An sinh xã hội cho người cao tuổi ở việt nam hiện nay

An sinh xa hoi cho nguoi cao tu6i or Viet Nam hien NguyenffinhToin' 'Vifti NgUairataC:on nguffi, Viin Hin 13m Khoa hpc x5 hpi ViSt Nam Email: Iualiilis@yalioo.com Nhin n^y 11 thing nam 2016 CJiip nhan Jang ngiy 30 IhSiig nam 2016 Tom a t : Hiln nay, Vi|t Nam 14 qudc gia co tic dft gia hiia din s6 nhanh nhit the gidi QuS trtnh niy da vi dang dat nhiing thich thlic d6i vdi viSc dam bao an sinh xa hpi cho ngufti cao tudi nhu: dim bao dfti sftng kinh tc (thu nhjp), co hfti U6p can cSc dich vy xa hfti vi chim sftc siic khoe cho ngua, cao tuoi P h k Iftn ngufti cao hifti khong co luong huu, tro cip xa hfti vi the bao hilm y te^Troug dft, ngufti cao moi lai cft nhu d u khim chiia benh cao vi phai chi tra cho chim sftc Siic Hifte ntaiu htm Thwc tk niy dit ytu ciu hue thia ein phai mft rong an sinh xi hfti cho ngufti eao turn ft Vift Nam hfti eanh gii hfta din sft dang gia ting hien Tft- khfta: An sinh xa hfti, ngufti eao tuoi, gii hfta dta sft, Vifti Nam Abstact: Currently, Vielnam is the countiy with the fastest aghig populalion in the world This has been posmg challenges to ensuring social security for the elderly, including proper economic eondihons (mcome), access to social sendees and healthcare Most elderly people neither have pensions norreceivesocial allowances or health msurance cards Meanwhile, they have high needs for medical examinations and treatment and have to pay more for healthcare This has entailed an urgent need to extend social seemity for the elderly m Viemam in the context of inereasmg anina populauon nowadays e BB Keywords: Social security, elderly, aging population, Vietnam l.Mft^aiu ky q„j y^„^ rtir- XT , Vift Nam, tong khoang 30 nim trft I^ s,.V^ Ift '^ "ã?' ** ' ^ ô J ' " • ' ' cSch dfeg ke So h?u dieu tra dto s6 vh nhi ft giOa ky tho, adm 1/4/2014 [2, tr.35] cho tyi? ngufti tir 60 tufti trft len ting 3,1% (tir 7.1% vio nam 1989 len 8,0% „5m 1999 ^••'* "S™ 2009 v4 10,2% n t a 2014)- d „g„« ,rtn 65 tufti tang 2,4% (tir 7% vio nam 1989 Iftn 5.8% n t a 1999, 4% nim gi^ ^ ^ ^ ^ jggj, ^,^ jljj^^ ?> ^' f T l " f ™°' "' " "'°' " * ' « " ileu cft xu htrftng ting khoang ba thap 2009 vi 7,1% nam 2014) DJy cii^g li gil^ doan ty Ift ngufti tren 60 tufti ZI L Z Khoa hoc xa hgi Viet Nam, so 11 (108)-2016 nhat Xet theo quan diem ciia Lien Hop Quoc va cac to chuc qudc te, nam 2011 nudc ta trd qudc gia gia hda dan so (nam 2011 ly Ie ngudi tren 65 luoi dat 7%; ty le ngudi tir 60 iu6i trd len dat 10% [14]) Du bao dan so tir 60 tuoi trd len d nudc ta se tang len 17,5% vao nam 2030 va 27,9% vao nam 2050 [15] Ben canh chi tieu ve ty irpng dan so tren 60 tudi va tren 65 ludi thi chi so gia hda dan sd Cling cho chiing ta ihay ro xu hudng gia hoa dan sd d nudc la Ke tir nam 1989 den chi so gia hda dan so cua nudc ta lien IUC tang 25,1% Nam 1989 chi sd gia hoa dan sd la 18,2%, nam 1999 la 24,3%, nam 2009 la 35,5% va dSn nam 2014 tang len 43,3%[2,lr.35] Theo du bao ciia Tdng cue Thong ke, chi so gia hda dan sd d nudc ta se tang len 141% vao nam 2044 va 158% vao nam 2049 [ 12, tr 17] Di£u co nghTa la chi so gia hda dan sd d nudc ta se tang them 104,7% khoang 35 nam tdi (lang hon lan so vdi giai doan tir 1989-2014), MQI dac trung ciia quk trinh gia hda dan so d nudc ta hi?n cung nhu giai doan tiep theo, dd la qua trinh gia hoa dan sd nhanh d nhom ngudi gia Dieu co nghia la s6 ngudi gia d dp tudi cao co xu hudng tang len Trong giai doan tir 1979 ddn 2009, ty le ngudi gia tu 70 tudi trd len d nudc ta cd xu hudng tang nhanh va cao hon so vdi ly le ngudi gia tir 60 dan 69 tudi Xu hudng dugc du bao la sc tiap iuc tang nhanh hon nua giai doan Idi Theo du bao, den nam 2049, ly 1? ngudi gia tir 70 tu6i trd Ien sc lang cao hon hien khoang dan lan Nudc la ciing duac danh gia la qu6c gia CO toc dp gia hoa dan s6 nhanh irong khu vuc Ddng Nam A (sau Singapore va Thai Lan) 30 Nhu vay, cd the thay nudc ta vira budc vao giai doan ca cau diin so vang da phai ddi mat vdi van de gia hda dan sd Ty 1^ ngudi cao tudi cang tang, ganh nang \k chi tra bao hiem xa hpi va cham soc sue khoe cho ngudi cao tudi cang Idn Dieu dang dat nhirng ihach thuc ddi vdi viec dam bao an sinh xa hoi cho ngudi cao tu6i d nudc ta hien va giai doan tdi GiJ hoa la mpt tuu ciia qua trinh phdt trien nhd vao su tot hon ve ddi song kinh le, dieu kien cham sdc sue khde, giao due \k che dp dinh dudng Xu hudng mot mat phan anh tuu ciia chinh sSch dan so va dieu kien sdng cua ngudi dan, mat khac dal nhiing thach thuc ddi vdi an sinh xa hpi cho ngudi cao ludi Bai viet phan Ifch thuc trang an sinh xa hpi cho ngudi cao tudi d nudc la hien (tren cac phuong dien: chi'nh sach an sinh xa hpi, ddi sdng kinh le va cham sdc sue khoe) vi giai phap bao dam an sinh xa hpi cho doi tupTig Chinh sach an sinh xa hgi cho ngircri cao tuoi boi canh gia hda dan sk O nudc ta, an sinh xa hpi ndi chung va an sinh xa hpi cho ngudi cao tudi noi rigng da duac de cap den tii rit sdm cSc van ban quy pham phap luat Trudc het, dieu d6 dugc the hien Irong Hien phap Hien phflp nam 1946, Dieu 14 co neu: "nhirng ngudi cong dan gia ca hoac tan lat khong \km duac vi?c thi dugc giup dd" [17] Hiln phap nam 1959, tai Didu 32 neu: "Nguoi lao dgng co quyen dugc giiip dd ve vat chat gia yeu, benh tat, hoac mSt siic lao ddng, Nha nudc md rdng diin cdc Id chiic bao hiem xa hpi, ciru i6 vk y tk dk bao dam cho nguoi lao dgng dugc hudng quySn d6" [17] Hien phap nam 1980, tai Didu 59 vi WguyklKnhTuia max < a ^ , a f c „ , - C t o g j y ^ „^ iftfcItU v e l m i g a y&, b ^ tjt i t a e ndt sfc lao d$Dg aaac buong quyk Iai bao W e m i i l i ^ v a - N g i i a i gii Tingum'ttota ldnigiH« BuimgiBa^tic Nhi mroc v4 xi ltô ^ t f ằ ã (17} HSn jhSp nam 1992 (fti iSy"eaa di& cft b&i phin kiiih tnmg vi chta soc « ^ bi, cha me"; -Wgiifti gii, » P « tin tit, tift mft c6i khftng mri tmong tniAioc NM nuoc ^ x i hfti gidp d»" [17] B ^ HSt nin phip n t a 2013 ffl ghi nhan: "Cftng dSn co quyftn duoc bSo d t a an sinh xS KJi', "Ngufti cao tufii dtroc Nha nuoc, gia fflnh v i x i hfii ton trong, chta sftc vi phit tay vai trt) su nghig, xiy dimg vi bao v$ Tft quftc" [17] bao an sinh x i hfti cho ngufti cao tooi Tuy nhiesi, cic chfoh sach niy vin chua bao trbn toc tat ca nhflng ngufti cao mfti hijn v i viec thuc thi difnh sach an sinh xa hfti dio nhftm niy cftn nhik bit cjp (nhu chua dam bao ftipc miie thu nhap toi thik; hft thong chim sfic sue khfte vi cic dich vu xa hfti dura dap ftng dugrc nhu ciu cua ngufti cao mfti) BU sing Unh t^ cfta ngufti cao tuoi Theo sft heu khao sit gia fflnh Viet Nam nam 2006 vi d i k Ira quftc gia ve nguoi cao tofti nam 2011, phto Ion (tren 30%) nguoi cao mfti ft nuftc ta sftng nho vio sv tro giilp An dnh x i hfti cho ngufti cao tufti cftng cfta^con cii; phan Ion khac sftng tii chfnh * ^ de cip nhiftu Ln|t, PhSp Iftnh, nguon thu nh|p nguoi cao mfti t\r lao dftng; Ngh) djnh, Quy& dinh Lu|t bao v? sftc sft nguoi cao mfti sftng dva vio Iuong huu Hifte nhto din (1989) quy djnh: uu ticn vi^tr? cip chi chiem khotog 25,0%; mftt ngufti gii Irong khta chiJa b$nh; t ^ dik phan song dt/tt vio nguftn khSc nhu tfch Ifty ki|n thuin Ipi cho ngufti gii thft dyc tu ttuoc hay ho trgr cua vp/chkg, anh/chj the thao, nghi ngoi, giii trf Ln|t Lao dftng em, htog xfim (1994) ffinh nghia ngufti cao mfti, xic djnh N t a 2015, chi cfi 26,0% ngufti cao mfti dik kiftn lao dftng cho ngufti lao dftng, che cft luong huu Cic ket qua nghien cuu niy dft l^ghi huu PhSp Iftnh ngufti cao mfti cho thiy ty Ift nguiii cao mfti ft nuoc ta cfi (2006), Lntt Ngufti cao mfii (2010), Lujt Iuong huu la thip (chi chiem khotog 'A Bio Mki ]^ hfti (2006), Nghi djnh 05/cip sft ngufti cao mfti) N k tinh them so nguoi quy dinh vft tnjr d p phiSc Igi xa hfti cho dugrc huftng cic loju trgr cip xa hfti khic thl ngufti gii cft don khftng noi nuong tvra cfi them khofag 1,586 triftu nguoi, dfi Nghj djnh 13&20I3/NB-CP quy dinh vft cfi 97.000 ngufti ft dft tu^i 60-79; nhfim tir fthnih sich trgr giiSp x5 hfti d6t voi doi tupng 80 tofti trft iftn l i tren 1,48 triftu [16] N k bio tiv xi h$i (trong dft cft ngufti cao mfti) U'nh c i nhttag nguoi dugc nhfa luong huu Chi thi ^eia Ban Bf thu qny dlnh ve chta vi cic Io»i trgr cip xi hfti khic thi cfi 43,8% sfic ngudi cao mfti (s^ 59-CT/TW, ngiy 27 so nguoi cao mfti cfi luong huu vi tro cap thSre a t o 1995) Nuftc ta cimg da xay xi hfti Tuy nhiftn, mftc thu nhip tft cic loai d»ng cac chuong trinh hinh dftng vft nguoi trg cap xa hfti cho nguoi cao mfti ft nuoc ta cao mfti, ttong dfi d i k hinh li Chuong trinh cftn thip N k liy muc trg cip theo htah dftng q u ^ gia ve nguoi cao mfti Viftt Nghi dinh 136fl013/ND-CP (Nghi dinh niy Nam giai dttfa 2005-2010 cho dcn ft nhieu dia phuong vin chua M OS nhik chfnh sich dui?c Bfag vi Nhi noftc