap n h i m tdn dung edi ggi la "tuan hoan c h i t xdm" vd qua vide ndy hp dd ttiu d u g e nhCrng Igi ieh n h i t djnh Mdi lo Idn n h i t eua cac doanh nghiep ASEAN AEC ddi Id tinh frang chay mau c h i t xdm cua ngudn nhdn lue c h i t lugng cao, bdi lao dbng Idnh nghd se di flm nhirng edng viee cd thu nhap cao AEC cho phdp luan chuyen tu lao dbng frong khu vue Vl vdy, viec hoach djnh chfnh sdeh thu hCit lao dbng c h i t lugng eao se khbng chi giCip cae nude ASEAN cd d u g c s u phdt tridn kinh td linh hoat han md cdn d i y nhanh qud trinh todn cau hda cho khu vue.® .. .Trong bdi eanh todn cau hda kinh te, di ehuydn ngodi eb ehuyen mdn t h i p vd tao didu kien thuan lao ddng qubc td chuyen mdn cao chinh Id s u "trao Igi cho lao dbng nude ngodi cb chuyen... ASEAN thudng d u g c phdn loai thdnh dan chdo nhdm nude: (1) N u a c nhdp khdu lao dpng ed mire Thi^c trang cua di chuyen lao dong ch^t lupng cao ASEAN thu nhdp cao (nhu Xingapo): Lao ddng di ehuydn... ddm, hdi thdo khoa nghe vd ddi mdi ngdnh edng nghidp hgc de thu hCit s u ddng gbp cua cdc nhd khoa hge Mot s o gidi phap doi vdi di c h u y e n lao d d n g chuyfen mdn c a o ASEAN frong vd ngodi