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104 Xd hoi hoc s6 (143) 2018 AN SINH XA HOI VUNG VEN DO HA NOI (Nghiin cicu trudng hgp xd Tdn Lap huyin Dan Phugng vd phudng Lien Mgc, qudn Bdc Tic Liem, Hd Ngi) DOAN KIM THANG' Tom tdt: An sinh xd hgi (ASXH) Id mot hi thong to chicc vd thi chi nhdm phdng ngira vd gidm thiiu cdc riii ro cho ngudi ddn Vi nguyen tdc, he thong ASXH huang tdi phuc vu todn ddn, nhung thyc ti, vdi khd ndng bao phii co hgn, he thong ndy thuang cdn gap nhiiu kho khdn de thyc hiin muc tieu nhu da neu O vitng ven do, nai von CO nen ASXH dugc kiin tgo chu yeu dua tren nin tdng quan hi gia dinh, dong hg vd cgng dong, cdc hogi dgng ASXH ca bdn chua ddp ung kip thai vd day dit de giup ngudi ddn vugt qua kho khdn Qua nghien cint dinh tinh trudng hgp xa Tdn Lap (huyin Dan Phugng) vd phudng Lien Mgc (qudn Bdc Tic Liem), Hd Ngi ndm 2018, bdi viit cung cdp mgt bice tranh thyc trgng cua he thong ASXH vitng ven vd di xudt mgt s6 gidi phdp nhdm phdt trien dich vu ASXH boi cdnh hiin Tir khoa: an sinh xa hpi, ven Ha Noi, bao hiem xa hpi, bao hiem y te, trp giiip xa hoi Nhgn baj- 05/7/2018 Gin phdn bien: 16/7/2018 Duy?t dang: 10/9/201 I Gidi thieu An sinh xa hpi (ASXH) Id he thdng cac chinh sdch vd chuong trinh Nhd nudc vd cac to chuc xa hpi thuc hien nham bao ddm cho mpi ngudi dan it nhit cd duoc muc thu nhgp tdi thieu, cd co hdi tiep can d muc tdi thieu cac dich vy xa hdi co bdn nhu: gido due, y te, nha d, nudc sach, thdng tin, thdng qua viec nang cao nang luc tu an sinh ciia ngudi dan va su tra giiip cua Nhd nudc Viet Nam, cdng cugc Ddi mdi (kl tu 1986) din da dem lai nhieu thdnh tyu quan trpng ve kinh tl va xa hoi, cd viec ciing cd va hodn thien he thdng chinh sdch vl ASXH Day vua Id muc tieu, vua la co sd dl dn dinh chinh tri-xS hdi, phat trien ben vGng Vimg ven qua trinh thi hda Id noi chiing kiln su chuyin dich ca cdu kinh te ndng nghiep sang phi ndng nghiep, la mdi trudng trung gian cho su tac dpng qua lai giua van hda ndng thdn vd van hda dd thi Ld noi an sinh cua ngudi ddn duac kiln tgo chii yeu dua tren nen tang quan he gia dinh, ddng hp vd cdng ddng Dd la phiic lai lang-xa (Biii Thi Cudng vd cdng su, 2003) So vdi thi, vung ven la nai tgp trung phan ldn ndng dan vd tap trung ddng dan cu vdi su da dang ca vl dan sd co hpc qud trinh thi bda dang diln mgnh me, cung vdi khdi lupng ngudi nhgp cu ngdy cang ldn, ddn tdi Vien Xd hgi hgc, Viin Hdn ldm Khoa hgc xd hgi Viet Nam Dodn Kim Thdng 105 nhieu ngudi roi vao rui ro, roi vdo tinh cdnh yeu the hem Trong dd, hogt ddng ASXH ca bdn chua dap ung kip thdi, du yeu cau vd chi d muc dp tdi thieu, khdng dii de giup ngudi dan gap rui ro vupt qua khd khan (Td Duy Hpfp vd cdng sy, 2000) Vung ven Hd Ndi duoc lua chpn nghien ciiu Id xa Tdn Ldp (huyen Dan Phuang) va phudng Lien Mac (qudn Bdc TG Liem, Hd Ndi) Day Id hai khu vyc can ke vdi phd, nai vGa cd cac hogt dpng ndng nghiep vua cd cdc hogt ddng phi ndng nghiep, cdc hogt ddng phi ndng nghiep chiem ty trpng ldn Bai viSt phan tich thuc trang vd de xudt gidi phap nhdm phdt trien he thdng ASXH vimg ven Dac trung kinh te-xa hoi vung ven 2.1 Ca cau ddn so-xa hpi Co ciu ddn sd-xd hdi viing ven dd Id su da dgng hda cua cac nhdm xa hpi vd cac bd phan dan cu mdi gia nhdp vung ddt Ban than cau tnic cu dan tgi chd, dan gdc cua khu vuc vdn ciing da da dgng hem cdc viing ndng thdn ngogi vi vd khu vuc ndi thdnh, bdi vi nd thudng bao gdm mdt bo phdn ndng dan (trdng lua, trdng rau, trdng hoa truyen thdng), ciing vdi cac nhdm ddn cu dd thi khdc nhu: cdng nhan, vien chdc, tho thu cdng, budn ban nhd (Tqnh Duy Ludn, 2016) Viing ven dd cung xuit hi?n rapt sd nhdm dan cu mdi, khiln cho ciu tnic dan cu d day cdng da dang va phuc tgp hon cung vdi nhGng quan he xa hdi giGa hp, dd la nhdm dan di cu tG ndng thdn vao thi, tam tni d day tai cac khu nha trp, mpt nhdm khdc cd thi Id dan cu tu ndi chuyin d vung ven nhdm cai thien chd d noi d cu qua chat hep Ben cgnh dd, vimg ven ciing kha gan vdi cac khu cdng nghiep, nai cd ddng cdng nhan nhgp cu tG noi khdc den lam viec vd dang cdn chd d, mdt sd sinh vien cac trudng dai hpc vd tnmg cap d xung quanh cung cd nhu cau nha d Do vgy, thdnh phin cu dan vung ven da dgng han cd them nhdm lao dpng tre vd smh vien tdi cu tni va sinh sdng 2.2 Chiec nang sdn xudt Tuy tdn tgi mdt he thdng ndng thdn-ven dd-dd thi (Laquinta vd Drescher, 2002), nhung vung ven vdn cd nhGng dgc tnmg kinh te, van hod va xa hpirieng.Ve kinh tl, khdc vdi ndng thdn, khu vuc la nai khdng ddng nhat ve cac hogt dpng kinh te vi khu vyc bao gdm cac hoat ddng sdn xuit cdng nghi$p, ndng nghipp, tiiu thii cdng nghiep vd cac dich vy thuang mgi Ty trpng ndng nghiep chi chiem mpt phan nhd ting thu nhgp tu cac hoat ddng kinh te cua khu vuc Ven Id nai chiu tac ddng manh me cua qua trinh dd thi bda, cac hoat ddng sdn xuit ndng nghiep bi giam din vd cd the mit di chuyin ddi muc dich sd dung dit tG ndng nghiep sang phi ndng nghiep va thay vao dd la cac hoat ddng san xuat phi ndng nghiep Theo sd lieu thdng ke Hd Noi, giai doan 2011-2015, dien tich dit ndng nghiep giam 5.500-6.000 ha, binh quan m6i nam giam tren 1000 ha' Theo tinh todn cua cac chuyen gia, nlu nhu ndm 2010, ty le dd thi hda d Ha Ndi la 30-32%, den nam 2020 du bdo se chiim tdi 55-65% Dd thi hoa tdng nhanh, sy gia tang dan sd keo theo dien tich dit sdn xuit ndng nghiep d Ha Npi cdng bi thu hep (Mai ^ NguIn: Nien giim Th6ng ke Hi Npi cic nam 2010, 2011,2012, 2013, 2014, 2015 106 An sinh xd hoi viing ven Hd Ngi Anh, 2017) Mac du co cau san xuat cua vimg ven dd t6 nhi6u chuyen ddi theo hudng cdng nghiep, tiiu thu cdng nghiep vd dich vu thuang mai, nhung ven van Id noi lien ket thi-ndng thdn ve kinh te-xd hpi vdi cdc vanh dai xanh tren dipn tich dat ndng nghiep cdn lgi sau qud trinh thu hdi dit cua nhd nudc de phdt triln cdc khu cdng nghi$p vd nhd d dd thi v l van hod, ldi sdng cua cu ddn ven dd la sy pha trpn giua ldi sdng ndng thdn vd ldi sdng dd thi su da dgng vl thdnh phdn dan cu, dd l6i song dd thi cd liic chi phii, cd liic dan xen vdi ldi sdng ndng thdn Thdi dp, hdnh vi va iing xG giGa cdc ca nhan vdi vd vdi mdi tnrdng thay ddi theo xu hudng dd thi Cac gia tri, chuan muc va vdn hod cung bien ddi theo hudng dd thi v l xd hdi, vung ven khdng thuan nhat ve thdnh phdn ddn cu, khu vuc bao gdm ndng dan, cdng nhdn, tri thuc, chu doanh nghiep, tdng lap trung luu, ngudi ngheo, thgm chi ca ngudi dan tdc thieu sd Trinh dp dan tri va nhgn thuc cua ngudi dan cao hon so vdi ndng thdn vi dupc tiep xiic vdi hien dgi va dupc cung cap thdng tin thudng xuyen tu nhieu ngudn khdc Quan he xd hdi da chieu vd phiic tap ban so vdi khu vyc n6ng thdn, thudng cd nhGng xung dpt ve lai ich giua c ^ nhdm dan cu cd su khdc ve nhdn thdc vd quyen lpi (trong su dyng ddt, cdc dich vy xd hdi, ve sinh va mdi trudng) D^c diem dia ban khao sat 3.L Xa Tan L^p Xa Tan Lgp, huypn Dan Phupng cd dien tichty nhien la 554,17 Dan sd tinh din thdng nam 2018 la 17.797 ngudi, la xa ddng dan thu hai cua huyen Dan Phupng, Ha Npi NghS nghiep chii yeu cua ngudi ddn xa tG nam 1960 trd vl trudc Id nong nghiep vd nghe truyen thdng det vai Ben canh dd cdn cd mdt sd nghi phy khdc nhu: tha mdc, tho ne, thp ren, gd NhGng nam gan day Hd Ndi dang qua trinh dd thi hoa mgnh me, da cd tac ddng nhieu den cac xd ven dd, dd cd xa Tan Lap Dien tich canh tac xa Tdn Lap din bi thu hep, neu nhu nam 2005 dien tich dit ndng nghipp ciia xa Id 390 ha, thi sau 10 ndm dien tich dd gidm chi cdn 288 ha; nam 2016 la 250,77 va din cudi ndm 2017 chi cdn 232,07 ha^ Do dien tich dit hi thu hep nen co ciu lao dpng ciia xd Tdn Lap ciing cd nhieu thay ddi Co cdu lao dpng, viec ldm cua xa ciing cd nhGng thay ddi bdi tac ddng cua qua trinh chuyin ddi kinh tl-xa hpi Nlu nam 2012, ty trpng sdn xuit Ndng nghipp la 16,0% thi ndm 2017 chi cdn 5,5%, ty trpng Thucmg mgi vd Dich vy tang tu 43,6% nam 2015 len 54,6% nam 2017 3.2 Phudng Lien Mac Lien Mac la rapt phudng ven dd, duoc lap nam 2013 huypn Tu Liem dupc tdch dl lap hai qudn Bdc Tu Liem va Nam Tu Liem Phudng Lien Mac cd 3.126 hd gia dinh vdi 13.386 nhdn khiu Tdng sd lao ddng toan phudng Id 8.924 lao dpng, dd lao ddng nam ehilm 54,0% va 46,0% Id lao dpng nu San xuit ndng Thing ke vl kinh tl-xa hpi UBND xa Tin Lgp n5m 2005; 2015 vi 2017 Dodn Kim Thdng 107 nghiep la nghi chinh cua ngudi dan xa, ben cgnh dd nghi phy truyin thdng la sdn xudt dau phy cung cip cho thdnh phd Ha Npi^ Sau trd phudng, ty trpng sdn xuat va thu nhap tG ndng nghipp cua Lien Mgc cd xu hudng gidm Ndm 2015, co cdu lao dpng tvr sdn xuit ndng nghiep Id 33,5% thi ndm 2018 chi cdn 24,5% Trong dd, cdc nganh cdng nghiep, xdy dyng va thuang mai-dich vy tang nhanh (Thdng ke phudng Lien Mgc, 2015; 2016; 2017; 2018) Cd the thiy co ciu lao ddng viec lam ciia vimg ven dd qua sd liSu xa Tan Lgp va phudng Lien Mgc nhu sau: Hinh Ctf cau lao d^ng, vi^c lam xa Tan L§p vi phvdmg Li^n Mac, 6/2018 Phuong Lien N o Nong/Iam/ngu nghiep Tieu thu c6ng nghiep Cong nghiep/xay d\mg Thuong mai/Dich vu Canbpnhanuoc ^ • M 24,5 ,5 37 Thieu viec lam 0,1 Nong/lam/ngu nghiep Tieu thii c6ng ngtuep Cong ngliiep/xay dung 9,8 9,5 19,7 Can bg nha nuoc Lam Uiue/ngh^ ty Thieu viec lam 19,8 9,2 ^ s 6,9 10 15 % 20 25 30 Ngudn: Thdng ke xd Tdn Lap vd phudng Lien Mac, 2017 vd 2018 Thyc trang an sinh xa hpi 4.L Lao dgng, viic ldm vd giam ngheo Phat triln dich vu ASXH cd y nghia dl bao ddm he thdng ASXH bao phu todn ddn, nhdm giiip ngudi dan cd viic ldm, thu nhdp toi thieu; tham gia bdo hiim xd hgi vd cdc trg giup xd hgi Khao sdt tgi xd Tan Lap vd phudng Lien Mac, sd lieu cho thiy mac dii sd hp thilu viec ldm ty le khdng nhilu, nhimg sd hp ngheo va can ngheo van cd ty le dang kl, nhit la hd ngheo theo tieu chi ngheo da chilu Nam 2015, phudng Lidn Mgc cd 79 h^ ngheo, nam 2016 tang len 129 hp va din thdng diu nam 2018 giam cdn 90 hp chiem ty 1? 6,5% (trong dd 3,4% hd ngheo vd 3,1% hp can ngheo) Tai xa Tan Lap, ty le hp ngheo ndm 2017 Id 5,4% (2,3% hd ngheo vd 3,1% hd can ngheo), ndm 2018 ty I^ hp ngheo giam 0,6% xudng cdn 4,8%, dd 2,2% h^ ngheo vd 2,6% hd cgn ngheo ' xa Lidn Msic tro thinh phuimg nim 2013 theo Nghj quyet s6 132 ngiy 27/12/2013 vl vi^c dieu chinh dia gidi hinh chinh huy^n T£r Li6m dl l^p 02 quan Nam Tir Ligm vi BSc Tir Liem vdi 23 phudng thupc thinh phi Hi Npi 108 An sinhxd hgi vung ven Hd Not Hinh Ty 1^ hd ngheo, hp can ngh&o x3 Tan L^p vi phuimg Lien M^c » phuong Lien Mac Ngudn: UBND xa Tan Lap va UBND phuang Uen Mac, Ha Not ndm 2017, 2018 De triSn khai cong tac giam nglieo, bao dam ASXH clio ngucri dan, nhOng nam qua, cac ng^nli, cac cap t^i cac xS/phuong ven cung da triln khai nhi^u boat dpng co hieu qua nhu: H6 trp xay dung va sita chtta nha o cho hp ngbeo; ph6i hpp gidi quyfa cho nhiSu luot bp ngheo, c^in ngheo vay vdn; mo cac lop djy nghS cho ngucri ngheo, bp ngheo tai dia phuong S6 U6u khao sat tai vung ven cho thiy nam gan day (2015, 2017 va 2018) ty 1| hp ngheo va can ngheo t£ii xa Tan L^p va phucmg Lien Mac dupc tap huin huong din each lam an phat triSn kinh ti tang len ro rpt Chang h?n, xa Tan Lap nam 2015 CO 16,4% s6 hp ngheo, can ngheo dupc tap huln, thi nam 2017 ty le da tang len 41,6% va nam 2018 la 43,3% Tuong tu, phudng Lien Mac ty 1^ hp nghto, cto ngheo duoc t^p huan huijng dan each lam an, phat triSn kinh ti ciing tang qua cac nSm, nam 2015 (14,6%) Trong chuong trinh muc tieu qu6c gia giam ngheo bSn vOng cua Viet Nam, Chinh phvi da ban hanh Nghi dinh 78/2002/ND-CP ngiy 04/10/2002 v6 "Tin dyng doi voi ngucri ngheo va cac d6i tupng chinh sach khdc" Chinh sach cung dupc triSn khai ven do, da tao diSu kifn cho nguoi ngheo va cac ddi tuong chinh sach xa hpi tijp can nguon von tin dimg tru dai ctia Nha nuac ii tirng buoc cai thien va nang cao diJu kien song cho cac hp gia dinh Ket qua khao sat cbo thiy, cac nam gin day, ty 1? hp ngheo, c ^ ngbeo d Tin Lap va Lien Mac duoc vay v6n tin dung tir ngan hang chinh sach xa hpi tang Nam 2015, cac hp ngheo, can ngheo a TStn Lap duoc vay v6n tin dung tit quy tin dung uu dai vcri t^ 1? 46,6% s5 h0, nam 2017 (44,2%) va nam 2018 (41,6%) Cac hp ngheo, c$n ngheo phucmg Lien Mac nam 2015 dupc vay v6n tin dung tm dai vcH ty 1? 14 64,0%, nam 2017 (62,0%) va nam 2018 (63,6%) Doan Kim Thdng 109 Hinh Ty le ho ngh^o dutfc vay von v^ tham gia chinmg trinh ASXH • Ty le hp ngheo, can ngheo duoc vay von tin dyng uu dai tir NgSn hang chinh sach xa hpi • Ty le hQ ngheo, can nghfio duoc tap huan huong dan each lam an phat trien kinh Tan Lap |Lien Mac 2018 Nguon: Khdo sdt xa Tdn Lap (Dan Plnrgng) vd pftuong Lien Mgc, Bdc Tir Liem, HdNoi, 2018 Thuc hi#n Nghi dinh 78/2002/ND-CP ctia Chinh phu, Ngan hang cblnh sach xa hpi (NHCSXH) phd Ha Npi cung da trien khai co hi?u qua cac chuong trinh tin dyng uu dai d6i voi nguM ngheo va cac d6i tupng chinh sach xa hpi khic, d6 co vimg ven Cu thi, da co gin 515 lupt hp ngheo a Tan Lap vk 200 lugrt hp ngheo, cfin ngbeo Lien Mac dupc vay v6n hai nam 2017-2018; giiip hem 70 hp Tan Ljp va 32 hp o Lien Mac tbodt ngheo; thu hut tao viec lam cbo 900 lao dpng o Lien Mac va 525 lao dpng a Tan Ljp bai nam 2017-2018; giiip nhiSu hpc sinh, sinh vien co hoan canh kho khan duoc vay v6n bpc t^p; b8 trp xay dpig, sua cbOa nba 6t cbo cic hp ngheo Vdn tin dyng chinh sach xa boi da gdp phin tich eye vi?c th^c hi?n myc tieu qu6c gia vi gidm ngheo bSn vihig, ciing nhu giam ngbio viing ven Ty 1$ hp ngh6o vimg ven vi thS co cbiSu hu6ng giam Cy thS, hp ngbJp, c?n ngheo xa Tan Lap giam tir 6,2% (2016) xudng 4,8% (2018); hp ngbeo, can ngheo phudng Lien M?c giam tit 4,1% (2016) cdn 2,82% (2018) Tuy nhien, sy ket hop giUa cac nginh, cac cip qui ttinh th^c bi$n cdng tac giam ngheo cdn nhftng bat cap cin khSc phyc: CUng lung lung tu lucmg y lgi (y noi hg dan), tgo site y vifc xoa nhiing hq ngheo, chinh sach giam ngheo chdng cheo, thiiu tinh thdng nhdt va ddng bo, chu yiu thien vi luang, ngin hgn ma chua thifc sft chii trgng din chdt luang giam ngheo theo huang bin vung CUng tinh chdt, muc dQ "hanh chinh quan lieu" cdc cdp, mot s6 can bq lam cong tdc gidm ngheo Viic xdc dinh dien hq ngheo theo quy djnh co nhung Uch lgc, co biiu hien dua vdo quan he thdn quen dua vdo-di^n ngheo nhicng hq khong ndm tiiu chi ngheo (PVS, Lanh dao xa Tan Lap, huy?n Dan Phuong, Ha Npi) 110 An sinh xa hQi vitng ven Ha Npi 4.2 Tham gia bio hiim xa hqi va bao hiimy te citt ngirM dan Cho d&i nay, Cbinh phu da ban hanh nhiSu chinh sach ket bpp voi nhim tao mpt mgng luai ASXH rong khdp, da tdng nhim h ^ che, phdng ngira v4 khic phyc nii ro thien tai va cac bi6n dpng vi kinh tl-xa hpi gay cbo cac thinh vien xa hpi, nbam muc tieu phat triln bin vGng Ben canh vi?c ban hanh cac chuong trinh ASXH quan tam toan dien din cac nhdm xa hpi ylu the, thi vi$c tien tdi phat triSn h$ thong bao hiem xa hdi cho toan dan cung la muc dich cic chuang trinh ASXH hudng den Tai xa Tan Lap, nam 2018 da cip 2.186 the BHYT din cac ddi tupng chinh sach xa hpi va tre em Xay dung va hd trp xiy dyng nhi d cho 16 bd ngbeo bang phuong thiic van ddng xa bdi hda vdi tdng sd tiln ban 155 trieu ddng Nam 2017, xa da phdi hpp vdi Trudng Cao ding Cpng ddng Ha Tay md 01 ldp dio tao nghe ky thuit trdng cdy an qui cho 35 hpc vien la lao dpng ngheo cua xa Khao sat tai bai dia ban ven ciing cbo thay biic tranh cbimg ve nhan thiic cua ngudi dan d khia canh Ty le chimg ngudi dan dupc hdi biet dupc cac loai hinh vh bao hiem kha cao la: BHYT; Trp cip him tri; Bao hilm thit nghifp; Trp cap tai nan lao ddng; Trp cap dm dau; Trp cap tir tuat va cac loai bao hiem khac Tuy nhien xem xet miic dp hieu biet diy du vl cac lo^i BHXH, s6 lieu cho bilt ty le hiiu bilt vS BHYT la cao nhit (30,7%), tilp din la cac loai khac nhu: Tro cip thit nghifp (9,2%); BHYT tu nguyen (6,9%); Trp cip tai nan lao dpng (3,7%); Trp cip til tuit (2,2%) (Truong Xuan Trudng, 2016) Kit qua nghidn cuu dinh tinh cflng cho thiy biiu bilt ddi vdi BHXH va BHYT Thai gian qua, toi ciing duqc cdn bq den luyen truyen, nen hiiu rdng tham gia BHYT vita chdm soc tot site khoe bdn thdn, ddng thai, gop phdn chia se vdi cdng ddng xd hoi Ddu duqc tuyen truyen nhieu lan, nhitng tdi ciing chua ro vi Iqi ich tham gia BHYT ndm lien tuc la nhu thi ndo (PVS, Nam, 40 tudi, phudng Lien Mac, Bac Tir Liem, Ha Npi) Cdc cdp, cdc ngdnh cdn tuyen truyin nhiiu han vi BHXH lgi cdc cum ddn cu Id ddn phd , bdi ngudi ddn chua hiSu ro vi chinh sdch ndy (PVS, Nu, 45 tudi, xa Tan Lip, Dan Phupng, Ha Npi) Mpt dilu nhiin thiy la sd ngudi tham gia BHXH, BHYT tang nhanh nhihig nam gin day Tai xa TSn L$p, nam 2016 tj- le dan so xS cd the BHYT la 81,7%, dd, 51,2% dan sd cd BHYT bit bupc va 30,5% dan sd cd the BHYT tu nguyen Nhu vay, so vdi sd lieu cua toan qudc cimg thdi ky thi ty le sit dyng the BHYT d Tan Lap cd ty 1$ cao hon (81,7% so ydi 77,1%) Nam 2018, lao dpng hudng luong cd BHYT bit bupc d Tan Lap chilin 25% tdng dan sd toan xS; tilp din la BHYT hpc sinh (22,3%); BHYT tre em dudi tudi (12,0%); BHYT ngudi nghdo (11,2%); BHYT dien cbinh sach xa hpi (7,8%) va BHYT can ngbeo (2,2»/o) Tuang tu Tan Lap, phudng Lien Mac ty Ip nhitag ngudi lao ddng hudng luang, trp cip ciing chiim ty le cao nhit (14,5%), tilp din la BHYT hpc sinh (11,6%), BHYT tre em