MANG XA HOI KHAI NIEM, DAC DIEM, TINH NANG

MANG XA H O I : KHAI NIEM, DAC DIEM, TINH NANG, AP LL/C VA Y NGHIA TRONG Thac T I I N V A NGHIEN CQU GS.TS Tran Hiu Luyen Trudng Dqi hoc Ngoqi ngir, Dqi hoc Qudc gia Hd Npi ThS Bang HoSng NgSn Trudng Dqi hoc Khoa hoc xd hpi vd Nhdn vdn, Dqi hoc Qudc gia Hd Npi • TOM TAT Mqng xd hpi xudt hien nhitng ndm cuoi theky Irudc, rdi mdi Ngay sau vir deli, dd thu hiu duqc Itdng trieu ngtrdi quan tdm, dqc biet la gidi tre Tuy nhien, khdng phdi tham gia mqng xd hpi cimg co nhimg hieu biei cdn tliiei, nen nhieu ddn den ntidng hdu qua tieu cue dang tiec De tqo dieu kien khdc phuc nhimg dieu khong mong mudn tham gia mqng xd hpi, bdi viei trinh bay mpt sd nhimg vdn de ve mang xd lipi nhu mqng xd lipi Id gl, dqc diem, tinh ndng, dp lire ciia mqng xd hpi y nghia ciia nhifng dieu dd thuc tiin vd nghien cim Tii khoa: Mqng xd hpi: Tinh lien ket cpng ddng: Tinh da ptiicang lien: Khd ndng truyen tdi; Tinh ndng cong khai: Tinh ndng bdo mat; Tien ich: Ap lire Ngdy nhdn bdi: 30/5/2014; Ngdy duyet ddng bdi: 25/6/2014 Mang xa hgi la gi? Mang xa hdi (Social network sites), mang xa hdi tren internet, mang xa hdi true tuyen, hay cdn ggi mang xa hdi ao la mdt khai nidm mdi dugc hinh thap nien cudi cia thi ki XX, bdt dau bang su ddi cua Classmates.com (1995), SixDegrees (1997), ke den la su nd rd cua mdt loat cac trang mang khac nhu Friendster (2002), MySpace, Bebo, Facebook (2004) va tai Viet Nam la Yobanbe (2006), Zing me (2009) Vdi svt phat triln nhanh chdng cua hinh thie xa hdi ao nay, mang xa hdi dugc djnh nghia rat khac tiy theo hudng tilp cSn Mdt each chung nha't, mang xa hdi la tap hgp cac ca nhan vdi cac mdi quan he vl mdt hay nhilu mat dugc gan kit vdi Vl mat loan hgc, mang xa hdi cd the xem nhu mdt he thd'ng gdm cac TAPCHiTAM lyHOC, Sd'7 (184), - 2014 17 dinh (node) gan vdi mdt mang gdm cac lien ke't (hoac cac cung) [1] TTieo hudng tifip can nay, mang xa hdi duoc xem nhu mang phiic hap, hay ndi each khac !a mdt tap cac he thdng dupc tao bdi cac y^u td ddng nh^t hoac khdng ddng nhSt ke't ndi vdi thdng qua su tuorng tac khac giiia cac ye'u td va dupc trai tren dien rdng Mang phiic hop cd hai thupc tinh quan la "hieu ling the' gidi nhd" (small-world effect) va "dac trung co dan tu do" (scale-free feature) (xem ma tran 1) Nguon: htlp:l/upload.yvikimedia.orglwikipedia/commonsl9/94/Six_degrees_of_separalion.png Ma trdn 1: Mqng xd hpi Vdi hudng tiep can xa hdi, nhan manh ydu td ngudi, mang xa hdi dupc nghien eiiu tren quan he ea nhan - edng ddng dl tao mang ludi xa hdi Mang ludi xa hdi dupe hieu la mdt tap hop eac md'i quan he giiia cac thuc the xa hdi gpi ehung la actor Cac thuc thi xa hdi khdng nhat thie't chi la cac ea nhan ma eon la cac nhdm xa hdi Khi mang ludi xa hdi dupc thie't lap va phat trien thdng qua phuong tien truyln thdng internet, nd dupc hiiu la mang xahdi ao [2] Nhin til nhilu phia, mang xa hpi la mdt dai dien tieu bieu cua Web 2.0 md phdng cac quan he xa hdi thuc Mang xa hpi tao mdt he thd'ng tren nln internet ke't ndi eac tlianh vien ciing sd thi'ch vdi nhilu muc dich khae khdng phan biet khdng gian va thdi gian qua nhiing ti'nh nang nhu ke't ban, chat, e-mail, phim anh, voice chat nham phuc vu nhung yeu c^u cdng cdng TAP CHI TAM L t HOC S6'7 (184), - chung va nh&ng gia tri cua xa hdi [3] Nhu vay, cd thi hiiu, mqngxd hpi Id mat dich vu ke't noi cdc thdnh vien cung sa thich tren internet Iqi vdi nhau, vdi nhieu muc dich khdc Khi cac ca nhan tham gia vao xa hpi ao thi khoang each vl khdng gian dja ly, gidi tinh, dd tudi, thdi gian trd ndn vd nghia NhGng ngudi sii dung mang xa hdi dupc gpi la cu dan mang Nhd vao nh&ng tru viet ma matig xa hdi dang cd tdc dd lay lan chdng mat d mpi liia tudi, dac biet la d nien tren toan the' gidi Qua eac each hiiu nhu tren vl mang xa hdi, chiing ta thay can phai phan biet "mang xa hdi" va "dich vu mang xa hdi" Mdt each co ban nhat, mang xd hpi dUc/c cdu tluinh tU hai bd phdn Id ngUdi vd nhiCng mdi lien he giua ho Cdn dich vu mang xa hdi, hay mang xa hdi true tuye'n la djch vu xay dimg va phan anh mang xa hdi hay md'i quan he giiia ngudi vdi ngudi, dUa tren nln tang chung vl sd ihich, mdi trudng hay ITnh vuc hoat ddng tCr cho phep ngudi sir dung chia se eae ndi dung minh lao dl thie't lap nen cdng ddng cua chi'nh minh Dd la noi chia se nhirng hieu biet chung vl the'gidi, ban siic dupc chia se cd tinh toan dien va ddng thuan dd'i vdi md'i quan tam ehung |4| cua cpng ddng Cdng ddng d day cd ihe la nhting ngudi cd md'i quan he ngoai tuyen true tuyen hoac nhiing ngudi cung sd thfch, hiing thii, quan tam Cac ndi dung ngudi dung tao la eae thdng tin dang tai, dSn lien ke't, hd so ngudi dung, boat ddng cap nhat ciia ngudi dung Djch vu mang xa hoi (mang xa hdi true tuyen) khac vdi dich vu cdng ddng true tuyen (online community services), chfing han nhu Ccic diln dan Nlu nhu djch vu cdng ddng true tuyln hudng de'n viec lay nhdm lam trung tfini thi mang xa hdi true tuye'n hudng den ca nhan lam trung lam: Ciic trang mang xa hdi cho phep ngudi diing chia se y lUtyng, hoat ddng sir kicn va sd thi'eh mang ludi rieng ciia hp [51 Cac trang mang xa hdi dUa tren ho so, mdt hinh thirc trang chii cua ea nhan (hoac it thudng xuyen hon la nhdm), dd cung ca'p nhiing md ta cu the Ngoai cac van ban, hinh anh va video dupc eung ea'p bdi cac vien thi hd so ca nhan trang mang xa hdi cung co nhiing binh luan ciia eac vien khac vdi mdt danh sach cdng khai nhihig ngudi la ban be mang ludi ciia hp [6| Sau tao mpt hd so ca nhan, ngudi tham gia dupc yeu cau mdi ban be ciia hp vao trang ciia hp bang each eung ea'p dia chi email Ngoai ra, hp cd the xem hd so cua ngudi khac va them nhiing ngudi vao danh sach ban be Khi dd chi nhan dupc thu yeu can thi cd mdt tin nhan xac nhan xuat hien Neu ngudi dd xac nhan, ca hai se trd ban be ciia he thd'ng cac quan he ciia hp va tir dd ke't ban vdi nhilu ngudi khac Ngoai cac ndi dung ma cac vien cung cap de tao hd so rieng ciia hp, nhung trang mang xa hdi thudng cd mpt phSn danh rieng cho binh luan ciia ban be Theo thdi gian nhiJng phan hdi dupc viet cho nhau, tao mdt hinh thiic dam thoai Tuy rang dich vu mang xa hpi hudng den lay ca nhan TAP CHI TAM LV HOC, Sd' (1S4), 7-2014 19 lam trung tam, nhung mdt da k^t ndi nhung ca nhan vdi thi cdng ddng lai la mdt khai niem can dupc xem xet Cdng ddng mang la mdt khai niem phiic tap Xet nhu mdt ti'nh tiir, cdng ddng thudng dupc su dung dl dd'i lap vdi ca nhan Theo nghia la mdt dia diem, cpng ddng (cdng cdng) la noi cd thi dl cho b& cii truy cap vao Tham chie'u de'n cac hanh dpng hoac van ban, cpng ddng thudng cd nghia la nhihig ngudi chua dupc bie't de'n va hp co thi lam chiing Xet nhu mdt danh tfir, cdng ddng dl cap de'n mdt tap hop nhflng ngudi cd the khdng bilt nhu chia se "mdt su hiiu bie't chung ve the' gidi, mot ban sdc chung, mdt yeu c^u bdi thudng toan dien, mdt su ddng thuan vl Ipi i'ch chung" [7] Nhd vao cac trang mang xa hdi ma cac cdng ddng gin hon Cac trang mang xa hdi cung cd su phan biet gifla cdng ddng va ca nhan, cdng ddng la noi ma hd so duoc hiln thj cho ba't cfl va ca nhan la hd so chi hiln thj cho nhiing ngudi ban nha't djnh [8] Cdng ddng mang bi anh hudng sau sac bdi tinh cha't trung gian ciia su tuong tac Trong mdi trudng phi trung gian, ranh gidi va ddi tupng ciia mdt cdng ddng nha't djnh dupc ca'u true xac dinh Ddi tupng dupc gidi ban la nhung ngudi cd mat ban kinh dia ly gidi ban mdt thdi dilm nha't djnh ciia thdi gian Cpng ddng la khai niem bao gom tat ca nhflng ngudi cd thi nghe tha'y dieu xay den vdi ea nhan thdng qua Idi truyen mieng Cac cdng nghe trung gian dupc kl de'n la truyen hinh, radio va bao chf Cac cdng nghe da lam thay ddi quy md cdng ddng Cac dd'i tupng tiem nang bi anh hudng bdi cac thupc ti'nh ciia cdng nghe trung gian la sir bin viing, nhan rdng va ngudi theo ddi in, ti'nh nang tim kie'm Day chinh la bdn dac ti'nh phi trung gian ciia cdng ddng mang: - Bin viing: giao tie'p thuc hien tren mang xa hdi deu dupc ghi lai, dilu cho phep keo dai thdi gian tdn tai eua bat ky giao tiep nao - Tfnh nang tim kiem: eac giao tie'p deu duoc ghi lai va hiln thj thdng qua van ban (cac text luu lai), them vao dd la cac cdng cu tim kie'm, nhan dang giiip ngudi sir dung cd the tim thay eac thdng tin c^n thie't Ne'u nhu d khdng gian phi trung gian, nhutig ngudi ban cd thi khdng d cCing mdt vi tri dja ly, nhung vdi tim kie'm online thi hp cd thi dl dang tim tha'y nhd mdt sd tiif khoa - Kha nang nhan rdng: thdng tin nghe dugc cd thi bi lech phat ngdn lai hiiu sai, nhung cdng ddng mang cd thi chep thdng tin mdt each nguyen van, khdng he cd su sai lech giua "ban gdc" va "ban sao" - Ngudi theo doi an: ne'u nhu d khdng gian phi trung gian, chiing ta ho^n loan cd thi nhan biet dupc nhflng ngudi dang dd'i thoai hoac lang nghe nhflng Idi ndi cua minh thi tren mang xa hdi (noi cd cac ye'u to trung gian) ehung ta khdng thi nhan bie't dugc hp 20 TAP CHI'TAM Lt HOC, Sd (184), - 2014 Cdng ddng mang cd the tap hop tai ca mpi ngudi tren khap khdng gian va thdi gian, dieu ma tren thuc te khdng thi lam dupc Nhflng ngudi tham gia cpng ddng mang ft bi cang thang vl mat dia ly va sap xep thfl tu thdi gian ban cdng ddng phi trung gian Tuy nhien, ngudi khdng quen vdi viec giao tie'p xa hdi khdng bie't nhiing ngudi theo ddi minh la ai, nen su tuong tac cdng dong mang cd the mang de'n cho ngudi tham gia nhiing dilu khdng mong mudn Dac diem mang xa hpi Mang xa hdi tren internet bao gdm cac dac diem ndi bat: tfnh lien ke't cdng ddng, tfnh tuong tac, kha nang truyln tai va luu trfl luong thdng tin khdng Id [91 - Tinh lien ke't cpng dong: day la dac diem noi bat cua mang xa hdi ao cho phep md rdng pham vi kit ndi giua ngudi vdi ngudi khdng gian da dang Ngudi s i dung cd the trd ban cua thdng qua viec gui lien kit mdi kit ban, ma khdng can gap gd true tilp Viec gii lien kit tao mdt cdng ddng mang vdi sd lugng vien Idn Nhihig ngudi chia se cing mdt mdi quan tam cung cd the tap htjp lai cac nhdm trdn mang xa hdi, thudng xuyen giao Itru, chia se tren mang thdng qua viec binh luan hay dan cac dudng lien kit trIn trang chung cia nhdm - Tinh da phirong tien: hoat ddng theo nguyen ly cua web 2.0, mang xa hdi cd rai nhilu tien Ich nhd su ket hgp giua cac yeu td chi vilt, am thanh, hinh anh, hinh anh ddng Sau dang ki md mdt tai khoan, ngudi s i dung cd thi tu xay dung mdt khdng gian rieng cho ban than Nhd cac tien ich va dich vu ma mang xa hdi cung ca'p, ngudi dung cd the chia se dudng dan, tep am thanh, hinh anh, video Khdng nhung vay, hg cd the tham gia vao eac trd choi true tuyln ddi hdi cd nhilu ngudi cung tham gia, gii tin nhan, chat vdi ban be, t i dd tao dung cac md'i quan he mdi xa hdi ao Dac dilm dugc phan anh cau trie phan Idp ing dung cia mang xa hdi (xem hinh I) Tinh liiaiig ldc- the hien khdng chi d chd thdng tin dugc truyln di va sau dd dugc phan hdi t i phi'a ngudi nhan, ma cdn phu thudc vao each ngudi dung s i dung ing dung cua mang xa hdi Dac dilm bilu hien qua ca'u true md dun chic nang cua mang xa hdi (xem hinh 2) Cac md dun dat hop chi nhat dugc thiet kl chu ylu dl dgc du lieu t i co sd du lieu, cac md dun hinh d van till hien chic nang tuong lac giia ngudi dung, yeu ciiu ngudi dung phai cd thao tac dgc, viet d i lieu len co sd d i lieu Md dun mau xanh va vang la phan cliinh cua kiln trie, md dun xam la phan tien ich thiet ylu hoac hd trg cho cac ing dung md rdng Khd ndng truyen lai vd lint trir lining thong tin klir'Sng IP: lai ca cac mang xa hdi diu cd niiung ing dung tuong ttr nhu dang trang thai, diing TAPCHlTAMLyHOC,Sd7(IS4), 7-2014 nhac hoac video clip, vie't bai , nhtmg dugc phan bd dung lugng khac Cac trang mang xa hdi lim tri thdng tin va nhdm sip xIp ching theo trinh tu thdi gian, nhd dd, ngudi su dung cd thi truy cap va tim lai lugng thdng tin khdng Id da ting dugc dang tai v'"-U \ \ •: losi Hinh I: Cdu trite phdn ldp dng dung cua mqng xd hpi [ ã