tiếp cận bảo vệ môi trường ở việt nam

o^^ji^r^ f^ TIEP CAN BAO VE MOI TRU'^NG VIET NAM Ttr GOC D O QUYEN DUdC HUdNG MOI TRUdNG TRONG L A N H PHAM THI TINH* Bao ve mdi trudng (BVMT), bao ve cac quyln ngudi (QCN) la quan diem, chu truang nhit quan cua Dang va Nha nude ta Song, viec tilp can QCN BVMT (hay BVMT dua tren QCN) la vin dl kha mdi me mac dii cdng ddng qudc tl da khang dinh BVMT la dilu kien tien quylt cho viec bao ve cac QCN Mdt cac muc tieu chinh cua boat ddng BVMT la dh hien thue hda quyln dugc sdng mdi trudng lanh Mot mdi trudng sach va an toan la quyen ciia ngudi chii khdng phai an hue Chinh phii cd trach nhiem tao dieu kien cho mgi ngudi dan deu dugc hudng mdi trudng lanh, an toan va khde manh mdt each binh dang Nha nude cd trach nhiem tdn trong, bao ve va thirc thi quyen thdng qua cac chinh sach, bien phap nham giam thieu d nhilm Cff sd xac lap quyen dirffc sdng moi trirdng lanh Tuyen bd cua Lien hgp qudc (LHQ) ve Con ngudi va Mdi trudng nam 1972 (Tuyen bd Stockholm) da dua quyen dugc sdng mdi trudng lanh mdt nguyen tac cua quan he giiia cac qudc gia va ludn d vj tri dau tien cac nguyen tac: "Con ngudi cd quyen co ban dugc tu do, binh dang va day du cac dieu kien sdng mot mdi trudng chat lugng cho phep cuoc sdng cd pham gia va phiic Igi ma ngudi cd trach nhiem bao ve va cai thien cho cac the he bdm va mai sau" Nguyen tic Tuyen bo Mdi trudng va Phat trien nam 1992 (Rio de Janeiro) ciing khing dinh: "Con ngudi la trung tam cua nhiing mdi quan tam vl sir phat triln lau dai Con ngudi cd quyen dugc hudng mdt cugc sdng hiiu ich, lanh manh va hai hda vdi thien nhien" Du thao Tuyen ngdn vl nguyen tac va cac quyln ngudi (Draft Declaration on the Principles of Human Rights and the Environment) (1994) ciing xac nhan ring: "moi ngudi diu cd quyln dugc hudng mot mdi trudng an toan, lanh manh, cd dac tinh sinh thai tdt Quyln cimg nhiing quyln ngudi khac nhu quyln dan su, van hda, kinh tl, chinh trj va xa hdi la nhiing quyln thdng, phu thudc lan va khdng thi phan chia"' Mac du quyln dugc sdng mdi trudng lanh chua dugc cdng nhan cu thi luat nhan quyln qudc tl, va Du thao Tuyen ngdn vl nguyen tic va cac quyln ngudi cung chua dugc thdng qua, nhung tir sau Tuyen bd Rio (1992) thi quyln da dugc ghi nhan d hiu hit Hiln phap cac qudc gia, cac Hiln chuang qudc tl va khu ' ThS.; Vien Nghien cuu Con nguai ' UN Doc E/CN.4/Sub.2/1994/9, Annex I (1994) 38 Nghiin ciiU Con ngu&i so 3(72) 2014 Tiep can bdo ve moi truang vuc, dd cd Viet Narri Bdi, viec thda man cac quyen co ban cua ngudi ve mat lau dai phu thudc vao mdt mdi trudng lanh manh cd dac tinh sinh thai tdt Chang ban, quyen dugc hudng mdt mdi trudng lanh manh da dugc cdng nhan nhu la mdt khia canh cua quyen ve siic khde luat nhan quyen qudc te Sir d nhiem va sir dung nude qua do, sir xdi mdn dat ndng nghiep, sir d nhiem khdng khi, sir xao trdn he sinh thai tu nhien va viec tan dung cac ngudn tai nguyen thien nhien la nhimg mdi de dga viec thue hien nhiing quyen co ban ciia ngudi, nhu: quyen sdng, quyen dugc sdng mdi trudng lanh, quyen siic khde, quyen phat trien, Theo Bdo cdo Phdt trien Con nguai ndm 2011, thi "sir xudng cap ciia mdi trudng lam thui chdt nang lire ciia ngudi theo nhieu each khac nhau, vugt xa khdi cac khia canh thu nhap va sinh ke, gdm cac tac ddng ddi vdi y te, giao due va cac khia canh khac ciia ddi sdng" Bao cao dan dii lieu cua Td chiic Y te the gidi (WHO) ve ganh nang dich benh toan cau dua nhiing phat hien dang kinh ngac ve tac ddng tieu cue ciia cac yeu td mdi trudng, nude khdng sach va dieu kien ve sinh khdng day du la mdt mudi nguyen nhan bang dau dan den djch benh tren khap the gidi Hang nam, cac benh dich lien quan den mdi trudng, cd viem dudng hd hap cap va tieu chay gay tir vong cho it nhit trieu tre em dudi tudi cua cac nude Ao, Bi, Ha Lan, Bd Dao Nha va Thuy ST gdp lai'' Trudng hgp 103 tre em dudi 10 tudi d thdn Ddng Mai (xa Chi Dao, huyen Van Lam, tinh Hung Yen) cd ham lugng chi vugt chuin mau (khuyen cao cua Trung tam Phdng chdng benh tat My, ham lugng chi mau cua tre em khdng dugc vugt qua lOmg/dl), tre cd ham lugng chi d miic nguy hilm, 17 tre d miic bao ddng, 04 tre d miic cao va 01 tre d miic ranh gidi Day la hau qua cua boat ddng tai che chi thdn diln sudt 30 nam khiln mdi trudng dja phuang bj d nhilm chi nang Cac loai rau, ca cua lang ciing cd ham lugng nhiem chi vugt tieu chuan 4,6 lan Theo Tien sT Pham Due, giam ddc Trung tam Chdng ddc Benh vien Bach Mai: tre em nhiem ddc chi din 70mg/dl thi bj hdi chiing nao cip, phii nao, cac rdi loan khac, cd thi dan din tir vong nhiem chi lam tre cham phat triln tri tue, suy giam chi sd IQ, thay ddi hanh vi, tinh tinh Khi me mang chi mau thi cung nhiem qua dudng bu sira Vi the, nguy CO anh hudng din thi he sau cd thi xay ra"* Cac bing chung y khoa khac ciing cho thiy, viec tilp xiic vdi chi mdt thdi gian dai cd thi dan din viec dc bi bu hai, benh nang, ung thu va tir vong ^ Uy ban LHQ vi Quy6n Kinh xi, xa hpi va van hoa, Binh ludn chung so 14, "Quyen dupc huang tiSu chuSn cham soc siic khoe cao nhSt The right to the highest attainable standard of health", UN Doc E/C.12/2000/4, doan9 ^ UNDP, "BSn vung va cong bang: mpt tuang lai tit dep han cho tat ca mpi nguai", tom tat Bao cdo Phdt triin nguai nam 2011,Xr.% * "Nhung dua tre mang chi mau", http://www.tin247.com/nhung_dua_tre_mang_chi_trong_mau10-22459086.h "Bao ve nhan quy6n LJc", Thdng 7/2005, Du kien so 6, Trich tir The Lead Education and Abatement Design Group, website: www.lead.org.au, Ngay 25/3/2004 Nghiin ciiu Con ngudi sd'3(72) 2014 39 Pham Thi Tinh Cd thi ndi, cac QCN se khdng thi dugc bao dam mdi trudng bi d nhiem va suy thoai Day la quyln chinh dang gin vdi phim gia ngudi va sir phat triln ciia xa hdi, van minh nhan loai Nha nude cd trach nhiem tdn trgng, bao ve va thirc thi quyln thdng qua cac chinh sach, bien phap nhim giam thilu d nhiem va suy thoai mdi trudng Trdch nhiem ton trong: khdng dugc can thiep vao viec thu hudng quyln dugc sdng mdi trudng lanh ciia moi ngudi dan, gdm ca viec dam bao khdng cd nhdm ddi tugng nao bi tir chdi hoac bj ban cbl tilp can mdi trudng song lanh Trdch nhiem bdo ve: dam bao khdng cd ben thir ba nao xam pham viec thu hudng quyln dugc song mdi trudng lanh Vi du, dl cae tre em d thdn Ddng Mai sinh tir nam 2015 khdng bi nhiem chi mau thi lap tiic Chinh phii (chinh quyln dja phuong va cac ban, nganh chiic nang cd lien quan) phai cd bien phap kiem soat boat r ' ' ddng tai che chi cua cac hd gia dinh thdn, nhu: cham diit hoan toan viec tai che chi r \ thdn, di ddi boat ddng tai che xa khu dan cu, cd cae bien phap xir ly bang chuyen mdn nghiep vu dh giam tdi da lugng chi dang nhiem mdi trudng thdn, Trdch nhiem thue hien: cd hanh ddng tich cue de thue hien quyen, nhu ban hanh luat phap, chinh sach bay cac bien phap ngan sach phii hgp Cu the nhu: xay dung chien lugc/kl hoach qudc gia vl BVMT dua tren QCN, Chien luge nham giai quyet cac quan ngai ve sir d nhiem, suy thoai mdi trudng anh hudng den siic khde va ddi sdng ciia tat ca mgi ngudi, bao gdm ca cac nhdm ddi tugng de bi tdn thuang hoac bi gat ngoai le xa hdi Khdng phai qudc gia nao ciing cd dii ngudn lire de dam bao cac QCN cho tat ca moi ngudi lap tiic De dat dugc muc tieu dd can cd thdi gian va ngudn lire, nguyen tac hien thue hda dan dan chinh phu cac nude thue hien dan tirng budc, song can nhanh chdng va phai cd hieu qua bet miic cd the, budng tdi hien thirc hda quyen dugc sdng mdi trudng lanh Tat ca cac nude can cd nhiing budc di can trgng, cu the va cd muc tieu, sir dung tdi da cac ngudn lire hien cd, gdm ca bien phap thdng qua hgp tac qudc te Ve phia chii the quyen, mgi ngudi cd the sir dung quyen nhu mdt phuong tien, cdng cu de lam eho cugc sdng tdt dep ban Tuy nhien, viec sir dung quyen cdn phu thudc vao kien thiic va sir hieu biet quyen ciia ngudi dan, ciing nhu viec san sang sir dung nhiing kien thiic ve quyen nhu mdt cdng cu cho sir thay ddi ma quyen cd the cd dugc Hoat dong bao ve mdi trudng 6* Viet Nam nhin tir gdc quyen ngiroi Quan diem ve BVMT va phat trien ben viing da dugc Dang va Nha nude ta khing dinh va de cap rat sdm trong: Ke hoach qudc gia ve mdi trudng va phat triln bin virng 1991-2000 (trudc Tuyen bo Rio nam 1992); Luat Bao ve mdi trudng nam 1993, dugc sira ddi, bd sung nam 2004 (cd hieu lire nam 2005); Nghi dinh 26/CP, Chi thj 36 (25/6/1998) ciia Bd Chinh trj khoa Vlll; Nghi quylt sd 41 (15/11/2004) cua Bd Chinh tri khoa IX vl tilp tuc BVMT thdi ky mdi; Dinh hudng chiln luge phat triln bin viing d Viet Nam (2006); Chiln luge bao ve mdi trudng qudc gia din nam 2010 va dinh hudng din nam 2020, Phat triln bin vung tir lau da trd dudng ldi, quan dilm nhat quan ciia Dang va chinh sach cua Nha nude ta Song viec gin kit, long ghep vin ^^ Nghiin cuu Con ngu&i so 3(72) 2014 Tiep can bdo ve moi truang de QCN va mdi trudng hay tiep can BVMT dua tren QCN van la van de mdi me d nude ta cho dii tat ca mgi boat ddng BVMT deu vi mdi trudng sdng lanh cho tat ca mgi ngudi Tren thue te, cac giai phap de chua dat dugc hieu qua nhu mong dgi, van cdn khoang each kha ldn giira luat phap va thue thi luat phap Mdi trudng tu nhien vin tiep tuc bj xudng cap nhanh, vdi miic nghiem trgng dang bao ddng cdng tac BVMT dang dimg trudc nhirng thach thiic gay gat Quyen dugc sdng mdi trudng lanh bi xam hai d nhieu noi, nhieu liic, cd noi d mire nghiem trgng, tac ddng tieu cue den ddi sdng ciia mdt bd phan nhan dan Tuy nhien, viec giai quyet cac tranh chip mdi trudng cdn nhieu van de bat cap 2.1 Bdo ve quyen bdng bien phdp hdnh chinh Nghj djnh 117/2009/ND-CP ciia Chinh phii vl xir ly vi pham phap luat ITnh vuc BVMT dugc ban hanh tren co sd sira ddi, bd sung mdt sd dieu ciia Phap lenh Xir ly vi pham hanh chinh nam 2002, 2008 Tir 30/12/2013, ap dung Nghj djnh 179/2013/NDCP (14/11/2013) Cd the thay, Nha nude ta da lien tuc dieu chinh miic xir ly va bd sung cac hanh vi thudc pham vi dieu chinh cua Luat BVMT vdi nhirng vi pham cac quy djnh quan ly nha nude ve BVMT ca nhan td chirc thue bien mdt each cd y hoac vd y ma chua phai la tdi pham: cac hanh vi gay d nhiem mdi trudng (dat, nude, khdng khi), vi pham cac quy djnh ve quan ly chat thai, cac hanh vi vi pham cac quy djnh khac ve BVMT, Mdi doanh nghiep di vao boat ddng, ngoai nhirng khia canh tich cue dem lai cho r f xa hdi, nhu: cung cap them hang hda, djch vu, ddng gdp vao ngan sach qudc gia, giai quyet viec lam, tao thu nhap cho mdt sd ngudi nhat djnh, thi ciing lam xuat hien nhieu vin dh xa hdi Dac biet, muc tieu ciia doanh nghiep la Igi nhuan lai dugc bao ve bdi quyln tu kinh doanh vdi tu each la mot quyen co ban ciia ngudi Nhieu doanh nghiep da khdng tir bit cii thii doan nao de tdi da hda Igi nhuan Hang loat nhiing hanh vi khdng lanh manh ciia doanh nghiep, dac biet la van de xa thai chua qua xir ly gay d nhiem va suy thoai dit, nude, khdng khi, Trong do, miic va hinh thiic xir ly chua du manh Trudng hgp Cdng ty Vedan tai huyen Long Thanh - Ddng Nai xa thai chua qua xir ly sdng Thj Vai sudt 14 nam gay d nhiem tren dien rdng (3 tinh) Thanh tra mdi trudng xir phat lianh chinh 267 trieu ddng, truy thu hon 127 ti ddng phi BVMT Hinh thirc truy thu phi khdng mang tinh ran de, ma phai yeu ciu doanh nghiep cd bien phap khic phuc mdi trudng va nop khoan tiin thu Igi tir hanh vi vi pham Mdt bit cap khac xir ly gay d nhiem mdi trudng (ONMT) la cdng tac giam sat khic phuc mdi trudng sau nop phat hanh chinh khdng dugc thirc hien, dan din tinh trang doanh nghiep chi nop tiin phat xong la cd thi coi nhu da chap hanh xong quylt djnh xir phat Nhu vu Nicotex Thanh Thai chdn hon 900 tin thudc trir sau qua ban xuong dit, tir nam 2008 din bi phanh phui (9/2013) da cd 10 doan din tra, xir phat, nhic nhd Thang 4/2012, Chi cue Bao ve thue vat Thanh Hda kilm tra, van danh gia dilu kien dam bao chit lugng, co sd dat loai A; Vu Cdng ty Hao Duong xa thai vi pham tir nam 2007 da bj xir phat hanh chinh lin, lin cao nhit la 340 trieu ddng, doanh Nghiin ciiu Con ngu&i so 3(72) 2014 41 Pham Thi Tinh nghiep cir nop phat rdi lai tilp tuc boat ddng va ngang nhien xa thai; nhung viec lam gay tin hai vd ciing ldn cho mdi trudng nhung chua cd vu nao bj phat din 500 trieu ddng, vay lieu cd dii siic trimg phat va ran de Vi miic xir ly nhu tren nen da sd cac doanh nghiep chgn binh thiic xa thai, nop phat ban la bd mdt khoan tiin ldn diu tu he thong xir ly mdi trudng Ben canh dd la each xir ly kilu nira vdi, hinh thue, chii ylu la phat hanh chinh va nhic nhd Sau mdi ky cd tra, khilu kien thi hinh thirc gian lan lai tinh vi hon, kin dao hon va mire vi pham lai nghiem trgng ban Hiu hit cac vu vi pham ldn bj phat hien diu lire lugng canh sat mdi trudng va ngudi dan chii khdng phai co quan tra 2.2 Bdo ve quyin bdng Men phdp tir phdp Co sd phap ly cho quyln tilp can tu phap (TCTP) dugc Hiln phap quy djnh tai Dilu 74 (Dilu 30 Hiln phap sira ddi 2013); Dilu Bd luat Dan su; Dilu 128 Luat BVMT Quyln TCTP ITnh vuc BVMT xay trudng hgp sau: a) Quyin tiip can thong tin ve moi truang bi tie chdi hoac bi viphgm Can cii vao nhiing quy dinh cua Hiln phap, Luat BVMT va mdt sd van ban phap luat cd lien quan, ca nhan, td chiic cd thi sir dung quyln TCTP de bao ve quyen tilp can thdng tin mdi trudng (TCTTMT) trudng hgp bj tir chdi hoac vi pham Vi pham nghia vu cdng bo thdng tin (Dilu 103.2, 3); cdng khai thdng tin, dii lieu mdi trudng (Dilu 104.1, 2, 3), NIU chu doanh nghiep, co quan chuyen mdn khdng thue hien nghTa vu cdng khai thdng tin ddng nghTa vdi quyen TCTTMT ciia ngudi dan bj vi pham Theo Dieu 58 Nghi djnh 117-CP ve bien phap cdng khai thdng tin ve tinh hinh d nhiem va vi pham phap luat ciia cac doanh nghiep gay ONMT nghiem trgng, co quan quyet dinh xir phat cd quyen chu ddng cdng khai tren cae website chuyen nganh, cac phuong tien thdng tin dai chiing ve vi pham cua doanh nghiep nham ran de nhiing trudng hgp tuong tu Vdi cac doanh nghiep vi pham, bj phat tien nhieu hay it khdng dang ngai bang viec bi cdng khai trudc du luan vi sg anh hudng den uy tin, hinh anh doanh nghiep, sg bi ngudi tieu dung tay chay (trudng hgp Vedan) Nam 2008, Ban quan ly cac khu che xuat va khu cdng nghiep Tp Hd Chi Minh da cdng khai "danh sach den" cac doanh nghiep gay d nhiem tren dja ban va hieu qua thay rd la cac doanh nghiep sau chay dua vdi thdi gian de khac phuc vi pham nham sdm dugc riit ten khdi danh sach Tuy nhien, nhilu can bd, co quan cd tham quyen xir phat lai cho rang chi nhiing trudng hgp vi pham bi ket luan la nghiem trgng mdi phai cung cip thdng tin cho bao chi Vi thi, rit nhilu vu vi pham dugc phat hien, xir phat nhung bao chi de nghi cung cip thdng tin thi chi nhan dugc r ^ cai lac dau vdi ly "khdng dugc phep cdng khai" Mac dii cac miic "nghiem trgng" da dugc quy djnh nhung thue te de lugng hda mire cdn nhilu vin dl Khi doan khao sat ciia Vien Nghien ciiu Con ngudi di thirc dia khudn khd dl ^ Minh Trang, "Qu6c hpi da thao luan ve cong tac phong ngira, ching vi pham phap luat va toi pham", Dai bilu Le Thj Nga (Thai Nguyen) neu vin di thue trang vi pham phap luat moi truang (thu 5, 07/11/2013) 42 Nghiin cdu Con ngu&i sd3(72) 2014 Tiep can bdo ve moi truang tai: "Mdt sd van de co ban ve QCN vdi mdi trudng va dieu kien dam bao thue thi d Viet Nam giai doan 2011 2020 vi muc tieu phat triln ngudi" vao nam 2011 2012 tai tinh Ddng Nai, Binh Djnh, Hda Binh nhan thay: chua noi nao thirc hien quy djnh cdng khai ve thdng tin mdi trudng Hau bet can bd chuyen mdn (cap sd, huyen va xa) diu cho rang la thdng tin nhay cam, hg khdng cd quyen tiet Id va hg ciing khdng nim dugc, chi Ban quan ly khu cdng nghiep mdi biet Hg ciing khdng cd trach nhiem phai cung cap hay cdng khai thdng tin "Neu cd ngudi din xin thdng tin, chiing tdi ndi dh xin y kien lanh dao/ y kien cap tren se tra ldi sau"! Dii vay nhung cho din chua cd trudng hgp nao khieu nai hoac khdi kien vi khdng dugc dap ling quyln TCTP Cd the ndi, nhan thiic va y thiic cua ngudi dan vl bao ve quyln TCTTMT cdn rit nhilu ban che Trach nhiem cdng khai thdng tin mdi trudng, cdng khai danh sach cac co sd gay ONMT cua cac doanh nghiep chua dugc cac co quan chuyen mdn trien khai ciing la mdt yeu td khien cac doanh nghiep tai pham nhieu lan Ben canh dd, cac co quan quan ly mdi trudng gan nhu chua lam trdn trach nhiem va khdng tuan thii cac quy djnh cua phap luat b) Quyen tham gia vdo hogt dpng BVMT bi tie chdi hoac bi viphgm Ddi vdi nhiing vi pham quy dinh ve lay y kien ciia UBND xa, phudng, thi tran va cdng ddng dan cu qua trinh lap bao cao danh gia tac ddng mdi trudng (DTM) (Dieu 1.4 Nghi \ t r \ \ djnh 21/2008/ND-CP); vi pham quy djnh ve td chiic ddi thoai ve mdi trudng (Dieu 105); vi pham quy dinh ve khieu nai, td cao, khdi kien ve mdi trudng (Dieu 128) va mdt sd quy dinh khac thi ca nhan, td chiic hoan toan cd quyen khieu nai, hoac khdi kien tda cd can cii cho ring da cd nhiing hanh vi vi pham cac quy djnh cua phap luat ve BVMT, vi pham quyen tham gia vao boat ddng BVMT cua ca nhan, td chiic Mgi ca nhan, td chiic cd quyen khieu nai len co quan nha nude cd tham quyen neu yeu cau ddi thoai cua hg bi tir chdi, Cac trinh tu, thu tuc cua qua trinh phai tuan thu phap luat ve khieu nai td cao va cac van ban phap luat cd lien quan Trudng hgp quyln khilu nai, td cao bi vi pham thi ngudi giai quyet khieu nai, td cao nlu cd mdt cac hanh vi quy djnh tai Dilu 96 Luat Khieu nai, td cao nam 2006^ thi tiiy tinh chit, miic vi pham ma bj xir ly ky luat hoac bi truy cim trach nhiem hinh sir, nlu gay thiet hai thi phai bdi thudng Thue tl cho thiy, y thiic chip hanh Luat BVMT, chip hanh cac quy djnh vl bao cao DTM khdng dugc chip hanh nghiem tir khau lap, thim dinh phe duyet, kilm tra thirc hien Bao cao DTM la barie quan trgng diu tien ma cac du an phai vugt qua, nhung thirc trang nhilu ban DTM chit lugng kem, mang tinh doi phd, khdng dap img dugc cac yeu ciu ciia Dilu 20; va rit nhilu du an van dugc triln khai ma chua hi cd DTM, din '' Dilu 96 Luat Khi6u nai, Xd cao nSm 2006 quy djnh cac hanh vi: l)Thilu trach nhiem viec giai quyix khilu nai, tl cao; 2) Gay phiSn ha, sach nhilu, can tra viec thue hien quyln khilu nai x6 cao; 3) C6 tinh tri hoan viec giai quylt khilu nai, t6 cao; 4) Lam sai lech h6 so vu viec qua trinh giai quylt khilu nai, tl cao; 5) Ra quylt djnh giai quylt khilu nai, quylt djnh xu ly to cao trai phap luat; 6) Khong kjp thai ap dung bien phap cSn thilt dl chSm dut hanh vi vi pham phap luat; 7) De dpa, tru dap, tra thu nguai khilu nai tl cao, bao che cho ngu6ri bi khilu nai, to cao Nghiin ciiu Con ngu&i so 3(72) 2014 Pham Thi Tinh xay sir cd, kilm tra mdi thiy chua hi cd DTM Luat cung chua quy trach nhiem ciia ngudi lap, ngudi thim djnh, ngudi phe duyet, ngudi kilm tra, giam sat thirc hien cac cam kit DTM xay tinh trang gay d nhiem hoac sir cd mdi trudng v l phia ngudi dan, mdt mat thilu bilu bilt, kinh nghiem DTM nen ngai tham gia, mat khac thdi quen thu ddng, i lai, coi dd la viec cua co quan chuyen mdn, ciia chinh quyln dia phuong nen thudng thd o, ke ca viec tham gia gdp y vao van ban phap luat cd sir trung ciu liy y kiln ngudi dan, hoac cd tham gia thi chi mang tinh hinh thiic, dilm danh "danh ghi ten" c) Khai kien doi bdi thuang thiet hgi nhiem moi truang (hda gidi ddn su) Co sd dl cac td chirc, ca nhan khdi kien ddi boi thudng thiet hai hanh vi gay ONMT dugc ghi nhan tai Dilu 30 Hiln phap, Dilu 127, 130, 131, 132, 133, 134.2 Luat BVMT Day la qua trinh hien thirc hda nguyen tac "ngudi gay d nhiem phai tra tien" Dilu 307 Bd luat Dan sir nam 2005 quy djnh ve trach nhiem bdi thudng thiet hai ve vat chit, trach nhiem bdi thudng bii dap tdn that tinh than nhiing hanh vi trai phap luat gay Tir 18/01/2011, cd tranh chip mdi trudng, ap dung Nghi djnh 113/2010/NDCP Theo Bd luat Dan sir: td chiic, ca nhan lam mdi trudng bj d nhiem, suy thoai phai bdi thudng toan bd thiet hai ddi vdi mdi trudng minh gay ra, ddng thdi phai chi tra toan bd chi phi xac djnh thiet hai va thirc hien thu tuc yeu cau bdi thudng thiet hai Tren CO sd dir lieu, chiing cii va ket qua tinh toan thiet hai, co quan nha nude cd tham quyen giai quyet bdi thudng theo cac hinh thiic: thda thuan viec bdi thudng, yeu cau trpng tai giai quyet, khdi kien tai tda an Khoan tien bdi thudng (sau trir chi phi xac djnh thiet hai) dugc diing de dau tu khac phuc d nhiem, suy thoai va cai tao mdi trudng noi xay d nhiem Can cii phat sinh trach nhiem bdi thudng quy dinh tai Dieu 604 Bd luat Dan sir va Nghj quylt 03/2006/NQ-HDTP ciia Hdi ddng Thim phan, vdi cac dilu kien: Cd thiet hai xay ra: Thiet hai vira la dieu kien phat sinh trach nhiem vira la co sd tinh mire bdi thudng Theo dilu 130 Luat BVMT gdm: 1) Thiet hai ddi vdi mdi trudng tu nhien; 2) Thiet hai ve siic khde, tinh mang ngudi, tai san va Igi ich hgp phap cua to chiic, ca nhan hau qua ciia viec suy giam chiic nang, tinh hiiu ich cua mdi trudng gay Can cir dh xac djnh mire thiet hai doi vdi mdi trudng tu nhien la Dilu 131.2 Luat BVMT: i) Xac djnh gidi han, dien tich cua khu vuc, viing ldi bj suy giam nghiem va dac biet nghiem trgng; ii) Xac djnh gidi ban, dien tich viing dem true tilp bj suy giam; iii) Xac djnh gidi ban, dien tich cac vimg bi anh hudng tir viing ldi va viing dem Xac djnh thiet hai vl: tai san bi xam pham (Dilu 608); sire khde bj xam pham (Dilu 609); tinh mang bj xam hai (Dilu 610); danh du, nhan phim, uy tin bj xam pham (Dilu 611) Bd luat Dan sir 2005 vaNghj quylt 03/2006/NQ-HDTP; Cd hanh vi gay thiet hai vi pham phap luat: Hanh vi trai phap luat cac chu thi cd nang lire hanh vi va nang lire phap luat thue hien, lam d nhiem, suy thoai mdi trudng, gay thiet hai din tinh mang, sire khde, tai san ciia cac ca nhan, td chirc Cd quan he nhan qua giQ-a hanh ddng gay thiet hai va thiet hai xay ra: Trong ITnh vuc mdi 44 ^^ Nghiin ciiu Con nguoi so 3(72) 2014 Tiep can bdo ve moi truang truang, hanh vi xa thai trai phap luat khdng lam phat sinh hau qua, nd xay lugng chat thai vugt qua kha nang tu dao thai cua mdi trudng, gay d nhiem va suy thoai, tham hga mdi trudng Thdi gian tdi thieu nam trd len tiiy vao trang thai mdi trudng Nhm chung, viec bdi thudng thiet hai d nhiem, suy thoai mdi trudng tai Viet Nam la van de kha mdi ca tir phuong dien ly luan va thue tien Tuy nhien, cin phai thiy ring, cho dii che dinh cd phat triln din miic nao, chi phi bd dh xir ly, cai thien, phuc hdi mdi trudng ldn den dau ciing khdng the khic phuc dugc hit nhung hau qua d nhilm, suy thoai mdi trudng gay Yeu ciu bdi thudng thiet hai d nhilm va suy thoai mdi trudng la mdt quyen co ban ciia ngudi da dugc phap luat ghi nhan nhung din nay, viec giai quylt cdn rat nhieu vudng mic, nhiing tranh chip mdi trudng xay cang nhilu, chua cd vu nao dugc dua xet xii tai Tda, ciing chua cd vu boi thudng thiet hai nao dudi danh nghia bao ve QCN, va chua mdt don vi nao boi thudng dh hdi phuc mdi trudng 2.3 Bao ve quyin bdng cdc chi tdi hinh sif Trudc tinh hinh vi pham phap luat mdi trudng cang gia tang vdi dien biln phiic tap, tinh chat, miic cang nguy hilm da gay nhiing tac ddng tieu cue din ddi sdng kinh tl, xa hdi, phap luat Viet Nam, ngoai viec dua cac bien phap xir ly hanh chinh, hda giai dan sir ve bdi thudng thiet hai ddi vdi nhung vi pham ITnh vuc BVMT cdn cd cac hinh phat nghiem khac ddi vdi cac tdi pham vl mdi trudng Tuy nhien, sd 10 tdi danh vl tgi pham mdi trudng dugc quy djnh Bd luat Hinh sir, din mdi cd tdi danh bi khdi td dieu tra va dua xet xir la tdi buy hoai rimg (Dilu 189) va vi pham cac quy dinh vl bao ve ddng vat hoang da, quy hilm (Dilu 190) Cac trudng hgp da bi khdi td va tuyen an, nhu: vu san ban trdm bd rimg d vudn qudc gia Ea Sd (Dik Lik, 2003) miic an cao nhat la nam tii giam, khdng cd hinh thiic phat tien kem theo; vu van chuyen va budn ban, xe thit nau cao hd d nha 103b, B5, Tap the Thanh Xuan Bic (Ha Ndi, 2007) miic an cao nhat la 30 thang tii giam Cdn hang tram vu bj lire lugng canh sat mdi trudng, ngudi dan bat qua tang cac hanh vi xa nude thai, dd, chdn chit thai doe hai chua qua xir ly mdi trudng gay thiet hai nghiem trgng den san xuat, sire khde cua nhan dan quanh viing thi chua cd vu nao bi truy ciiu trach nhiem hinh sir, cho dii cac quy dinh ve tdi pham mdi trudng da cd hieu lire ban chuc nam qua Nhiing vu sai pham ldn nhu vu Vedan (Long Thanh Ddng Nai), Miwon (Viet Tri - Phii Thg), thudc da Hao Duong (Nha Be Tp Hd Chi Minh), Cdng ty sira chira tau bien Huyndai -Vinashin xa t f r hat nix ddc hai mdi trudng (Khanh Hda), cac cdng ty nhap khau phe thai, phe lieu dien tir ve Viet Nam vdi khdi lugng ldn, deu chi bi phat hanh chinh Rd rang tinh trang tdi pham mdi trudng cang gia tang, gay hau qua nghiern trgng cho su phat trien kinh te - xa hdi va ngudi, nhien, Bd luat Hinh sir hien cdn nhilu bit cap va miic phat chua du manh de ran de Dieu da va dang tao nen nhirng lo hdng ldn he thdng quan ly va BVMT ciing nhu bao ve tai nguyen thien nhien, bao ve quyen dugc sdng mdi trudng lanh, lam ban che tinh ran de va thirc thi ciia luat phap Do vay, da din liic cin phai thay ddi each tilp can va nh^n thiic BVMT, la BVMT gin vdi bao ve QCN dk hoan thien co sd phap luat vl mdi trudng Nghiin ciiu Con ngU&i so 3(72) 2014 45 Pham Thi Tinh cung nhu cdng tac giam sat thue tbi phap luat vl BVMT d Viet Nam Quyln da dugc Hiln phap ghi nhan va bao ve 2.4 Bdo ve quyin thong qua lire lu:ang cdnh sdt moi tru-&ng Cue Canh sat Mdi trudng dugc lap 6/7/2007 bdi canh: "ca nude cd ban 4.000 co sd san xuit, kinh doanh gay ONMT Mac dii cac tdi xam pham mdi trudng da dugc quy djnh Bd luat Hinh su nhung din van chua cd vu viec vi pham phap luat vl mdi trudng nao bj khdi td, xir ly hinh sir^ Cue Canh sat Mdi trudng ddi cd y nghTa quan trgng cdng tac diu tranh phdng, chdng cac hanh vi gay ONMT; gdp phin tich cue vao cdng tac BVMT Luc lugng canh sat mdi trudng da phdt hien va xir ly hang nghin vu vi pham phap luat vl BVMT, truy thu hang tram ty ddng Mot vai vu viec va sd^ lire lugng canh sat mdi trudng da kham pha thdi gian qua, nhu: Phat hien mot sd nhan vien benh vien Lao, Viet Dire, Bach Mai, K, Chg Ray, Himg f r \ f Vuong, thu gom chat thai y te nguy hai tudn ngoai ban cho ngudi thu mua phe lieu - Bit qua tang Cdng ty Vedan Viet Nam, Cdng ty AB Mauri, Cdng ty Sonadezi Long Thanh, Nha may Miwon va Giiy Viet Tri, xa thai true tiep mdi trudng; Cdng ty Tung Kuang Hai Duong xa thai cd hda chit doe hai; Nha may tau bien Huyndai Vinashin tap kit hat xi ddng va dd chit thai mdi trudng; Cdng ty Sdng Xanh chdn lip hon 4.600m"' chat thai va cat nhiem dau; Phat hien hang ngan vu vi pham ITnh vuc xuat nhap khau va quan ly chat thai nguy hai, nhap khau cdng nghe, may mdc, thiet bj cii, lac hau, rac thai chira chat thai nguy hai: Cdng ty cd phin Van tai hang khdng Phuong Nam nhap khau 28 container (546,056 tin) diu nhdt thai tir Trung Qudc, khoang 100 du an khdng dugc Hdi ddng Thim dinh DTM thdng qua, khdng cd bien phap phdng ngira, giam thieu cac tac ddng xau ddi vdi mdi trudng: du an md rdng md than Na Duong, Lang Son, du an lan bien d Hai Phdng, - Tir nam 2010 den nam 2012, phat hien ban 3.000 vu vi pham, xir ly hanh chinh gan t t f ^ 1.000 vu vi pham luat an toan thue pham, hang thirc pham tam nhap tai xuat tieu thu ndi r r r r dia, sir dung chat tao nac chan nudi Ign, sir dung hda chat cam san xuat thue pham, t r r Co the ndi, luc lugng canh sat mdi trudng cd vai trd rat quan trgng dau tranh phdng chdng cac hanh vi gay d nhiem, gdp phan tich cue vao viec bao ve QCN dugc sdng mdi trudng lanh Cac vu vi pham bi lire lugng canh sat mdi trudng phanh phui thdi gian qua gdp phan lam giam thieu d nhiem, giam sd vu ngd ddc thue Thu truang Bp Tai nguyen & Moi truang Pham Khoi Nguyen phat bilu tai ll mSt Cue canh sat Moi truang Bao cao ciia dai ta Nguyin Sy, Pho Cue truang Cue Canh sat phong chIng toi pham vl m6i truang, Bp Cong an dua tai Hpi thao khoa hpc: "Chinh sach, phdp luat vl bao ve moi truong" Uy ban Khoa hpc, Cong nghe «& Moi truang cua Qu6c hpi t6 chuc 7/8/2013 http://hoinuocsachmoitruongbrvt.com/vi/trang-chu/Thong-tin-ve-moi-truong/60-nuoc-thai-cong-nghiepxa-thang-ra-song-90/ 46 Nghiin ciiu Con ngu&i s6'3(72) 2014 Tiep can bdo ve moi truang pnam va cac vu d nhiem nghiem trgng, giam thiet hai ve kinh te anh hudng den siic khde, tien bac cho cdng tac phuc hdi mdi trudng, ddng thdi cd tac dung giao due va ran de cac ca nhan, td chirc da va dang cd hanh vi pha hoai mdi trudng nhung chua bj phat hien, cac ca nhan dang cd y dinh gian ddi chuan bi thue hien hanh vi gian lan, 2.5 Bdo ve quyen thong qua hoat dpng tir vdn, tra giiip phdp ly, ludt sir Nghj dinh sd 07/2007/ND-CP ciia Chinh phu hudng dan thi hanh Luat trg giup phap ly 2006, Dilu 34 quy dinh: "Ngudi ngheo, ddi tugng chinh sach va nhdm ylu thi khac dugc trg giiip phap ly vl 08 ITnh vuc phap luat dd cd vin dl mdi trudng" Quy dinh giup nhdm ylu thi bao ve quyln va Igi ich hgp phap ciia minh bj xam hai, nang cao nhan thirc phap luat cho hg dh khdng bi thua thiet cugc sdng Ben canh cdn giiip nang cao dan tri va xda ddi giam ngheo cho ngudi dan^.Cac boat ddng tu vin, trg giup phap ly trg giup vien, luat su, cdng tac vien trg giiip phap ly thue hien vdi nhdm ngudi ngheo, ddi tugng chinh sach va nhdm ylu thi dugc trg giup mien phi va theo ddi chit lugng, kit qua vu viec Cd thi ndi, vu ngudi dan tinh (Tp Hd Chi Minh, Ddng Nai, Ba Rja -Vung Tau) kien Cdng ty Vedan xa thai gay d nhiem sdng Thj Vai la vu cd sir tham gia trg giiip phap ly ciia lire lugng luat su ddng nhit tir trudc din Rieng xa cua huyen Long Thanh, Dong Nai (Phude Thai va Nhon Trach) da cd tren 100 luat su tren dia ban tinh din tu vin, hudng din va giiip ngudi dan lam cac thu tuc khdi kien Vedan Viec xac dinh thiet hai va khdi kien ddi bdi thudng thiet hai ITnh vuc mdi trudng la van de kha phiic tap, viec chiing minh chiing cii la cac ylu td gay d nhiem phai dua tren co sd khoa hgc, ngudi dan khdng the theo dudi vu kien bdi chua chic da dugc xir ly ma lai mat thdi gian, cdng siic, tdn kem, Vi vay, cac trung tam tu vin, trg giiip phap ly, cac luat su la mdt cac chii the ed vai trd tich cue viec tu van, dai dien bao ve quyen va Igi ich cua ngudi dan bj xam hai bdi ONMT 2.6 Vai tro cua cdn bp cong chirc, ngw&i ddn bdo ve quyen De quyen di vao cugc sdng thi van de khdng the thieu la sir tham gia ciia cac chii the trach nhiem tai dia phuong (ngudi thira hanh) va chu the quyen (ngudi dan) Vai tro ciia cdn bp cong chiec, cdn bp qudn ly, cdn bp chuyen mon boat ddng > \ t BVMT: Nhu tren da de cap, mac dii da dugc phap luat quy dinh ve trach nhiem, tham quyen nhung da phan can bd quan ly, cdng chirc chuyen mdn deu "rat lo mo" va chua thue hien theo quy dinh cua luat ve trach nhiem ciia minh, chua thay su can thiet phai cd sir tham gia cua ngudi dan DTM Nhieu can bd mdi trudng cho rang, ngudi dan thieu kien thiic de tham gia, viec cd mat ciia hg se can trd hoac lam cham tien do, tham chi cd the lam cho du an phai chju chi phi thue hien cao ban Thue te, da cd nhieu du an dang trien khai phai tam ngimg vi gap phai sir phan ddi ciia ngudi dan dia phuong va cdng luan nhirng tac ddng tieu cue ciia du an den mdi trudng: du an thuy dien sdng Tranh 2, du an xay nha cao tang khudn vien cdng vien Lenin - Ha Ndi, Cd thi ndi, nhieu can bd quan ly mdi trudng khdng nim dugc quy trinh thim dinh DTM va Nghiin ciiu Con ngu&i s63(72) 2014 4-7 Pham Thi Tinh tim quan trgng ciia DTM cac du an phat triln: "lam chiing tdi cd thi giai thich va thiic day ngudi dan tham gia vao DTM ma chung tdi ciing hieu chua rd ve dieu Trong cac budi lam viec ma chiing tdi dugc mdi, hau hit la hg ban din viec giai phdng mat bing cho du an va viec den bii dat dai, ndi dung DTM hiu nhu khdng dugc nhic dln"'° (Can bd phdng Tai nguyen & Mdi trudng huyen Lik, Dik Lik) Su cd mat ciia dai dien cac ban, nganh d dja phuong chi la thii tuc de ki bien ban thdng qua du an Vai trd chii thi ciia nguai ddn: "Quyen ciia mgi cdng dan cd kha nang nhan va sir dung dugc nhirng thdng tin ve mdi trudng cac co quan cd tham quyen nam giii" (Dilu 104.1; 105.2 Luat BVMT); Phap lenh Dan chii co sd ciing ghi nhan rat rd quyln "dan bilt, dan ban, dan lam, dan kiem tra, ", va dugc trien khai rat hieu qua, nhien chii ylu la ap dung khu dan cu Ddi vdi cac doanh nghiep thi vai trd tham gia ciia ngudi dan cdn ban che, neu cd dd la trudng cac ban nganh, doan the (hdi phu nii, hdi ndng dan, ) Cd the ndi, mac dii Hien phap, Luat BVMT da ghi nhan cac quyen ciia cdng dan, nhu quyen tham gia, quyen tiep can, nhung thieu co che cho chii the quyen tham gia, dac biet la viec tham gia vao DTM Cac boat ddng giao due, truyen thdng, nang cao kien thiic ve quyen va trach nhiem cua ngudi dan DTM hau nhu chua cd Ngudi dan hau nhu khdng hieu dugc DTM la gi, tai can cd chii ky cua hg? Ho cho rang y kien cua hg se khdng dugc chinh quyen, du an nghe, hg tham gia chi la cho du thu tuc "Chiing tdi khdng biet gi ve DTM, chang hdi chiing tdi dieu gi ea, cd hdi chiing tdi ciing chang biet gi ma ndi Khi nao hg gay d nhiem qua khdng chiu dugc thi keu, ma keu thi da chac gi cd giai quyet" (ngudi dan sdng gin KCN Tuy Phude, Binh Dinh, thang 3/2012) Kit qua khao sat cua Chuong trinh Phat triln Lien hgp qudc (UNDP) vl danh gia ' \ t r "Chi sd cdng ly: thirc trang cdng bang va binh dang dua tren y kien cua ngudi dan" nam 2012 (khao sat 5.045 ngudi tai 21 tinh, thanh) Khi hdi vl thue trang d nhiem va khilu nai ve mdi trudng, cd gan 31% ngudi dugc hdi cho rang hg dang sdng mdi trudng hi d nhiem, chu yeu la d nhilm nguon nude, khdng va tilng dn Nhung, chi cd 12% sd ngudi dugc hdi sdng d khu vuc d nhiem da khieu nai hoac khieu kien tdi chinh quyen yeu ciu khic phuc tinh trang d nhilm va bdi thudng thiet hai Dilu phin nao cho thay su bat cap co che phan hdi cac vudng mic va khilu nai cua ngudi dan vl ONMT d Viet Nam Thirc tl cho thiy, cdn thilu cac co cbl phap ly bao ve ngudi dan yeu cau giai quyet cac tranh chap mdi trudng dang la nhiing rao can cho viec bao ve quyln dugc sdng mdi trudng lanh Ti le sd ngudi tra ldi da khilu nai vl d nhilm cd 2,4% d nhdm cd vi thi xa hdi (cao gip ba lin so vdi ti le trung binh cua Thong tin thu dupc chuyin khao sat thue dia cua Vien Nghien ciiu Con nguai tai Dak Lak, thang 7/2010 Tong so 1.545 tranh chap cac loai ghi nhan tu khao sat, s6 yu viec dupc dua tai Toa an yeu cSu giai quyet la 51 Trong 27 vu lien quan tai dit dai, 14 vu dan sir, vu kien doi b6i thuang thiet hai nhiem moi truang, vu tranh ch§p kinh tl giua nguai dan vai va I vu vl chinh sach xa hpi 48 Nghiin ciiu Con ngu&i so 3(72) 2014 Tiep can bdo ve moi truang toan mau khao sat la 0,89%); ti le phu nii da khilu nai la 0,9%, ngudi cd hgc vin thip la 0,7%, ngudi ngheo la 0,1%'^ Co the thay, sir quan tam ciia cac nhdm xa hdi gan lien vdi cac Igi ich va gia tri thilt thirc ma hg theo dudi cugc sdng Ngudi ngheo va ngudi cd hgc vin thip thudng quan tam den van de lao ddng, viec lam; nhdm cd vi thi xa hdi gin nhu khdng cd khieu nai ve chinh sach xa hdi, nhung la nhdm cd nhilu quan ngai vl chit lugng mdi trudng sdng hon cac nhdm dan sd khac Khi hdi ve phuang thiic lira chgn giai quylt cd tranh chip mdi trudng, cd din 90% ngudi dugc hdi chgn phuang an "khdng lam gi ca", khoang 5% chgn phuang an "khilu nai", ti le chgn phuang an "khilu kien" hiu nhu khdng cd Trong lira chgn co quan giai quylt tranh chip mdi trudng, cd din 9% chgn CO quan dan cir dl phan anh vl d nhilm va yeu ciu giai quylt Toan bd 07 trudng hgp khilu kien mdi trudng thi mdi cd 01 trudng hgp da giai quylt bdi thudng xong, cdn 06 trudng hgp van dang giai quylt d thdi dilm khao sat Dac biet, vdi cac khilu nai vl mdi trudng va -chinh sach xa hdi cd khoang 21%) 22% tdng sd cac yeu ciu ciia ngudi dan khdng nhan dugc bit ky phan hdi nao tir cac co quan nha nude d dja phuong Cd le day cung la ly vi cd tranh chip thi cd din 90% ngudi dugc hdi ndi "khdng lam gi ca" Mot sd kien nghi Mac dii quyen dugc sdng mdi trudng lanh chua dugc bd luat nhan quyen qudc te ghi nhan mdt each cu the nhung nd deu dugc ghi nhan cac hien chuang khu vuc va hien phap qudc gia Den nay, da cd it nhit 120 hiln phap ghi nhan quyln Mot sd hien phap ghi nhan cac quy tac ve quyen mdi trudng, mdt sd qudc gia khac lai cu the hda cac dieu khoan chung mdi ca nhan deu cd quyln co ban dugc sdng mdi trudng lanh manh Viet Nam, thang 1/2014, quyln dugc sdng mdi trudng lanh da dugc ghi nhan Hien phap mdi chinh thiic cd hieu lire Viec bd sung cac quyen, cd quyen dugc sdng mdi trudng lanh vao Hien phap cho thay, Dang va Nha nude ta rat xem trgng van de nang cao vj the eho ngudi dan va tao dieu kien cho viec bao ve cac quyen va Igi ich chinh dang cua ho Mdt mdi trudng sach va an toan la quyen ca ban ciia ngudi chii khdng phai an hue''', dieu se thiic day sir binh dang, khdng ban che kha nang tiep can cua nhirng ngudi ngheo, ngudi yeu the va cd the cd tac ddng den cac uu tien cua Chinh phu ciing nhu viec phan bd ngudn lire cho viec bao dam quyen Ben canh viec cdng nhan sir binh dang ve mat phap ly cua tat ca mgi ngudi viec thu hudng quyen dugc hudng mdi trudng lanh, mdt yeu cau mdi dat la can cd cac the che va co quan chiu trach nhiem bao dam quyen Cd the la mdt co quan tu phap cdng bang va ddc lap chuyen giai quyet cac van de lien quan den mdi trudng de bao ve quyen '^ Chuang trinh Phat triln LHQ (2013), "Chi s6 cong ly - thirc trang cong bang va binh dSng dua tren y kiln ciia nguai dan" nam 2012, Ha Npi, tr.27 '^ UNDP, Tom tdt Bdo cdo Phdt triin Con nguai 201 /, tr 12 '"• UNDP, Tom tdt Bdo cdo Phdt trien Con nguai 2011, tr.2 Nghiin ciiu Con ngu&i s63(72) 2014 4Q Pham Thi Tinh Igi cho ngudi dan bj cac co quan quan ly va doanh nghiep xam pham quyen Khi quyen da dugc ghi nhan Hien phap tbi nd phai cd ca gia trj ndi tai va gia tri cdng cu Thdng thudng, nhirng sir each biet ldn ve vj the dan den nhiing sir each biet ldn cac ket qua mdi trudng Nguge lai, viec nang cao vi the cac chii the quyen cd the dem lai cac ket qua mdi trudng tich cue mot each ddng deu Dan chii la yeu td quan trpng, nhung ban the niia, cac the che can cd trach nhiem giai trinh, minh bach va phuc vu moi ddi tugng Can cd cac boat ddng nham tang cudng kha nang cho nhirng nhdm thudng bj gat ngoai, nhu nhdm thieu sd, nhdm phu nii, Thue te da chiing minh, neu nhdm dugc tao dieu kien tham gia se cd sir gan ket vdi cac ket qua ben viing hon'^ He thdng phap luat BVMT hien dugc coi la kha day du so vdi cac tieu chuan r r \ r f qudc te, nhung hau bet cac quy pham mdi dimg d dang nguyen tac chung cd tinh djnh khung, chua cd van ban nao chii viec Idng ghep each tiep can QCN BVMT Cac quy dinh chua lam rd trach nhiem cua chu the chinh va chii the cd lien quan nen cd tranh chap mdi trudng cac chii the trach nhiem thudng dim day (trudng hgp vu Vedan), hoac nhieu doan cimg den thanh/kiem tra mot co sd gay khd khan cho doanh nghiep Cac chii the quyen thi lung tiing bdi khdng quy dinh rd ve quy trinh, thii tuc dh ngudi dan tham gia vao viec giam sat, BVMT, DTM, vao qua trinh ban hanh cac quylt dinh va tiep can tu phap ITnh vuc mdi trudng Day la li cdng tac BVMT chua thu hiit, ldi cudn dugc quan chiing nhan dan, cac td chiic chinh trj, xa hdi, td chirc xa hdi nghe nghiep tham gia giam sat BVMT Luat BVMT dang tien hanh sira ddi, vi vay de Luat phat huy hieu qua, can soat, danh gia hien trang phap luat, bd sung, hoan thien theo hudng Idng ghep each tilp can QCN vao viec hoach djnh chinh sach va cac luat cd lien quan din BVMT Cin hoan thien ban cac quy djnh ve xir ly hanh chinh, truy ciiu trach nhiem hinh sir, dam bao tinh ran de, giao due va xir ly that nghiem khac doi vdi cac trudng hgp tai pham Cin bo sung, hoan thien co che khieu kien (thii tuc, trinh tu khilu kien) ddi bdi thudng thiet hai ONMT va co quan tiep nhan don, giai quylt cac tranh chip dh ngudi dan de tilp can Can xay dung ddng bd he thdng quan ly mdi trudng ddi vdi tirng nganh, timg ITnh vuc va dua nhiing quy djnh nghiem ngat vl tieu chuin phat thai, kilm soat d nhiem nude, khdng va giam sat d nhiem chit ddc hai Cd chinh sach khuyin khich cac doanh nghiep thue hien trach nhiem xa hdi, no luc ngan chan va ciing kilm tra ONMT Can tuyen truyen, giao due, nang cao nhan thirc, phat huy va thiic diy cac quyln cua cdng ddng, tang cudng sir tham gia cua nhan dan vao qua trinh hoach dinh, thue thi va giam sat chinh sach BVMT; tang cudng sir tham gia va chia se Igi ich cdng ddng cac vin de quan ly, giam sat, phat hien va td giac cac hanh vi gay ONMT Tang cudng bdi dudng kiln thirc chuyen mdn va nang cao nhan thirc, trach nhiem vl BVMT ddi vdi can bd quan ly, can bd chuyen mdn, lire lugng chuyen nganh; Quy cbl '^ UNDP, Tom tdt Bdo cdo Phdt triin Con nguai 2011, tr 13 50 Nghiin cdu Con ngu&i so 3(72) 2014 Tiep can bdo ve moi truang trach nhiem rd rang va xir ly nghiem minh hg khdng hoan trach nhiem, gay hau qua cho cdng ddng va ngudi dan Dau tu trang thilt bj may mdc, co sd tang, vat chat kT thuat va ngudn lire tai chinh phuc vu cho cdng tac chuyen mdn Tai lieu tham lihao Dai hoc Qudc gia Ha Noi - Khoa Luat (2010), Quyen ngitai: tap hop nhiing binh luan/ khuyen nghj chung ciia Uy ban Cdng udc LHQ, Nxb Cdng an Nhan dan Ha Noi UNDP, Tom tdt Bdo cdo Phdt trien ngirai 2011 Chuong trinh Phat triln Lien hop qudc (2013), "Chi so cdng ly thue trang cdng bing va binh ding dua tren y kiln ciia ngudi dan nam 2012", Ha Ndi, tr.27 Hien phap nude Cong hda xa hoi chu nghTa Viet Nam nam 1992, siia doi, bo sung nam 2001 va Du thao Hien phap sua ddi, bd sung nam 2013 Nude Cong hda xa hdi chu nghTa Viet Nam, Ludt Bdo ve moi truang, 1993, 2005 Nude Cong hda xa hdi chii nghTa Viet Nam, Bp luat Hinh su (sua ddi, 2009) Nude Cong hda xa hdi chu nghTa Viet Nam, Bp ludt Ddn su (siia ddi, 2005) Nude Cdng hda xa hoi chu nghTa Viet Nam, Ludt Khieu nai, tdcdo, nam 2006 Nghi djnh 117/2009/ND-CP 31/12/2009 vl xii ly vi pham hanh chinh ITnh virc bao ve mdi trud'ng 10 Le Huy: "O nhiem mdi trudng cdng nghiep, mdi trudng thj va tac dong ciia chiing den ngudi", http://www.scribd.com/doc/37623352/0-NHI%E1%BB%84M-MOI-TR%C6%AF 11 Nguyen Dinh Dap, "Tiep can Quyen ngudi bao ve mdi trudng" Tap chi Tdi nguyen vd Moi trudng, Ky 1, Thang 8/2013 12 Dao Thj Minh Huong, Bao cao di tai cap Bd nam 2011 - 2012: "Mot sd vin di co ban vl QCN vdi mdi trudng va dilu kien dam bao thirc thi d Viet Nam giai doan 2011 2020 vi muc tieu phat trien ngudi" 13 Dd Thj Hien, "Nhan thiic diing din moi quan he giua ngudi vdi tu nhien co sd quan ciia viec giao due mdi trudng d Viet Nam hien nay" 14 "Nhirng diia tre mang chi mau", http://www.tin247.eom/nhung_dua_tre_mang_chi_trong_mau-10-22459086.h 15 "Bao ve nhan quyln Uc", Thang 7/2005, Dii kien so Trich tit The Lead Education and Abatement Design Group, Website, www.lead.org.au, truy cap 25/3/2004 16 Nguyen Nhu Phat, "Trach nhiem xa hdi cua doanh nghiep: mdt so van de ly luan", Ky yeu hoi thao kinh doanh va QCN tr.2 Nghiin ctiu Con ngu&i so 3(72) 2014 5J ... kiln ciia ngudi dan nam 2012", Ha Ndi, tr.27 Hien phap nude Cong hda xa hoi chu nghTa Viet Nam nam 1992, siia doi, bo sung nam 2001 va Du thao Hien phap sua ddi, bd sung nam 2013 Nude Cong hda... phat triln bin virng 1991-2000 (trudc Tuyen bo Rio nam 1992); Luat Bao ve mdi trudng nam 1993, dugc sira ddi, bd sung nam 2004 (cd hieu lire nam 2005); Nghi dinh 26/CP, Chi thj 36 (25/6/1998)... mdi; Dinh hudng chiln luge phat triln bin viing d Viet Nam (2006); Chiln luge bao ve mdi trudng qudc gia din nam 2010 va dinh hudng din nam 2020, Phat triln bin vung tir lau da trd dudng ldi,