10 X3h0ihgcs62 (134) 2016 VAI TRO CUA BAO HIEM XA H Q I TRONG NHIEM W DAM BAO AN SINH XA H O I Vigt NAM DANG NGUYEN ANH* Dat van &h An sinh xd hpi (ASXH) Id mflt tieu chi quan trpng ddnh gid trinh dfl va chdt Iupng phdt triln Clia cac quflc gia Chi cdn nhin vdo tfl chiic va hogt dpng bdo dam ASXH cua mpt nudc Id cd thi nhdn bilt dugc trinh dp phat trien vd qudn ly xa hpi ciia nudc Ddc biet, cac chinh sach an sinh cdn nham dam bdo cdng bang xa h^i cho nhimg dfli tugng khflng tham gia vdo hogt dgng kinh tl, khflng tigp cdn dugc ngu6n lyc vd khdng dugc bdo vf trudc nhfing nii ro, khd khdn, de dog ma khflng phdi hg gdy Cd thi coi ASXH la npi dung chinh cua hf thflng chinh sach xa hpi d cdc quflc gia, Id su ddm bao thu nhdp vd mpt sd dilu kifn thiet yeu khac cho ca nhan, gia dinh vd cpng dflng hp bi giam hoac mdt thu nhgp bj mat viec ldm, mdt siic Iao d^ng Tuy nhien, can luu y rdng ASXH khflng chi la xda ddi, gidm ngheo, va cung khdng dan thuin la nhihig giai phap tdng thu nhdp hay trp cap tien cho cac hp gia dinh khd khdn Mpt sd hp gia dinh khflng thudc difn ngheo song phdi chiu ton thuang trudc nhfing riii ro thign tai va cdc biln dpng kinh tl - xd hdi, gdy dnh huflrng tryc tiep den ddi sflng Dd la cac hp can ngheo, ngudi lao dOng thu nhgp thdp, lao dpng di cu, nhan cflng khu vyc phi chinh thiic, ngudi khuyet tgt, tre em lang thang, ngudi gia ca nha khdng nai nuong tya Hdu het khflng cd kha nang iing phd trudc nhihig bat Ipi rui ro thien tai vd bien d^ng kinh te - xa hpi Cac nhdm khflng chi rai vao vdng ddi ngheo, thu nhgp khflng fln djnh md dflng thdi va true tiep mang ganh ndng bfnh tdt, siic khde kem, that hpc, khflng cd tay nghe chuyen mfln, khflng cd ddt san xudt, thilu vfln, it quan he xd hfli, gia dinh true trdc, hdn nhan tan vd, Nhihig nii ro dinh dap d6i vdi ngudi ddn nhu dau 6m, tai ngn, thien tai, mat mua, dich bfnh chdn nudi, lufln Id nhihig cii sflc d6i vdi hfl ngheo, cdc nhdm de ton thucmg, de dpa cugc sdng va an sinh xa hpi cua hp Tuy moi quoc gla lya chpn pham vi, n$i ham vd mfl hinh ASXH khac nhau, song bdo hiim xd hfli Iudn Id try cpt chmh cua hf thflng ASXH d hiu hit cdc nudc Muc dich chung ciia BHXH la dam bao miic song cho tdt cd mpi thdnh vien xd hgi trudc nhihig rui ro va tac dflng bat thudng vl kinh tl, xa hpi va mdi trudng Vigt Nam hifn nay, chinh sdch ASXH bao gflm ba try cgt chii yeu: chinh sdch thi trudng lao dpng tich cyc dugc xem nhu mpt chign luge phdng ngiia nii ro; bao hiim xd hgi la chien lupc giam nhe nii ro va trg giiip xa hgi nhu mgt "chiln luge iing phd vdi nii ro (DJing Nguyen Anh, 2015) Vien Xa hgi hgc, Vien Hdn ldm Khoa hgc xd hgi Viet Nam Dgng Nguyett Anh 11 VS ban chat, bao hifm xa hfi (BHXH) la mpt chinh sach xa hfi, mpi nguoi phai tham gia ti^t kifm nhfai phong ngira, bii dap va irng ph6 vdi nhiing thift hai, nii ro c6 the xay tuong lai Bao hiem xa hfi tgo nguon thu nhap thay thf truong hpp nguon thu nhap thirong xuyfn bj giam siit ho§c mdt di, nham on djnh cupc sfng cho nguai lao dpng Trong ciu ciia hf thong an sinh xa hfi, bao hifm xa hfi la try eft quan trpng nhat DS trdnh s\f nhim lan, can hieu ro ring bao hifm xa hfi khong chi bao gdm bao hiim him tri ma la bao hifm tai nan, thit nghifp, thai san, tu6i gia BHXH khac voi trp cip xa hpi cho chinh sach bao hifm d\ra trfn ca che t\i chii tai chinh, cac bfn huong lpi dfu phai dong gop, v6i cac chinh sach trp cip xa hpi ciia chinh ph^ thi ben huang loi khong phai tr\rc tifp dong gop Nfu dupc thuc hifn tot, chinh sach BHXH se gop phan on dinh cufc song ciia ngucri lao dfng het tuoi Iam vifchoac khong kha nang Iao dpng Nha nuac se tift kifm dupc ngan sach chi tieu cho nguoi gia, nguiri lao dpng thit nghifp thong qua vifc chia se giua cac the hf, tang lop dan cu Thong qua do, cong bing xa hpi dupc ciing c6, gin kit xa hfi duac dam bao Th\rc hifn chinh sach BHXH la nhim on dinh cupc s6ng cua nguiri Iao dfng, trp cap cho hp gap rui ro, va nhat la co dupc thu nhap on dinh sau ca mpt cufc doi lao dpng Vai Iy do, cac doanh nghifp, tham chi ca ngan sdch nhA nuoc, cimg trich mft phin thu iMp dl nop vao quj? BHXH Nguoi Iao dfng co thf nhfn lai khoan tir quy df Io cho ban than nghi huu hoac gap phai cac tai nan, benh tat, nii ro DS tang trudng kinh tS cin nhihig yeu tfl thi tniimg, nhung dong thoi de fln dinh va phat trifn bfn vung thi rit cin an sinh xa hpi va BHXH Trong qua trinh ndy, vai tro chu dgo ciia Nha nuoc la khflng the thifu Quyft tam cao cua Dfag va Nha nuoc ta cimg voi tifm luc kinh tf ciia dit nuoc dirpc nang Ifn la co so quan trpng df bao dam tot hon an sinh xa hfi va phiic lpi xa hpi Chifn lupc phat trien kinh tS - xa hpi giai doan 2011-2020 da xac dinh ro: "PAar Iriin he thing an sinh xahgida dgng, ngdy cang md rgng vdhifuqud Ttio ccr hoi binh ding huang thtt cdc djch vu ca bdn, cdc phic lgi xa h0i" Nghi quylt so 21/NQ-TU' cua Bf Chmh tri dat chi tifu dfn nam 2020, c6 50% s6 Iao dpng tham gia BHXH va 35% sfl lao dpng tham gia bao hifm thit nghifp, day la muc tieu kha cao so voi hifn Sir can thiet cua chinh sdch BHXH Tuy da doi tir lau va tra nfn phi biln trfn phgm vi toan ciu, nhimg BHXH vin la mft nhiing chinh sach gay nhifu tranh cai C) nhilu noi, nhiSu liic, BHXH khflng dupc hiSu va nhgn thiic rfl rang, thgm chi nhim lan v6i cac hinh thirc an sinh xa hpi khac nfn dan din nhQng anh huong bit lpi dfli voi su mo rpng va phat trifn cua BHXH Co hai lir cin thilt vifc th\rc hifn chi'nh sach BHXH Thir nhit, khong it nguiri xa hfi co thoi quen tifu xai phung phi, vung tay tre dl roi roi vao canh dau ylu, bfnh tilt va tiing thilu vf gii, tao gdnh nang lon cho gia dinh va xa hfi Do vgy, nha nudc cin can thifp, thgm chi kSu gpi nguiri dan tiSt kifm vi chinh cupc sflng cia ban than hp tucmg Iai Thii hai, BHXH cfln cfl myc tiSu tai phan phoi thu nhgp nhim ho trp nguai ngheo va cac nhflm xa hfi thift thdi, ylu thS nhu phu nit, trS em, nguoi dan tfc thilu sfl, nguiri khuylt t4t nhim phin nao bu dip nhiing tfln thit hp phai gdnh cliiu cufc sing DSy chinh la nguyfn tic "sfl dong bu sfl it" cua BHXH duoi cac lunh thitc khac nhau, djic bift la chia se ngufln lire 12 Vai trd cua bdo hiim xa hgi Chinh sach BHXH gdp p h ^ fln dinh va ndng cao chdt lugng sflng, bao ddm sy bmh ddng vl vi thi xa hgi cua ngudi lao dgng cdc phdn kinh tl khdc nhau, thuc ddy san xuat phdt trien BHXH Id cdng cy ddc luc cua Nha nudc, gdp phdn vdo vifc phdn phfli lai thu nh|p qudc ddn mflt each cflng bdng, dong thdi gidm chi cho ngan sach nhd nudc, bdo ddm an sinh xa hpi ben vung Dang chii y Id BHXH cdn ldm tang thgm mfli quan hf gdn bd giua ngudi lao dpng, ngudi sd dyng lao dpng va Nha nudc Ca ba chu thi quan trpng ndy deu tham gia ddng gdp vdo qu^ BHXH, ldm cho ngudi lao dpng c6 trdch nhiem han cflng vifc Ngudi su dung lao dpng tham gia ddng gdp qu^ BHXH nhim thdy ro trach nhiem ciia minh d6i vdi ngudi lao dpng Nha nudc vira tham gia ddng gflp, vira dieu hdnh hogt dflng ciia qu^ BHXH nham ddm bdo sy cflng bang, binh ddng cho cdc dfli tugng thu huomg Sy gan ket giua Nhd nudc - ngudi sir dung lao dong - ngudl lao dgng se gdp phan dn dinh kinh te - xd hgi Tuy nhien, y tudng ve BHXH bdt bu0c Iai chiu nhieu phe binh va chi trich Thii nhdt vifc dflng BHXH cd thi sS dfln ganh ngng len vai ngudi lao ddng, gdy khd khdn cho hp cupc sdng hifn tgi lpi ich BHXH dem lgi tuang Iai la khflng chic chdn Tuy tren danh nghia, cd ngudi su dung lao dpng va ngudi lao dpng diu cung dflng gdp vd dflng chi trd BHXH, song ngudi su dung lao dpng ludn cd xu hudng khdu trir khoan ddng gdp cua doanh nghiep vao luang ciia ngudi lao dpng, tiic tra lucmg thdp hem so voi miic ddng phai trd Chi phi bdo hiem cd the khien doanh nghifp cat gidm vifc lam, dan dfln gia tang that nghiep vd tdng gid Ben canh dd, ygu tfl lam phdt, dflng tien mat gid cd the tudc dogt phan ldn lpi ich cua ngudi tham gia ddng bdo hiem Chucmg trinh BHXH bdt bupc cdn tao bp may qudn ly quan lieu kem hifu qua, Igm thu va lam dung quy BHXH Vifc chi trd bdo hiem tucmg lai thudng khdng chdc chdn trudc mat ngudi lao dpng phdi ddi mat vdi bdt fln vT mfl, khiing hodng np cong trdm trgng vd nguy co va quy BHXH Ddy la thuc te da xdy d khflng it cdc qudc gia, dan den sy that bgi ciia chuang trinh BHXH Thyc trang bao hiem xa hoi d Vift Nam nudc ta, BHXH dupc md rpng ve dfli tupng tham gia song chua gflp phan giam thieu va bit dap thoa dang cac thift hgi riii ro gdy ngn Hogt dpng ciia Quy BHXH chua bin vfing vdi loai hinh bao hiim cdn han chg, chua da dang hoa, thii tuc toan cdn nhieu trd ngai, rudm rd, chg dp bfli thudng thdp khien cho ty If tham gia cdn hgn che, ngudi tham gia bdo hiem van chu yeu thugc khu vyc cong ciia cac ca quan nhd nudc Tren thyc tl, tufli nghi huu thudng thdp hem so vdi tufli quy dinh (trung binh khodng 51 tufli so vdi tufli quy djnh la 55 doi vdi n& vd 57 tuli so vdi 60 tufli theo quy djnh vdi nam) Thyc tl khiln cho vifc chflt sd va chi tra BHXH som hon cho ngudi lao dgng khiln cho ganh n^ng tdi chlnh cung ldn han doi vdi chuang trinh BHXH hien BHXH d Vift Nam dupc triln khai dudi hai hinh thiic: bdo hiem bdt bupc va bao hiem ty nguyfn, ben cgnh cdn c6 hinh thuc bao hiem thdt nghifp Hifn cd nudc cd 93 trifu dan va khoang 50 trifu nguoi dp tudi lao dpng song mfli chi cd 12,5 trifu ngudi ddng BHXH (chiem 24% lyc lugng lao dpng), tap d khu vyc hdnh chinh - sy nghifp va kinh te nha nudc Theo bdo cao cua Bdo hiem Vift Nam (2015), hifn cd khodng hem 195 nghin ngudi tham gia bao hiem xd hfli ty Dgng Nguyen Anh 13 nguyfn Nflng ddn va lao dfng tif la nhiing dfli tupng chua tham gia tich cue logi hmh bao hiem Ve luong hmi, chi cfl trfn trifu ngucri (chilm trfn 22% nguiri tit 60 tuoi tro ISn) cfl Iuong huu, dfl, miirc luong thip, khflng du chi phi hang thang D\r kien culi nSm cfl xip xi 11 trifu nguiri tham gia bao hiim thit nghifp, mflt so qua thap so vfli l\rc lupng lam cong 5n luong Nhiing sfl nfli ttfn la rit khiSm tfln, cho thiy cflng tac BHXH cin dupc dfli moi ve chit Trong suot mft thfli gian dai, BHXH khflng dupc nhin nhan nhu mpt nhiem vu cap bach, cac cip cUnh quyln va nguoi dan deu to thcr a voi bao hiim, khiln cho 'Van hoa bao hiem" cfln chira bifn din sflng Mac du Lugt bao hiim xa hfi da quy dinh cac hinh thiic bao hiem bit bupc, tv nguyfn, song nhu ciu va kha nang tham gia ciia hon 70% dan so nflng thfln vao cac loai hinh BHXH cfln rit hgn chl Da sfl ngucri dan khflng cfl luang huu, thifu vifc Iam va cac dich vu xa hfi thilt ylu Bfn cgnh dfl, BHXH hifn chua che phil dupc khu vuc kinh tl phi chinh thiic, noi cfl rit nhifu Iao dflng phfl thflng va la nguIn sinh kl cho nhflm dli tupng thu nhgp thip Tmh trgng Igm vifc khflng cfl bao hifm, khflng hpp dong dien phfl biln tai khu vuc Ngucri lao dfng phai iam vifc difu kifn yeu kem, mfli truomg dfc hgi, luong thip, khflng fln dinh, khflng k^ hpp ding theo quy djnh, Cong tac tuyfn truyin hifn cfln yfu, nhgn thilc v6 y nghia va vai trfl cua BHXH tvr nguyfn cfln rat thap Thiet ke chinh sach hifn chua phii hpp, vai quy djnh s6 nam dong gflp toi thilu la 20 nam de dupc huflmg lucmg huu Do do, nhom lao dpng nam tir 45, nil tir 40 tuoi trfl Ifn tham gia BHXH se khflng dupc huflmg chl df huu tri dfn tuoi nghi huu; sir chfnh Ifch giiia chl df BHXH tu nguyfn (2 che dp) va bit bufc (5 chl df) khiln ngucri dan khong man ma voi BHXH Vifc to chirc quan ly tai chinh va tac nghifp BHXH thiri gian qua bi thay dli nhieu lin, Iif n tuc tach nhap, phan tan manh miin va khong hpp I^ Nguiri dan va thdm chi can bp quan I^ chua xac dinh ro va tham chi chua phan bift gilia bao hiem va uu dai xa hfi Chuong trinh ciiu trp xa hfi chua dupc quan ly ch§t che, doi hfli vifc hoan thiSn chinh sach ASXH va BHXH phu hpp voi dac difm va nhu ciu ciia xa hpi giai doan phat triln mfli v i n df nflng va kdo dai cua BHXH nhifu nam qua la tinh trang cdc doanh nghifp va chil sii dyng lao dfng trln tranh, np dpng va chdy i dflng BHXH cfln Ifln, kfo dai nhifu nSm qua da hgn chl phin ldm hifu qua cua chinh sach BHXH Nfu nhu nam 2009, sfl np hay cham ddng ciia BHXH bit bufc la la 2000 ty ddng thi thing diu nam 2016, thu BHXH mfli dgt 40% va sfl np dpng BHXH da Ifn din 10.000 ty ddng (VCCI, 2015) Cung theo VCCI, hifn cfl din 50% so doanh nghifp trfln dflng BHXH, chua kl s6 lupng Ifln doanh nghifp np dpng, chay f Cfln theo bao cao cua BHXH Vift Nam, tinh dfn nay, ca nuflc cfl hon 47.315 don vj kinh tl va tl chiic cdn np tien BHXH cua gin 674.000 Iao dpng, voi sd tiln np la 11.562 U dong Tinh trang nfli trfn da vi phgm nghiSm trpng chl df thu npp BHXH cua mft s6 chii doanh nghifp, gay thift hgi vg vi phgm quyfn huflng BHXH cua sfl dflng ngufli lao dfng DSy la mft nhiing nguyfn nhan din din phan iing ngimg vifc tu phat cua nguflii lao dfng khu cdng nghifp Cac doanh nghifp tuyfn dung va sii dung Iao dfng nhung khflng dflng BHXH Dudi nhiing hinh thiic khac nhau, nhiSu doanh nghifp np BHXH vdi so tiln Ien den hang ty dflng, keo dai nhifu nam Chi rifng trfn 14 Vai tro cOa bdo hiem xd hgi dia bdn Ha Npi, nam 2014 cd 166 dan vi ng tien BHXH cua ngirdi lao dgng, vdi s6 tiln len den 127 ty dflng (dan vj ng it nhdt ciing tix 200 trifu dflng trd ISn) vdi thdi gian tir thdng trd len Cac doanh nghifp ndy hogt dpng chii ylu ITnh vuc xay dyng, chl dudng, dft may vdi sy tham gia cua hdng tram ngdn lao dpng thflng Cac doanh nghifp ngoai quoc doanh thudng chi dang ky BHXH cho nhftng cdn b§ van phdng, lanh dgo ho§c bd phgn Iao dpng gidn tilp, cdn cdng nhdn va nguoi lao d$ng sdn xuat tryc tilp thi khdng cd BHXH Ly gidi cho dilu ndy, cdc doanh nghifp thudng vin vao vifc Id ngudi lao d^ng hay chuyin vifc, thuflmg xuyen biln ddng nfln khflng muon ddng BHXH Mdt so doanh nghifp cdn dang ky gidm sfl lao dgng thyc tl dang su dyng de Idch BHXH, "quen" ngufli Iao dgng ngodi danh sdch tham gia BHXH Chieu thirc keo ddi thdi gian thii viec, hgp dflng mieng ho^c lap Igi hgp dflng dudi thang dl Idch quy dinh ddng BHXH khd phfl biln Ndm 2012, khdo sat tgi tap dodn Hoang Phat (Nmh Binh) Id don vi ng BHXH Idn nhdt tlnh vdi 1.726 ty dong cho thiy doanh nghifp chi dflng BHXH cho 312 lao d^ng tdng sfl han 1.400 lao ddng dang Idm vifc Trong do, hang thdng Hodng Phdt v5n trich trir tiln BHXH ciia cong nhan nhtmg chiem dyng, sii dung sai myc dich D6i vfli doanh nghifp lien doanh vdi nudc ngoai ciing nhu doanh nghifp nhd nudc thi each Idch lugt chu ylu Id trich npp dua trgn miic luong thdp hon miic Iuong ma ngudi Iao dpng thyc huong, thdm chi sir dyng miic luang tfli thigu chung Theo quy dinh hifn hdnh, tiln lucmg Idm cdn cii ddng BHXH la miic tien luang, tien cdng ghi hpp dflng lao d^ng.Voi quy djnh nay, nhiSu chu sir dyng lao dpng da chu dpng tinh toan dl giam toi da tiln ddng BHXH bang each quy dinh tien lucmg hpp dflng Iao dpng la mpt khoan tiln chi ldn hon miic luong toi thieu de khdng vi phgm phap lugt, cdn mpt phdn khdc dugc xem la phy cap, trp cap Khi ddng BHXH thi miic Iuong ghi hgp d6ng dugc sd dyng chii khflng ddng tren thu nhgp md ngudi lao dpng thyc tl dugc nhgn Dilu khiln cho ngudi Iao d^ng bj thiet thdi tinh huflmg cdc chl dp bao hiim (!) mpt s6 doanh nghifp, mure Iuong thyc tg qud thdp nen cdng nhan va chu lao d$ng ngdm thoa thugn vdi khflng ddng BHXH ma lay sd tien trich npp bdo hiem dd bu vao luang Phucmg thiic giiip cd hai ben "cung cd lgi" vi ngudi lao dpng dugc hudng them tiln hang thdng, cdn doanh nghifp thi rdt cd lgi vl khdng phai trd them tien Thyc trgng ndy ve lau dai gay tac dyng xau vi nha nudc thdt thu BHXH ngudi Iao dpng sg phdi thift thdi rui ro xdy thdi gian Idm vifc va nhdt la khflng cd chl dp sau ndy Nh&ng hanh vi ndi tren ve thyc chdt Id chilm dyng tien cua ngudi lao dfng vd nghigm trpng hem Id chiem dyng tiln ngdn sdch vi s6 tiln doanh nghifp ddi^ BEIXH dupc hgch todn vao gid thdnh sdn phdm, phi Iuu thong hang hod ngn sfl thu ngdn sach cua nha nudc bj gidm tuang iing Neu nhin nhdn vifc khflng ddng, ddng ch§m, ddng thilu BHXH nhu Id mpt Wnh thdc chilm dyng v6n thi r5 rdng d ddy Id hdnh vi cd thi bj truy t6 hinh sy chii khdng nen ggi Id ng dpng BHXH Cd thi ndi, m0t thdi gian dai, che dp BHXH d nudc ta chi mfli tgp trung d6i voi cdn bp vlfln chiic nhd nudc, lyc lugng vu trang, ngudi cd cdng vdi cdch mgng ngn chua cd dieu kifn md rgng din mgi doi tupng Iao dpng xd hpi Cdc myc tigu cda BHXH nhu tinh kip thdi, chdt lupng, hifu qud vd cdng bdng chua dugc thyc hifn tot, ddn Dgng Nguyen Anh 15 dSn sut giam Iflng tm va mile df tham gia cua ngufli dan Sir tham gia BHXH cdn thip Rd rang la ngudi Iao ddng va ngudi sii dyng Iao dfng khflng man ma vfli BHXH va cimg khflng mufln ddng BHXH thiri gian lau dai dl dam bdo cufc sdng ve huu Tgi lgi nhu vgy? Cfl thf dan nhiing nguyen nhan sau day: Thir nhat, nguiri dan hifn thieu niem tin vdo sir on djnh kinh tl vi mfl va Tir nam 1986 din nay, Viet Nam da trM qua nhieu dpt Igm phdt cao, thgm chi d mic phi ma Lam phat va thay dli bit thuflng cac quy dinh chinh sach BHXH khiln cho nguoi dan tham gia bao hiSm khdng tin tudng vao quyln loi va chl dp huflmg bao hiim ma hp cfl thf cfl dupc tuong Iai Dfl la ly tai cdc hinh thiic tilt kifm nhu vang, dd la My, dat dai, bit dfng san rit dupc ua chuf ng nhu mft phucmg thirc iing phd vfli nii ro Thli hai, Vift Nam dang qiia trinh chuySn dli ca cau kinh tf, cac ludng lao dfng di cu nhiSu tir ndng thfln thj diln mgnh mS, song da sfl iam cdc cflng vifc ngan han, miia vu, thu nhgp thap khu vvc kinh tl phi chinh thiic nfn nhu ciu dflng bao hiem khflng cao va nfu cfl dflng thi cung khdng muon ddng iau Day la thach thiic hifn va nhiing nam tfli ddi voi chuomg trinh BHXH, nhlSn ddy ciing la muc tiSu cin mfl rfng dli vai chuong trinh BHXH thfli gian tdi Thli ba, co che td chiic quy BHXH chuakhuySn khich cdc khu vvc tu tham gia thieu cdng khai, minh bach, thu tuc nhifu khS, han chS ve chf tai xir phat, va sv thifu cdng bdng dflng gflp bdo hiem giiia cdc khu vac cflng vd khu vuc tu nhiing chinh sach phan bift ddi xii dfli voi kinh tS tu nhan Thii tu, Vift Nam cfl truyen thing nuang tya, chia se voi gia dinh, ngiroi vf huu thucmg nuong tya tufli gia, dua vdo chau Do dfl, nhu ciu dflng dl huong BHXH khflng cip thilt nhu d cdc xd hfi phuong Tay, chi xay su vifc thi ngudi dan mfli cin dfn bao hiim va lo bao hiim Nhgn thftc cin dupc thay ddi thdng qua hogt dfng tuySn tmySn nguiri thuc, vifc thyc, cd siic thuySt phuc Ket luan Thvc hifn myc tifu phat trifn bin vihig phu thufc rat nhifu vao vifc ban hanh va thyc hifn cac chvong trinh ASXH Mft quic gia cang phdt triln Igi cang ddi hfli su hodn thifn cua hf thdng ASXH Difu ndy 1^ giai dupc sy khac bift vf trinh dp phdt triln giira cac quflc gia, cdc khu vyc Cfl till coi ASXH Id nfi dung chinh cua hf thing an sinh xa hfli d mii quflc gia, la sy ddm bdo thu nhgp va mft sl difu kifn thiSl yfu khac cho ca nhan, gia dinh va efng dflng hp bj gidm hogc mat thu nhap thdt nghifp , mit silc lao dfng, cho nhiing ngufli gid, co don, tre ml cfli, nguoi tan tat, lao dpng di cu, nhihig ngucri yfu thi, dli tupng chinh sdch, v.v KhSng phai chi nhflng qudc gia tifn tiln mdi cin din BHXH Ngupc lgi,flnhimg nudc cham phat triln, nhu ciu nhanh chdng xay dyng hf thing BHXH cang lfln bdi ngufli dan cdc xd hfi gap nhifu nii ro hon, it cd khd nang ty bdo vf hode dich vy dam bao xa hfi Vift Nam dang djt nhihig nfn mdng try eft cho xay dyng hf thing ASXH, gdp phin dam bao doi sdng nhdn dan, nhit Id voi dli tupng ngheo va dong bao ngudi dan tfc Tgp trung vdo xoa ddi gidm ngheo, ho ttg ngucri dan khic phye hgu qua thifn tai, cdc chinh sdch ndy cfln nhim hgn chl tli da cdc tac dfng tifu cue cua cufc khung hodng tai chinh va suy thoai kinh tl todn ciu dSn san xuit vd dfli song ciia nhdn dan 16 Vai trd cua bdo hiem xd hgi Tuy nhien, neu di sdu phdn tich thi BHXH d Vift Nam hifn naycdn rat nhieu hgn chl (2dn thg thdy BHXH vdn ddc trung bdi s6 lupng doi tugng tham gia th^, mure hudng thdp, hifu qud thdp Trong nhgn thiic va nhu cdu ve BHXH cua chinh quyln, doanh nghifp vd ngudi dan cdn chua day dii va hgn chlthi doanh nghifp vd ngudi sur dyng lao d$ng dd tim each lach luat, tr6n trdnh va chigm dyng vfln BHXH Cdc hinh thiic bdo hiem chua 6ap iing dugc nhu cdu da dgng cua ngudi ddn; chat lugng cac dich vy nhhi chtmg cdn didp, khflng it tieu cyc, philn hd Hf thflng BHXH d Vift Nam dang diing trudc mgt yeu cdu cdp bach ia phdi nhanh chdng hodn thifn cac che d0 chmh sach (sd lugng, Iogi Wnh bdo Wem, tri va huy dong quy, ) nhdm ddm bdo tflt cho mgi ngain lao dfng hirflng Iuong (ciing nhu Iao dflng ty do, hgp dong, lao d^ng d nflng thfln), dap iing nhu cdu da dang cita ngufli tham gia bao Wim ddc bift digu kifn kmh te thi tru6rng,plidt trien vd hdi nhgp qu6c tl Nhung vdn de d|t bdi viet cho thdy thyc Wf n BHXH la trach nWf m tdt ylu vd uu tien hdng ddu Wfn d Vift Nam Myc tigu cda cWnh sdch BHXH d nudc ta Id dam bdo mpi ngudi dan cd miic sflng trung binh, it nhdt Id mirc sdng tdi tWeu dfl khflng roi vdo tinh trgng ban cung hda, kg cd truomg hgp nii ro bat thudng cugc sdng Day la muc tigu, thudc quan trgng vifc hifn thyc hda myc tigu ciia Ddng va thi hifn vai trd, trach nhifm xd hpi cua Nhd nudc vd doanh ngWfp Wfn boi day Id sy ddu tu cho phdt triln Nhihig bai hpc vd tfln tai cda BHXH thfli gian qua ddng dupc trdn trd, suy ngam va cd giai phdp khdc phuc nhiing nam tdi Ngdy 11/11/2015, Chinh phu da ban hdnh Nghi djnh sfl 115/2015/ND-CP (gpi tdt Id Nghi dinh 115) quy dinh chi tilt mgt sd digu cua Luat Bdo hiem xd hgi ve bdo Mgm xd hpi bdt bupc, cd Wfu lyc thyc Wfn tir ngdy 1/1/2016 Tdc ddng cua Nghi dinh 115 cdn cfl thoi gian de kiem chiing Trudc mdt, de cd dupc chinh sdch BHXH Wfu qua, can ldy lgi niem tm ciia ngudi ddn vd doanh ngWf p ddi voi cdc loai Wnh bao Wim Nhu cau BHXH se gia tang neu ngudi dan tham gia dich vu bdo higm mft each thugn tifn, de ddng, quyln Igi dupc ddm bdo Song song voi cdc bifn phdp ndng cao chdt lugng dich vy, cdn md rpng sy tham gia cua nWeu thdnh phdn kinh tl vd cac dfli tac xa hpi nhdm md rflng difn che phu ciia BHXH, dam bao tinh bin vung ciia try cpt an sinh ndy D I thuc Wfn dupc myc tieu trgn, cdn thyc hifn cdc gidi phdp ngdn han vd trung hgn sau day: Thli nhdt, minh bgch hda vifc qudn Iy, sii dyng quy BHXH, giam tWeu tdi da rui ro vd cW pW vgn hdnh KW dupc quan ly minh bach, cflng khai tW doanh ngWfp vd ngufli lao dfng sg an tam vd ty nguyfn dflng gdp BHXH nWlu hem Nhirng lya chpn linh hogt cho phep hudng trp cdp, nhgn bdo Wem mgt lan sg gdp phdn dam bdo tflt hon quyln lgi cho ngudi lao dgng, thu hiit sy quan tam ciia hg vifc tham gia xdy dyng BHXH Trudc mdt phdi nhanh chdng phdt trien vd tao dilu kifn cho viec tham gia bdo Wim cua lao dpng khu vyc pW cWnh thiic Thir hai, rd soat vd cdt giam cdc thii tyc hanh cWnh, cac rdo cdn Wfn viec ddng va BHXH va thy hudng BHXH, dac bift la d linh vyc bdo hiem y tl, nhdt Id nhihig quy djnh mua vd sd dung the bdo Wim hifn dang di ngugc voi myc tieu an sinh xa Dgng Nguyen Anh 17 hpi, khflng dap iing nhu cau cua ngudl dan va xu the chung ciia phdt triln xd hfi Cdi cdch hanh chinh lihh vyc khdm chfta bfnh la rdt cdp tWit Thu ba, cflng tdc thu vd np dpng BHXH dang Id mpt nh&ng khd khdn ldn cua nganh BHXH ngn Chinh phd can cd nhihig quy dinh phap ly dl cd thg xii ly dupc tinh trang np dpng, chay ddng BHXH ddm bdo quyen lgi cho ngudi lao dgng Nhdm dam bdo quyen va lpi ich hgp phap ciia nguoi lao dgng, cd the xem xet truy td hinh sy vdi nh&ng doanh ngWep va ngudi su dung lao dgng trfln tranh trach nWf m va vi pham quy dinh ddng BHXH, gay anh hudng nghiem trgng din cWnh sach an sinh xa hgi cua Ddng va Nha nudc Thii tu, cdn xay dyng vd d6i mdi ca chfl bdo Wem xd hfli cho ngudi dan, Wnh thdnh cdc quy tra giiip dflt xudt dl tgo chii dpng cho cdc dia phuang, d6ng thdi cung cdp cac dich vy ca bdn (thdng tin, nha d, giao dye, va y te cflng cpng) cho ngufli ngheo Voi nWeu sy lya chpn, ngudi lao ddng va doanh nghifp se de ddng dilu thay d6i nhdn thiic, tdng ddng luc va hdnh vi tham gia BHXH Thli nam, cdn tang cudng kha ndng tham gia ciia nguoi ddn vl BHXH thflng qua vifc cac bifn phsq) ndng cao chat lugng bao Wgm vd nhgn thiic ve an sinh xd hpi Md rpng su tham gia cua nWeu phan kinh te va cac ddi tdc xa hpi nham md rgng difn che phu cua bdo Wem xa hgi, dam bao tinh bin vimg ciia try eft an sinh xd hgi ndy Thu sau, cdn cho phep tu nhdn tham gia dau tu xay dyng cdc quy BHXH dl nang cao che phu va dam bao tinh ben vung cua Quy Ddy Id gidi phdp trung han, cho phep ngudi lao dgng cd the lya chgn tham gia cdc qu^ bao Wgm tu nhan thay vi bupc phdi tham gia BHXH cua nha nudc, tgo ngn sy canh tranh Wfu qua vifc cung cap dich vy, hura hen mang lgi nWeu lya chgn va Ipi ich ban cho ngudi lao dpng Tai lifu tham khao Bio hiem xa hfi Vift Nam 2015 Bdo cdo Tong kit cong tdc bdo hiim xd hgi ndm 2015 vd phtrong hud cdng tdc ndm 2016 Hd Nfi D$ng NguySn Anh 2015 An sinh xa hfiflrVi§t Nam: Djnh hudng mfl hinh vi giii phip Tgp chi Xd hgi hgc, so L Mai Ngpc Cuimg 2008 Ca sd khoa hgc cua viec xdy dung vd hodn thien he thdng chinh sdch an sinh xa hgi a Viet Nam tdi ndm 2015 Bk tii cap Nhi nudc KX 02.02/06-2010 Ngo Quang Minh 2007 An sinh xa hfi vi vai tr6 ciia nfl d6i vdi nen kinh tk nudc ta Tgp chiLy lu^n chlnh trf, sfl Nguyin Hii HiJu 2005 Phdt trien he thong an sinh xd hgi phit hgp v&i bii cdnh nin kinh ti thf tnrdng dinh hu&ng xa h^i chu nghTa Qk tii nhinh d^ tii cap Nhi nufl-c KX02.02/06-10 Nguyin Tan Dung 2010 Phit huy sure m?mh t6ng hgp, n6 l\rc phan ddu ngin chjn suy glim kinh t^, tri ting tnrdng vi bio dim an sinh xS hfi Tgp chi Cgng sdn, s6 815 VCCI (Phdng Thuung m^i vi cflng nghifp ViftNam) 2015 Thuc trgng bdo hiem xa hgi cda khoi doanh nghiep nu&c hien Hi Nfi Vifn Khoa hgc Lao dfng vi Xa hpi 2009 "Chi^n luge an sinh xi hfi Vift Nam thdi ky 2011-2020", Tgp chi Lao dgng vdXah0i,sh 19 Vu van Phiic 20X2 An sinh xd hgi & me&c ta: mgt s6 van di ly lugn vd lh\rc liin Tham lu$n Hfi thio ciia Hfi dong Lf Iu§n Trung uung v^ An sinh xi hfi Hi Nfi, ... ngucri dan khong man ma voi BHXH Vifc to chirc quan ly tai chinh va tac nghifp BHXH thiri gian qua bi thay dli nhieu lin, Iif n tuc tach nhap, phan tan manh miin va khong hpp I^ Nguiri dan va thdm... cho ngan sach nhd nudc, bdo ddm an sinh xa hpi ben vung Dang chii y Id BHXH cdn ldm tang thgm mfli quan hf gdn bd giua ngudi lao dpng, ngudi sd dyng lao dpng va Nha nudc Ca ba chu thi quan trpng... dirpc nang Ifn la co so quan trpng df bao dam tot hon an sinh xa hfi va phiic lpi xa hpi Chifn lupc phat trien kinh tS - xa hpi giai doan 2011-2020 da xac dinh ro: "PAar Iriin he thing an sinh