đảm bảo an sinh xã hội cho người cao tuổi khu vực phi chính thức ở việt nam

Dam bao an sinh xa hoi cho ngiTdi cao tuoi khu vi/c phi chmh thu'c d Viet Nam MGO YEN TH! HAO' Ddm bdo an sinh xd hdi cho ngudi cao tudi la nghia vu vd trdch nhiim cda mdi cd nhdn, gia dinh vfl todn xd hdi Bdi viit tap trung phdn tich thuc trang dam bdo an sinh xd hdi cho ngudi eao tudi khu vi/c phi chinh thdc d Viit Nam hten trin ca sd dd de xudt mot sd khuyin nghi nhdm ddm bdo an sinh xd hgi cho dd'i tuang ndy trudc thdch thtie cua gid hda ddn sd Tii khoa: an sinh xd hdi, ngudi cao tudi, khu vytc phi chinh thiic, gid hda ddn sd Summary Ensuring social security for older persons is the responsibility of each individual family and the whole society This paper will figure out the current status of social protection for the old in informal sector in Viet Nam and suggest some recommendations to implement this activity before the challenge of aging Keywords: social security, the old, informal sector, aging Gidl THIEU Tudi tho cao la ihanh tffu eiia ngdnh y td- ddn sd va kd't qua cua sff phdi trien kinh id- xd hdi vd nhieu mat, nhiftig ddng thdi cung dat nhffng thdeh ihffc to ldn cham sdc sffe khde, ludi nghi hifti, Iffdng hffu, thay ddi sff tffdng tac xa hoi vd md'i quan he lien the he Gia hda ddn sdse tdc dpng manh me dd'n kinh td' - xa hdi vd mpi mat cua ddi sd'ng O nffdc la hidn vSn edn khoang hdn 60% ngffdi cao tudi khdng cd Iffdng hffu hoae ehffa nhdn dffpc bat eff khoan Ird cap xa hdi ndo, 20% ngffdi cao ludi van cdn phdi sd'ng dffdi mffc ngheo khd, sdnay chu ydu thudc khu vffc kinh id'phi chinh thffe, khdng ed hdp ddng lao ddng, khdng tham gia loai hinh bao hiem xa hdi (BHXH) nao (Hoang Manh, 2015) Mdc dii tudi cao nhffng hp van phdi Iam viee, hoac sdng phu thudc vao cdi Vi vdy, cin phai ndng eao ch^t Iffdng vd md rpng an sinh xa hdi de'n nhdm dd'i Mdng dd bi ton thffdng ndy ^ THU'C TRANG Theo bdo eao ctia Uy ban Qud'e gia vd ngffdi eao tudi, nam 2016, ca nffdc cd 10.144.400 ngffdi cao ludi, chie'm 10,94% dan sd, edcd 1.892.900 ngffdi Iff 80 ludi trd Idn (chid'm 18,6% tdng so'ngffdi cao tudi), Sd ngffdi cao tuoi sd'ng d khu vffc ndng thdn ia 636.000 ngffdi (chie'm 65,7%); ty le ngffdi cao tudi thudc hd ngheo khoang 22% (Ngd Thi Men, 2017) Hien nay, da phan ngffdi eao tudi phai ddi mat vdi gdnh nang "benh tat kep", chii ydu la ede bdnh man tinh khdng lay nhiem, nhff: lieu dffdng, dot quy, tac maeh phdi, thodi hda khdp, sa sut tri tue phai didu tri sudt ddi Trong dd, sd'ngffdi eao tudi hien cd bao hidm y Id' (BHYT) cdn chie'm ty Id nhd, didu ddng nghia vdi vide mdt ty le ldn ngffdi cao tudi se phai tff ehi tra cho cac dich vu cham sdc sffc khoe eho ban than minh, gid eac dich vu dang mdt tang Nhdm chdm sdc sffc khde ngffdi cao tuoi - dac bidt d khu vffc phi chinh thffc de bi td'n thffdng va bd qudn gdp phan phat huy vai trd cua dd'i tffdng nay, ffng phd nhffng thdeh thffe ctia mdl xd hdi gid hda, Nha nffde dd ddnh nhieu sff quan tam tff sdm, cu the: "TS., Tru-cing Dai bgc Kinh t^ Quoc dan I Email: haonguyenl841976@gnnail.com Ngdy nlw'i 'ô"'ã 22/11/2017: Ngdy phdn bi^n: 20/12/2017; Ngdy duy^t ddng- 25/12/2017 hai, thff ba, thff tff ddng lan Iffdt bang 70%, 60%, 50% mffc ddng eua ngffdi thff nhat; tu" ngffcfi thff nam trd di ddng bang 40% mffe T h a n h vi€n ddng cua ngffdi Ihffnhat (Bang I) Tuy vdy, edn cff Nghi quyet sd ntf nhat 27/20I6/QHI4, ngdy 11/11/2016 ciia Its'hai Qude hdi ve dff todn ngan saeh nhd nffdc itj'ba liii'tir nam 2017, tff 01/07/2017, mffc liu'namirddi ddng BHYT ddi vdi hd gia dinh se cd sff thay ddi vi mffe Iffdng cd sd se tang tff 1.210.000 ddng/thang Vdi vide quy dinh BANG 2: Mdc DONG BHXH T^ NGUYEN H A N G THANG cu the mffc ddng BHXH tff nguyen cung nhff khdng ehe mffe td'i thidu va mffe td'i da tham gia BHXH iff nguyen, Luat i/CJna toi thie'u v i j n e d l 100.000 2.750 000 400.000 150.000 Bao hidm xd hpi da tao tidn dd phdp lu'c dong B H X H Uf nguyen tot thieu 682.000 605,000 528.000 000 ly quan cho vide trien khai dp dung 11 = 2 % x i n BHXH tff nguyen trdn thffc tidn, Theo liJc dong B H X H Vd nguygn t6i da 13.640.000 12.100.000 10.560.000 9.460,000 = 2 % x20 x i n Nghi djnh sd i03/2014/ND-CP, ngdy Nguon N g h u l i n h s o I03;2014'^ID CP I I J,2QI-J 11/11/2014, mffc Iffdng ldi thieu chung hidn dffde ehia thdnh bd'n mffc tffdng ffng Ve ddm bdo an sinh xd hgi cho ngUdi cao tudi qua hi vdi bd'n vung nhff Bdng thd'ng trg giiip xa hgi Ve ddm bdo an sinh xd hgi qua hi Chinh sdch trd giup ngffdi cao tuoi cd ddn khdng thdng dich vu xd hdi ndi nffdng tffa dffdc hinh kha sdm, tff Dd'i tffdng ngffdi eao tudi khu vffc phi cd Hien phap dau lien cua nffde Viet Nam Dan ehii ehinh thffe cdng dffde tidp edn vdi dich Cdng hoa nam 1946, Id nffde Cdng hoa Xa hdi Chu vu ehdm sde sffc khde, tao cd hpi binh dang nghTa Vidt Nam Didu 14 eua Hid'n phdp ndm 1946 quy tidp can cdc dich vu cham sdc va gnip dinh' "Nhffng cdng ddn gia ca hoae tan tat khdng lam ho hda nhap vdi cudc sdng cdng ddng Mat dffde vide thi dffde giup dd" Dieu 32 eua Hien phdp khac, dieh vu cham sde ngffdi eao tudi nhir ndm 1959 ghi ro: "Giup dd ngffdi gia, ngffdi dau yeu va vidn dffdng ldo, cdu lae bd dffdng sinh , ldn tdt Md rdng BHXH, bao hiem sffc khoe vd cffu trd ngdy eang da dang, chat Iffdng dieh vu cai xd hdi " Dieu 64 cua Hie'n phap nam 1992 quy dinh: thidn, gitip thda man td't hdn nhu cau chdm "Con edi ed trach nhiem kinh trpng vd ehdm sdc dng ba, sdc dot vdi ngffdi cao mdi cha me " Cung Hid'n phdp ndm 1992, Dieu 87 Ben canh nhffng kdt qua da dat dffpc, ghi rd: "Ngffdi gia, ngffdi tan tdt, tre em md cdi khdng ddm bdo an sinh xa hdi cho ngffdi cao ndi nffdng tffa dffde Nhd nffdc va xa hdi giup dd", tudi khu vffc phi chinh thffc vdn cdn cd Ngdy 21/10/2013, Chinh phti ban hanh Nghi dinh nhffng ban che, nhff sau: sd 136/2013/ND-CP, quy dmh chinh sdeh trd giup ddi Thtinhdl ty le tham gia BPDCH, BHYT tffdng bao trd xa hdi cua khu vffe phi ehinh thffe edn tha'p Theo Nhff vay, qua he thd'ng an sinh xa hdi, hlu hd't ngffdi Bdo edo Iao ddng phi ehinh thffc tai Viet eao tudi ed ddn khdng cd ngudn thu nhdp da dffdc Nam, gan 98% lao ddng phi ehinh thffc Chinh phii hd trd qua hinh thffc trd cap xa hdi hdng khdng ed BHXH Chi 0,2% sd Iao ddng thdng Trd cd'p biTu tri vd trp ca'p xa hdi hdng thdng nhdm ddng BHXH bdt budc, cdn dffdc coi la ngudn thu nhap chinh eho ddi tffdng ngffdi lai 1,9% ddng BHXH tff nguydn Trong cao ludi ndy dd, ly Id Iao dpng ehinh thffc cd BHXH Ve ddm bdo an sinh xa hdi cho ngudi cao tudi qua hi bat budc rat cao (80,5%), Mat khac, chat Iffdng khdm, chffa bdnh chffa ddp ffng Ihdng BHXH BHYT Hien d nffde la, pham vi bao phti eiia ehinh sach nhu elu eua ngffdi Iham gia BHYT, nhll BHXH, BHYT Iff nguyen dang cang dffdc md la d tuyen y te cd sd va cdc tinh mien niii, rpng Khdng cd sff phan biet ve quyen Ipi dffdc hffdng vung sau, viing xa dieu kien cd sd vat giffa ddi tffdng tham gia BHYT tff nguyen va BHYT chit, trang thiet bi lac hdu bat budc Quyen ldi bao ve va ehdm sde sffe khde cua Thii hai, kha nang tie'p edn ehinh sach ngffdi tham gia BHYT tff nguyen dffdc dam bao vd md an sinh xa hdi eiia ngffdi eao tudi khu rdng hdn so vdi quy dmh cdc vdn ban trffde day vffc phi ciiinh thffc cdn tha'p nhffng Khi mua BHYT dieo hd gia dinh, mffc ddng dffdc gidm rao edn vd hanh chinh, dac bidt la ddi dan tff vien thff hai trd di Theo quy dinh tai Khodn vdi lao ddng di eff vd khd ndng tiep ean Dieu 12 eiia Luat Bao hiem y te sifa doi bd sung nam 2014: thdng tin Mat khdc, loai hinh BHXH Iff Ngffdi thff nha't ddng bang 4,5% mffe Iffdng ed sd; ngffdi thff nguydn ehi ed hai ehd dp la hffu tri vd tu' J 1: M d c DONG BHYT T d MGOYEN DOI VOl HQ GIA DlMH NAM 2017 Dan vi: Dor M)?c d o n g B H Y T tif 01/01/2017 Mtfc d o n g B H Y T lit 01/07/2017 d e n 30/06/2017 d e n 31/12/2017 T h e o thdiiE Theo nam T h e o thSne T h e o nSm 54.450 653 400 58.50fi 702.000 38.115 457 380 40.950 491.400 32.670 392.040 35.100 421 200 27.-'^5 326 700 ^9.^50 351 000 21.780 261,360 23.400 280,800 120 Kinh 16'vii Difhio tudt, cdn cdc chd dp dm dau, tai nan Iao dong du rat thiel thffc ddi vdi Iao ddng phi ehinh ihffc dieu kidn Iam vide khdng bdo dam, mffc dp riii ro cdng vide cao bdn, song lai khdng cd BHXH trf nguyen Dieu ndy tao nen sff bd't binh flang giffa nhffng ngffdi lao ddng tham gia BHXH bat budc va BHXH tff nguyen, ndn khdng khuyen khich dffcie Iao ddng phi ehinh thffc tham gia Thd ba, mffc dd thu hffdng cdc che dd cua chinh sdeh an sinh xd hdi cdn thd'p Mffe hffdng Iffdng hffu ciia cac dd'i tiidng tham gia BHXH Iff nguyen thude khu vffe phi ehinh thffe ra't tha'p, thd'p hdn mffc ehudn ngheo va chi bang 1/3 mffc Ifdng tdi thie'u Ngffdi Iao ddng khu vffc phi chinh thffc ndi chung vd ngffdi cao tudi ndi rieng rd't mud'n ddng BHXH cao de hffdng mffc eao, nhuYig kha ndng ddng gop Iai han che', bdi phan ddng ho deu c6 thu nhap rat tha'p Thu nhap ciia ngffdi Iao ddng nghi hifu hien khdng dam bao dffpc nhiJng chi phi sinh boat edn thid't, dac bidt la nhffng luc d'm dau can phdt tridn hd thd'ng hffu tri todn dien, bao gdm d ca khu vffc ehinh thffe va phi chinh thffc dd dam bao an sinh xd hdi cho td't ea mpi ngffdi Da dang hda loai hmh bao hidm nham tang effdng kha nang tid'p cdn eiia cac nhdm ddn sd, nghien cffu xdy dffng va trien khai chinh sach BHXH cho ndng ddn Tang effdng bao hiem iff nguyen vd bao hiem bd sung trdn ed sd Ihid't ke Imh hoat, phu hdp vdi kha nang ddng gdp va ehi tra cua ddi tffdng vd ed kha ndng lien thdng vdi cdc loai hinh bdo hiem khde Hai Id, dam bdo tai chinh ben viTng de thffc hidn an sinh xa hpi cho ngffdi eao tudi khu vffc phi chinh thffc Tang effdng hd trd tdi ehinh tff ngdn sdch nha nffde de ngffdi ddn tham gia hd thd'ng an sinh xd hdi Vide hd trd nen ddnh eho ddi tffdng can ngheo va nhffng nam tdi ndn bd sung md rdng cho ddi tffpng cd thu nhdp trung binh, vdl mffe hd trd tff 60%-80% kmh phi tham gia, tiiy tffng dd'i tffdng thu nhdp Dd'i vdi cde khoan chi trd cap thffdng xuydn ddi vdi nhitng ngffdi cao tudi ed ddn, ngheo khdng ndi nffdng tffa, Nhd nffdc can phai tang ngudn vd'n cho cde quy ndy nham dam bao dd'i tffdng ngffdi cao ludi yd'u the' khdng ndi nffdng lffa dffpc hffdng dung, du cde ehinh sdeh trd giup xa hdi eiia Nhd nffdc, dam bao ngffdi cao tuoi dffdc sd'ng trdn mffc ehuan ngheo ctia xa hdi Ba la, trien khai md hinh cham sdc ngffdi cao tudi vdi nbieu loai hinh eham sdc phu hdp Thanh lap cac cdu lac MOT SO KHUYEN NGHj bd ngffdi eao tudi, cdu lac bd dudng sinh de phuc via nhu edu dffde eham sdc sffe khde loan dien, ren luydn ndng De dam bao an sinh xa hpi eho ngffdi eao sffe khde ve the eha't va tinh than, phat bien va didu cao tudi khu vffe phi ehinh thffe trffde xu tri bdnh kip thdi eua ngffdi cao tudi la rat c^n thiet the gid hda dan sd d Viet Nam hidn nay, Bdn Id, diy nhanh thffc hien xa hdi hda cac boat giiip cdc cu sd'ng vui, khde, cd ich cho xa ddng phat huy vai trd ngffdi cao tudi theo phffdng cham hdi, can chd trpng nhffng giai phdp sau: nha nffdc va nhan ddn cung Iam, Cd cbinh sach thu hut, Mot Id, tidp tuc cai edeh hd Ihd'ng an khuyd'n khieh hd trd ngffdi eao tudi ed kha nang liep tue sinh xd hdi, md rdng dien bao phii Iffdng Iao ddng sdn xud'l, nhd't Id nhffng ngffdi ed nhidu kinh hffu cho ngffdi cao tudi & khu vffc phi nghiem, sffe khoe td't, tham gia ldm dd lao thu nhdp vd chinh thffe, khuydn khieh cdc hinh thffc gdp phan xay dtffig dat nffde, C£n tid'n hdnh cde dff dn tiet kidm, tham gia cac quy hffu tri, mua vd gido due nham ddng vidn vd nang eao kidn thffe, ky cac sdn phd'm bdo hidm nhan thp, Muc nang eho ngffdi cao tudi khu viTc phi chinh thffc, cung lidu trffde mat dat la dd'n ndm 2020 se nhff tne'n khai ede trung ldm gidi thieu viec lam phu CO 50% ngffdi diam gia BHXH Vi vay hdp eho ngffdi cao tudi.Q TAI LIEUTHAM KHAO Bao hidm xa hdi Viet Nam (2012-2016) Bdo cdo bdo hiim xa hgi cde ndm 2012-2016 2.Mai'NgocC\iclng(20\3) Mgt sd'vd'n de ea bdn vi chinh sdeh xd hoi d Viet Nam hien nay, Nxb Chinh tri Qude gia, Hd Ndi Vu Van Phue (2012) An sinh xd hoi d Viit Nam hudng tdi ndm 2020 Nxb Chinh in Qud'c gia, Ha Ndi Tdng cue Thd'ng ke Van phdng Td chffe Lao ddng qud'c te' lai Viet Nam, Vidn Khoa hpe Iao ddng-xa hdi (2017) Bdo cdo lao dgng phi chinh thtie tgi Viet Nam, thdng 10/2017 Ngd Tbi Me'n (2017), De dn chdm sdc stic khde ngudi cao tudi - gidi phdp ting vdi gid hoa ddn sd, truy cdp tff http://hoinguoieaoluoi.vn/c/de-an-eham-soe-sue-khoe-nguoi-cao-tuoi-giaiphap-ung-pbo-voi-gia-hoa-dan-so-4127 htm Hoang Manh (2015), 62% ngudi cao tudi VN chua co luong huu hogc trg cdp ludi gid, truy cap tff bitp://dantri.com,vn/viec-Iam/62-nguoi-cao-tuoi-vn-ehua-co-luong-huu-hoac-tro-cap-luoigia-20150909100344502.htm ... nhiJng chi phi sinh boat edn thid''t, dac bidt la nhffng luc d''m dau can phdt tridn hd thd''ng hffu tri todn dien, bao gdm d ca khu vffc ehinh thffe va phi chinh thffc dd dam bao an sinh xd hdi cho td''t... Ihd''ng an khuyd''n khieh hd trd ngffdi eao tudi ed kha nang liep tue sinh xd hdi, md rdng dien bao phii Iffdng Iao ddng sdn xud''l, nhd''t Id nhffng ngffdi ed nhidu kinh hffu cho ngffdi cao tudi & khu. .. tffdng ffng Ve ddm bdo an sinh xd hgi cho ngUdi cao tudi qua hi vdi bd''n vung nhff Bdng thd''ng trg giiip xa hgi Ve ddm bdo an sinh xd hgi qua hi Chinh sdch trd giup ngffdi cao tuoi cd ddn khdng