Tri thức địa phương về giáo dục cộng đồng của người thái ở khu vực biên giới tỉnh thanh hóa

\j Tri thufc dja phu'dng ve giao due cpng dong cua ngiidi Thai d khu vufc bien gidi tinh Thanh Hda MAI V A N TUNG* N gffffi Thai d Thanh Hofi lfi mft bf phgn d a ngffdi Thdi \^fit Nam Hp suih sing tfip trung ehu yfi'u cfic huyen khu vUc mien nui Ba ThUdc, Lang Chanh, Thudng iXuan, Quan Hda, Quan Scfn, Mudng Lfit O ngffffi Thfii ndi ehung vfi ngfldi Thfii d cfic dia phffdi^ khu vffc bifin giffi Thanh Hofi ndi rieng rat quan tfim dl'n giao due cpng dong vd trd thfinh tfip quan iNhOng kinh ngMfim gifio due cfng dong nMlu kM dffdc due k i t thfinh nhiitig cau thfinh ngfl, tuc ngfl, cham ngfin cd gia tri nhan vfin sau sic Tao ffieu kifin thuan ldi can ban to chflc vfi quan ly xfi hSi truyin thing, viec I n dinh quS'c phdng - an mnh vfi gifl vOng chu quyen lanh t h i quS'c gia iNhtfng kinh ngMem gifio due ^y v l n cbn ^ tri nhait dinh va ed y ngMa quan trpng dffi sd'ng kinh te' - xa hfi, van hofi - giao due d a nguM Thai Men vUc rmin nffi Bfi ThUdc, Lang Chdnh, Thudng Xufin, Quan Hda, Quan Sdn, Mudng Lfit (Xem bang 1) NgUdi Thfii d Thanh Hoa tU danh lfi Cfin Tay (ngUM Tay) hay Phu Tay Cac cfing trinh ngMfin cQu tnfdc day ehffa gifii tiiich ro rang thdi ffiim cliia tdch nhdm ngffdi Tdy va ngQdi Thfii, cung nhff giOa nguffi Lao va i ^ M Thai Thanh Hod Day lfi v l h de d n tiep tuc r^iifin caiu Nguffi Thffi Thanh Hod cd tifi'ng ndi, vfin hpc dan gian, dac biet Ifi t h i n thoai, ro tich gan gui vffi ngudi Tfiy d Viet Bic NgUffi Thai d Thanh Hofi tM f thQc rang, phfa duffi cd nguffi Kinh, phia tren cd ngUffi Lfio, nguffi Xa; ngUffi Lfio lfi anh (gpi lfi Ai Lfio), ngucri Kinh lfi em Qt (gpi Id La Lfla) O Thanh Hofi khong cbn khai mem ve Thai den Thai trang CM phan biet hai nhdm ehinh lfi nhdm it hdn sinh so'ng dpc sfing Chu gpi lfi Tay Dp vfi nhdm IffU vUc sSng Ma gpi la Tfiy Muffi ThUc tfi' dfiy lfi Khai quat v e ngrfcfi Thai & k h u vrfc cac nhdm dia phffdng, ten Tay Dp vfi Tfiy bi&n gidri tinh T h a n h Hoa Muffi khSng phai tu danh mfi nhdm dat cho Hai nhdm nfiy cd mpt vfii dfic Ngffffi Thfii d Thanh Hod lfi mft bf ffiim khfic v l tifi'ng ndi, y phue va phan d a ngUffi Thai Viet Nam Hp sinh sinh hogt van hoa Nhdm Tdy Dp sfing song tap trung chu yeu d cfic huyen khu * TS Mai Van Tung, Trudng Dai hoc Hong Bffc 68 Nghien citu Bong Nam A, s61112015 B&ng 1: Dfin s o ngi^cfi Tliai d c a c h u y ^ n m i l n n i i i T h a n h H o a TT Mimg Lat DansS 18226 Quan Hoa 28935 Quan Son Ba Thifdc 29059 38552 Lang Chanh 23405 Huy^n Ngoc Lac Dan scf 1052 ThiijngXuto 48142 Nhu Xuan 23970 Nhu Thanh 16629 10 Thach Thanh TT Huv&n 45 228,015 TSng: Nguon; Bern Ddn tdc Hnh Tlianh Hod (so' Ueu ffiiu tra nfim 2009) Chu gin vdi bf phdn d Tffdng DUdng (Nghfi An), cd nMlu net gifing ngffdi Thffi Trang d Son La vfi Lai Chfiu Cbn nhdm sfing Ma, cd so Iffdng dong, dia bfin cU tru rpng hdn, cung chung nhdm cd d d Mai Chfiu (Hofi Binh), S i m Nffa (Lfio) vfi Nghe An (nhdm Tfiy Thanh) Ngffdi Lfio gpi nhdm nfiy Ifi Tfiy Deng (thffc te' ngUffi ta n h i m Mudng Deng thupc Lang Chdnh vdi nhdm ngffdi Thfii Thanh Hoa)*" Cac ke't qua ngMfin cffU vl ngfldi Thai d Thanh Hod eho dfi'n thdi ffiim Men eho tbay, xdt vl mfit lich sQ, ngUdi Thai Thanh Hofi dffdc Mnh thfinh vfi phat triln tO mot nhdm Tfiy cl b i n dia, trai qua nMeu biln d Uch sff, dffdc 1)0 sung them mpt bS ptifin tff nMlu dia phffdng phia Bac vfio, dong thdi tilp can vffi ngffffi Modi^, ngoffi Kinh, ngjffi Khd Mfl d cflng dia ban cQ tru vd giQ mii Uen hf thudng xuyen mat tMfi't vffi khii dong tfc Tfiy Bac, Thffdng Lfio, Nghe An Do vdy, vl huyet thS'ng va vfin hoa cd sff hofi ding d a nMeu yfi'u to', tff tao nen ban sic rifing vOa mang dac trung Thanh Hoa, vffa phan finh tinh chit chung d a cpng ding Thai Vifit Nam, vfi sQ tie'p nhfin, ^ a o luu vffi cff dfin Vift - Modng Ngffffi Thfii d khu VQC bien gidi trfin dia bfin tinb Thanh Hofi cd Uch sQ cu tru ldu ddi, phdn bo' d khap 16 xa biln giffi (gim cfic xfi Tam Chung, Ten Tan, Quang CMeu, Mffdng Chanh, Pfl NM, NM Sdn, Trung Ly thufic huyln Modng Lat; xa Hien iKiet thufc h i ^ e n Quan Hda; xa Sdn Thuy, Na MIo, Mffdng Min, Sdn Difin, Tam Thanh, Tam Lff thupc huyen Quan Sdn; xa Yen Khffdng thupc huyen Lang Chanh; xa Bdt Mot thufc huyfn Thffdng Xufin) Lfi mfit dan tfc anh em*^', ngffdi Thdi cff trfl tren dia bfin 16 xa (147 ban) khu vQc bifin giffi tinh Thanh Hofi, vffi ddn s l 10.391 hp, 53.554 khiu; cbn lgi dan tfc Mffdng cM cd 535 hd, 2.567 ngffdi, dfin tfc MSng cd 1.738 hp, 10.497 ngffdi, dan tfie Khdmu cd 152 hf, 775 ngffffi, ddn tfc Dao cd 83 hp, 349 ngUffi vfi dfin tfc Kinh cd 83 hS, 349 nguffi*^* Nhin chung, ngUffi Thai sinh sS'ng d cac xa dia bfin gifip bifin cMlm ty l l 72,5% dan so', ddng n h l t so vffi tofin vOng, tUdng flng vffi 4,86% dfin s l miln nfli d a tinh Thanh Hoa nMlu xfi giap bien, dan cU Ttifii cMlm da s l nhu xa Mudng Chanh, Quang CMlu, Tam Cbung, Trung Ly, Ten T i n d a huyfin Mffdng Lat; xa Sdn Thuy, Na Mbo, Mffdng Min, Son Dien, Tam Lff, Tam Thanh d a huyfin Quan Sdn; xa Hien Kifit, huyen Quan Hoa; xa Yfin Khffdng huyfin Lang 69 Mai Vdn TUng - Tri thdc dja phucmg ve gido dixc cgng dong Ctifinh; xfi Bfit Mpt huyfin Thffdng Xudn Cd nMlu ban bien giffi ddn s l ngOffi Ttifii d u e m g i n 100% Tifiu bieu lfi ban Cang, Na Hm, Chai, Lach, Tfio d a cac xa thufc huyfin Modng Lfit Trong dd ban Tdo, xa Trung Ly cd 146 hp gan 1000 ngffffi, cMlm ty lfi 100% lfi ngffffi Thfii) B i n Yin, xa Mffdng Rfin, huyfn Quan Sdn cd 110 hf vffi 562 nhdn khau dan tfc Thai, cMfi'm ty 16 94% Ban Ngam, ban Pa, Cha Lung, Kham thufc xfi Tam Thanh dfin tdc Thffi cung chifi'm g i n 100% Ban Sgi xa Tam Lff cd 135 hp vffi gan 800 khau ngffffi Thfii, cMlm ty le 95% Cfic bfin Ho, Chao thuSc xa Hiln Kifit, huyfin Quan Hofi ngffffi Thfii cMlm trfin 96% Bdn Xing Hlng, xa Yen KhQdng, huyen Lang C h l n h dan s l ngOdi Thdi cMlm 90% Ban Vin, Kheo, Luc thufc xfi Bfit Mpt, huyfn Thffdng Xuan dfin s l Thdi cMlm t r i n 95%**> TQ qufi trtnh dinh cO Ifiu dfii nfin ngffdi Thai d dfiy tich luy dUdc hfi thS'ng tri thQc dia phUdng r i t phong phu vfi da dang, dd cd tri thQc gifio due d n g dong, gdp phan quan trpng to chQc vfi quan ly xfi hfi truyen thS'ng Nhffng ldnh ngMfim gifio due l y v l n cbn gia tri n h l t dinh vfi cd y nghia quan trpng ddi so'ng kinh te - xfi hfi, vdn hofi - gido due d a ngffdi Thffi Mfin Tri thrfc d i a phrfcAig vS giao d u e cfng dong Tri tbffc dia phffdng v l gido due cSng ding lfi nhong ldnh nghiem giao due truyen thd'ng cd npi dung phong phu vfi da dang, dQdc the Men trfin nMlu phffdng ffien n h i m tri sff I n dinh xa hfii vd giff gin thuan p h o i ^ my tuc m i i efing ding dan tpc O ngffdi Thai ndi chung vfi ngffdi Thfii d cfic dia phffdng khu vffc bifin giffi Thanh Hoa ndi rifing r i t quan tdm dfi'n gifio due eong dong vfi trd thaiih tap qudn NhOtig kinh ngMfim giao due cfng d i n g nhieu kM dffdc dflc ke't thfinh nhiJng cdu thfinh ngO, tuc ngO, chfim ngSn cd gifi tri nhdn vfin sfiu sic vd van d n nguyfin gia tri ddi sing Men dai, gdp p h i n g i n k i t ben chat cac md'i quan bf gia ffinh, dbng hp ndi rifing vfi cung d cfic m i i quan he cpng ding lfing ban ndi chung; tgo ffiiu Mfn thugn ldi cfin ban vific I n dinh qufi'e phbng - an ninh vfi giff vflng chu quyln Ifinh t h i qufic gia 2.1 Doi vdi cpng dSng bdn ldng Trong xa hfi truyin tbdng cung nhff Men dai, dong bfio Thfii d khu vffc bifin giffi Thanh Hofi rat quan t i m de'n mii quan he tinh d m xdm lfing D i n g bfio quan mfim "Xip ngng pi bau pdn xi chi hidm" {Mudi anh em khdng btng gdc nhd) Y nghia d a cfiu ndi lfi du cd dong anh em de'n m i y cung khSng bang sQc mgnh vfi tinh d m hfing xdm ling gieng m i i kM tS'i Iffa t i t din cd Hay cau tuc ngfl "Ngng pi cdy bau pdn tdng hu6m bdn" (Anh em xa khong bang ngudi cung ldng) cflng y ndi ring, anh em rufit thit, hp hfing thfin tMch cd dong dfi'n may nhffng d cfich xa tM cung khdng b i n g ngffffi cOng lfing cung ban sdm toi cd Quan mem cung cd y to tffcfng tff nhff quan nifm cua ngffffi Kinh qua mft s l cau tuc ngQ "Ban anh em xa mua ldng gilng gin", hay "Nffdc xa khfing cflu dUdc Iffa gin".v.v Ngofii ra, moi quan bfi cfing ding nguffi Thai cdn cd tinh than tUdng thfin tUdng fii r i t cao, tinh t h i n ay cdn dUdc the hifn d ca dao, tuc ngff, nhift "Anh em bdn dUdi midmg trin, ddng thugn mgi diiu tdt xdu" Hay "Nhin phai nhin trdi, nhin nhin dudi".v.v.' trin 70 Nghien cdu Bdng Nam A, sd 11/2015 Qua mft sS' cfiu tue ngO tren cho thaiy truyin tbS'ng gifio due cua ngOffi Thfii r i t de cao tinh cpng dong, cfng cam, cfng sinh va tham chi d cpng mfinh nffa Dilu nfiy bat nguin tff dffi sfi'ng thffc tiln kM md trffdc day mpi ffiiu kien sinh hoat cbn r i t khd khfin, mpi ngffffi r i t can ptiai nffdng tffa Ifin Trong cufc s i n g Mfn dai, dffi sing ldnh t l - xa bpi bdt p h i n khd khfin, song tinh than ay vfin dffdc ngffdi Thdi d day gin giO vfi khSng ngOhg dOdc phat huy Dd cMnh la sffc manh tinh t h i n tSc ngffdi, tao nen sffc mgnh cfing dong dan tpc quo'c gia "S^fit Nam Va dd chflng cbinh lfi mft phin npi Iffc, dfng Iffe kich tMch cho sff phat trien dat nffdc Mfin 2.2 Bdi vdi tdng liJCa tuoi - Bdi vdi ngudi gid Cflng nhff cac tpc ngffdi khac cs nffdc ta, ngffdi Thai cd truyen thong trpng lao, trpng ngffffi gifi Dong bfio Thfii d vflng bien gidi huyen Quan Sdn thffdng n6i:"Phu thdu sd it cpt lau sdu hio hd bdn hd hUdn" (Ngffffi gifi lam cot try cho ban, cho nhfi) Thfi' hfi ngffffi gifi dffdc ton kinh bffi vi hp la nhflng ngffffi mau mffc, cd nMeu kinh ngMem san xuat, to chffe va quan ly cpng dong Do dd, t h i hfi ngjdi cao tuli trd thfinh cbl dffa cho gia dinh, ddng hp vfi cfng ding ve mat tinh than Lffi ndi d a ngffdi cao tuli dffdc ran chau ton trpng tuan theo Bffi vay, ngffdi Thdi thUdng n6i:"Khodm phu thdu pdn pdu ngdn, kham" (Lffi ngudi gifi quy nhU ddng bgc, ding vfing) V\ the', gia dinh, ddng hp, ban lang moi kM cd cSng to viec ldn deu mdi cfic cu tham gia y kie'n Cflng xul't phat tff long kinh trpng, ngudi cao tuli dUdc ran chau va cfng ding chfim sdc chu dao KM cd d ban thudng xfip mam cho ngffffi gifi tnfdc, vi flhg xff truyin thing d a ngffdi Ttifii, ngUdi gifi phai dffpc ou tifin an trffdc, ngoi tren "Hd phu thdu kin con, ndng ndcC Sau dd mffi dfi'n cfic mdm dgi tra d a chdu Trong mdm, cac cu thudng dUdc UU tifin nhflng thQc dn ngon nliat Ngoai ra, ngUbi gia cbn dOtfc chau nhudng chan, se fio, kifi'm ciii tot de dot sffdi & i vfio mOa dSng gia lanh.v.v,, Nhin chung, i ^ f f i gifi xa hpi Thai la chS doa tinh than, dUdc chau vfi cfing dong tdn kinh Dfiy cflng la dac ffiim chung d a hau h i t eac dan tpc d Viet Nam Dd cMnh la tinh than "trpng lao", "kinh lao die thp", la truyen thong td't dep, thi Men tinh nhfin van sfiu sic d n dffdc phdt huy hem nOa n i n giao due Mfin dgi - Ddi vdi niin, trung niin Theo phong tyc truyin thS'ng cua ngUM Thai d Quan Sdn, trai, ran gfii sap dfi'n tuli tnfdng (khoang 13 - tuli), bo me t l chQc Ifim lfi d t day noi, dfiy vong Tieng Thai gpi lfi "sin tdt xdi u, xdi Id hd liic" L l vat gom cd cdm, rffdu, lpn, gfi Gia ffinh mdi thay cflng din nhfi Ifim II, thffdng mpt buli mdi lam xong lfi Y ngbia d a le nfiy lfi cSng nhan (x>n minh da ldn khSn, khSng cbn nam nfii, nam vong nhff tre nho nfla Ding thffi d u mong eho dUdc k h d mgnh, xinh dep, cffdng trang nhff bao trai tai gai gidi khac Theo quan mem ding bdo Thfii, nhflng ngUdi d tuli tlianh men, trung mfin lfi nhufi kM cua gia ffinh va Iang ban, la sffe mgnh tinh than vfi v$t chit cua xd hpi Bdi vfiy ngQdi Thai cd cfiu: Thu khd khdnh fidnh lit Viic hgi pin viic di pd mi phu num" Dich: Ngffdi khde chan cffdng trfing Viec xlll viec td't bdi cd ldp tre Ngffffi Thai nhdn thQc sdu sfie ve tam quan trpng d a thfi' hfi tre, vi hp lfi ldp ngUdi Mai Vdn Tiing - Tri thdc dia phUcmg ve gido due cpng dong tifin phong cd sQc khoe, cd t h i Ifim dUdc mpi vific, cd t h i bien vific xlii thfinh vile tot Day cung lfi tuli xdng pha trfin mac danh giac, duli thfl dO bdo vfi ban lfing - Bdi vdi tre em 71 dOng roi vpt) Phai chfing, dfiy cung lfi ffiim khfic vffi nguffi \ ^ e t truyin t h i n g gifio due "Thuong cho roi cho vpt, ghet cho ngpt cho bui"? 2.3 Gido d^c ve gidi tinh Nguffi Thfii rat quy tre em, eoi tre em Ifi m i m sing tUdng Iai Nen gia ffinh vfi cfng dong thudng dfinh sU uu fii, tinh d m tot dep n h l t eho tre Bffi vfiy, tuc ngff Thfii cd cfiu: " Linh ngi oi hdc", nghia Id: Tre em lfi v l n quy Nguffi Thai coi dfin dng lfi phai manh, lfi tru d t gia ffinh Do vgy mpi vific nang nhpc gia ffinh, lfing b i n p h i n ldn dfin Sng d i m nMfm Hay; "Pdnh Idc tay mdpum mdn Pdnh ldn tay chd hieng cdt" Dich: Dfin Sng lay vifc nfing, vifc ldn Anh thuong em eho vific nhe nhfing Dich; Yfiu ran tff kM mffi ehffa Yfiu chfiu to lflc mffi nd, mffi sinh Nhu vfiy, dan Sng Thfii (ngUffi chong, nguffi cha) gia dinh thudng dam nhfin Ifim nhiMg vific nfing nhpc De dfinh cho vd, nhflhg vife nhe nhang nhfi, ngofii dong Tuy nMfin, cupc sing khong It phu nfl v l n phai Ifim nhflng vific nfing nhpc vi nhd tMfi'u dfin Sng Ding bfio ylu ran tre tQ Iuc cdn thd vfi nhudng cdm se ao, p h i n ehfin lidng dfim l i n cho tre Ddy Ifi mpt thdi quen, mft tfip qufin t i t dep, rat nhan van suy ngM vfi hfinh dpng d a d i n g bfio Thfii Quan Sdn ndi rieng vfi ngudi Thfii d khu vUc Men giffi Thanh Hofi ndi chung Trong vifc lam iiang ngfiy, tre em chua phai lam vific nfing Ngudi Idn cM sai ran chfiu nhijng vifc nhe nhfing phfl hdp vffi IQa tuli, sQc vdc "Linh ngi lilc on, ddng Et viic ngc viic nd nhd ldn phoi chg" Dich: T r i em xUdng non, minh ylu bong vifc nfing nhpc xin dflng cd sai "Po chdi sd du viic ndc, viic nd A\ hdc ngng sd xu viec vdu" Trong cufc sing gia dinh ngUffi Thfii, nam, nff diu cd vi tri quan trpng nhff nhau, ton trpng nliau Tuc ngfl Thai cd cau: "Hidm bau mi me nhlnh hUdn hgi Hidm bau mi pd di hudn mon^ Dich: iNhfi khdng d phu nff nhfi xau Nhfi khdng cd dfin dng nha vIng Tbeo quan mfm d a ngffdi Thai, khSng cd phu nff tM k h d i ^ cd ngffcri ctiam sdc nhfi Mft ffiim khfic nQa, truyin thong cQa, khdng cd ngffffi ndi trd nha se ban, giao due tre ngUdi Thfii ft kM, hay ndi khach khffa, ban be, hang xdm se che cdch khac lfi khong day tre b i n g roi vpt, "hudn hgi" (nhfi xaii) Nha xau theo hai quat thao hay m i n g chffi mfi hinh thffc nghia den vfi nghia bdng Nghia den lfi day bfio p h i bifi'n nhfi't lfi thuyfi't ly, giang nhfi khSng cd ngffdi chfim sdc, quet don tM giai, vffa day vffa do, c^va tay cM vific Dfiy xlil Nghia bdng la tMeu ban tay nfi trd Ifi bifin phfip chfl ylu Ngofii ra, vdi ngUdi cua ngffdi phu nfl mfii kM khfich khffa, ban Thai, doi m i t cua clia me cbn cd chQc be, hfing xdm d i n nhfi khdng cd nguffi lo nfing rfin day ran edi mac lli Tuc ngfl com nudc vfi tifi'p ddn chu dfio ciing bi coi Thdi d cau; "Toy luc du td, tgy md du lfi xlil Cdn vang dfin Sr^ tM khSng cd khgn" (Day nMn b i n g m i t , day chd ngffdi sffa sang, nhfi cffa rfich nfit, hff hong, 72 Nghiin edu Bong Nam A, sd 11/2015 ft ngffffi qua lai tham hdi Nhff vgy, d nam vfi nfl diu cd vi tri hfi't sffc quan trpng dffi sing gia dinh va cbng d i n g Thfii ket 2.4 Bdi vdi ngddi sdp M't hdn vd dd hdn - Bd'i vdi ngudi sdp kit hdn Theo phong tuc truyin thong cua ngUffi Thfii ndi chung va ngffffi Thfii d Quan Sdn ndi rifing, cd gai da ed nha trai sang an hoi ifi ngffdi gai ay sap cd ching Dffdc ben nha trai, nha gfii thSng bfio cho hp hfing, lfing xdm bilt Vi the', ngffdi khfic khSng dffdc de'n dgm hoi vfi tfin tinh nfla Cung nhu vfiy, chang trai da ffi hdi vd tM cflng khfing dffdc yeu cS gai khac, khong dffdc hdi cfi gfii khac, khfing lay co gai khac ma cfi gai minh da an hdi tra lgi qufi an hdi, ehffa dfi'n ndi lffi cMa tay Tnfdc dfiy, phu nfl Thfii Den (Tfiy Mffdi) kM ffi lay ching phai nhupm rang den, bfli tdc ngffdc len ffinh dau Tie'ng Thai gpi lfi "Om kheo, tdng cdu" Trong kM dd, ngUffi Thdi Trang (Tfiy Khao hay Tay Dp) khfing nhupm rang, tang ca'u, nhfftig bui tdc vl pMa sau gay De'n nay, ngUffi Thai Den d vung bien gidi Thanh Hoa kM ffi lay chong khSng cbn nhupm rang, bui tdc ngUdc nfla iNhffng cac bfi, cfic chi van bui tdc gpn gang ve pMa sau gay d l tifin cho sinh hogt va san x u i t - Bd'i vdi hdn nhdn Theo phong tuc d a ngUffi Thai, lfi cffffi d a nguffi Thai cd mpt ngM thffc quan trpng de cfing nhan hSn nhdn cho dSi vp ching tre Dd la cfic ngM le ma ngffdi Thai gpi la "Lay po, Igy mi, Igy phi hUdn", tffc lfi Igy bo' me vd, lay bfi' me ching, Igy t l tien bfin vd, t l tifin ben chong, ufi'ng rffdu can cheo "ldu puc pdnh" d l gia dinh, dbng hp, cfing dong lang ban cong nhan cho dfii trai gdi thfinh vp thfinh ching CMnh vi thfi', du cd yfiu tham tMet, ffi lgi vdi cd mfi ehffa lam cfic ngM li tren tM v l n ehffa dffdc mpi ngffdi cdng idian lfi vd chong DQa tre sinh van cM la ron hoang ma thdi, ngoffi Thfii gpi nhOng dQa tre sinh hofin d n h ay la "luc phd lgnh mdn tdng" (con ehffa hoang ngodi dodng) Bffi v$,y, nlu chfing trai gap hofin eanh khd khfin nhO khSng du ffiiu kifin to chffc coffi vd, hay bo me, hp hang ben vp can ngan, nhffng hai dffa van mSt mffc yfiu tM chfing trai thffdng trSm d i n cS gai vl nhfi minh r l i t l chffc Ifim cdm mdi hp hang, lfing xdm cua minh din chflng kie'n cho hai dffa tbffc Mfin d e ngM lfi lay b i m e , lay t l tifin Mdm com l l cd kM la ldn con, ne'u khfing ed ldn tin cM c i n ga tring choai lam thit, lufc cMn, chat mieng bfiy len dia cung vffi xSi, rUdu, trlu cau dfing Ifin t l tifin roi mffi thay cflng din cflng lfi dffdc Cung xong hai dffa Igy b l me, fing ba, to tien the' la thfinh vd ching Bl me, hp hang nha gai cflng khong cd quyln Ily lgi gdi minh nffa Cd the ndi, qua tap quan tren cho thay y nghia giao due ca nhan cflng nhff cfng dong r i t sfiu sic, n h i m hffdng cac thfinh vien cpng dong vfio nhflng chuin mffc van hofi dl dam bao sff I n dinh vfi phat trien xa hfi Tuy vfiy, long chung thuy d a tinh yfiu Iffa doi van dffdc cpng dong dl cao va cd t h i giam nhe phan nfio mft so' tap qudn Uen quan Dd chfnh lfi gifi tri nhdn van sdu sac gido due cung nhff t l chffc va quan ly cpng dong 2.5 Biin phdp gido ditc ddi vdi ngddi vi pham ludt tuc cda cgng dong Trong xa hfii truyen tbong, bfin canh tMit chl xa hpi quan phffcfng (phfip vua) tM hiu h i t cac tdc ngUbi d Viet Nam deu quan Mai Vdn Tiing - Tri thde dja phucfng ve gido due epng dong ly d n g dong h l n g lufit tuc (11 lfing, le ban) Dfiy chinh lfi tMfi't c h l xa hfi pM quan phUdng t l ehQc vfi quan ly cpng ding Trong luat tuc d a h i u het cfic tfc ngUdi d Vift Nam ndi chung, thudng cd hai p h i n dffdc quy Udc rat cu t h i , dd lfi phan trich nMfm va p h i n hinh phat, dd trfich nMfm Id nfi dung cMnh, cbn hinh phat gdp phan ciing eo them trach nMfm Vfi cung d mdi dan tfc, eu till d ddy lfi ngUffi Thdi, ngffffi vi pham luat tue thffdng bi phgt va Tuy theo v ^ de d a lufit tuc va mffe df vi pham mfi cfic quy dinh xff phat khac Chang hgn nhu phgt va tuc uIng rffdu d n ehij ylu Ifim cho vui cufc rUdu iRupu d n thUdng uong dip d d i ^ ngUdi nhu l l tang, l l hfi, l l cQffi, mOtig nhfi mdi, miftig ccftn mffi, mimg chau mffi sinh diy thfing, d i y nfim Trong dd, ngQdi Thfii d Quan Son quy dinh, ufi'ng rffdu dfim tang lfi ufi'ng khoan Idiong phat vg Mii Mfip quy dinh sOUg hay sCmg trdu'^* tM mpi nguffi cflng ufi'ng hfi't Vifc dffa s l lUdng khoan nfiy dng tram '®Vfi mpi ngffdi t r o i ^ Mep rffdu cOng t h i n g nhat Sau dfi nhflng i^Odi t i l p theo cd the lam theo Cbn uoi^ rOdu cac tnfdi^ hdp khfic diu cd mffc phat rd rfing, ngMlm khac Trong xff phat nam nff quan he bat cMnh, xUa cd quy dinh: Nfi'u ngffffi phu nff khai la ngffdi dfin dng Mfi'p nunh kM ffi dffdng d bfin toa Iy fim cua dffdng hay tren dffdng tM ngUdi dfin Sng phai chiu tpi Nlu ngUffi dfin fing dd cM cd mft minh mfi hifi'p ngUffi phu nfl d trfin toa ly dUdng (trfin dli, phai leo trfio len khd khfin) tM ngodi dfin fing khfing bi xff phat mfi coi lfi thfing dam V l Mnh thffc xff phat rat phong phu va da dang Co kM b i n g tien, bang cfla cai, cd kM phai dimg sQc lao dSng d a minh phuc 73 dich, phai t r i lai nhffng vgt minh da nblin, da Ifiy, cd kM bi dbn roi d a quan ban, tgo mQdng Tfi ndng chuyln d p trfin xff ly Song thUc te cho thfiy, tifinh vi vi phgm d c quy Udc, luat tuc rd't MI'm kM xdy d ^ g dong Thfii SQc mgnh cua cfic quy Udc lfi d chd, nd d i p Qng dUdc dflng muc ffich vfi hdp vffi Ibng dan nfin dUdc ngflffi Thfii Mfin thu mft cfich tU nguySn Hifn nay, he thong luat p h i p iNhfi nffdc da t h i m vfio cfic ban lfing ngudi Thfii, song cfic quy Udc gifio due vfi quan ly c^ng ding vdn khdng m i t ffi gifi tri cua nd SQe manh eua quy ffdc, luat tuc se ding hanh vfi hS trd cho luat phfip, dfic bifit lfi vific gido due cpng dong thfin ban Hinh thQc xff phat theo lufit tuc v l n cbn nhffng cM dp dung vffi nhiJihg vi pham mfi chUa cd quy dinh lu$t phdp Cbn nhOng vi pham da cd lufit dinh tM chinh quyln vd phdp lu^t xdt xff Hinh thffc xff phat bang dbn roi khong cbn nOa 2.6 Nhdng nkt dpp vdn hod thdng khdc truyin Phong tuc "Ldng td it khodn", tffc ben ngoai Ifim via cho chfiu ngoai, lfi net van hofi dac sic dffi sing tin ngUdng - tfin giao d a ngffdi Thffi d vimg bifin giffi Thanh Hofi Nguffi Thai d Quan Son cung nhu khu vQc bifin giffi quan mfm "Khodn ldng td" rat quan trpng Nlu khSng cd ldng td Ifim khodn tM nMlu cfln bfinh lg d a ran chau khSi^ chfla dOdc, chi d n ffi fin vfa (bfla cdm goi via) cua ldng td xong lfi khoi Bfinh thudng xuat Mfn nhU dau mit, bi hie lao, buin sau, chdn an, m i t ngu, (ilhfla thuS'c thang khdng khdi tM dem gfi den nhd d u rupt, bac rupt (la em trai bofie anh trai d a me) Ifim via cho la se khdi Dfiy la ndt van hoa tdm Unh, nhffng ciuig cd hfim y nhic chfiu tfin trpng b i n ngogi 74 Nguffi Thfii thudng ndi"Lun,^ tdpha nhd ngi", nghia Ifi Bin ngogi nhU dng vua nfid Cau tuc ngfl nfiy cung mang ham y nhac chfiu phai kinh trpng suy ton bfin ngogi, vi ngffffi Thfii quan mfim cd ngogi, cd nfii, cd bl, cd me mffi cd ban thfin minh Hofic mii cffdi vd, ga chong cho tM vai trb cua ong ngogi, bfi ngoai, cau md dUdc till Mfn rat quan trpng Thiun chi, bfin ngogi thffdng cd y kie'n quyfi't dinh cfing vific nfiy, vi the dOdc chfiu vfi mpi ngodi b i n hp ndi tdn ldnh, dUdc UU tifin fin tnfdc, ngii trfin Dfiy ciing la net vfin hofi dflc trUtig d a ngUdi Thfii d Quan Sdn ndi rifing va d a nguffi Ttifii d ^^fit Nam ndi chung Net vfin hoa nfiy dUdc dong bfio gio gin, lUU t m y l n tO dffi nfiy qua ddi khfic vfi nd vfin cbn nguyen gia tri tot dep xa hfi Mfin dai Qua day cung cho thfi'y tfin dU ciia che' dp mau he van cdn d ^ ndt van hoa ffiig xQ cua ngUffi Thfii, gdp p h i n cOng vdi n i n gifio due hifin dgi khdi dfiy truyin t h i n g "trpng mlu", kinh trpng ca bfin d i n g me - ho ngogi, chff khfing chi dl cao bfin d i n g cha - hp nfi, vln bilt r i n g "hudng nfi" lfi dac ffiem d a c h l df xa hSi phu hfi/phu quyln Ngofii ra, gifio due cfng ding cbn dffdc ngffdi Thdi t b i Mfn sdu sic d nMlu gdc dp dffi sing xa bfi Tifiu bilu vfin bod bao dam dffi sfi'ng, eu t h i van hod d, ngSi nhfi sfin ngffdi Thai lfi mft dgc trffng vfin hoa*'' Hudn hgn, vdn sdu (nhfi sfin, lfing cpt) y ndi dfiy lfi net dflc trUhg cua dan tfc minh iNhin vfio each fln d dd ngudi ngoai se nhan bifi't dffdc ngffdi Thai Hay vfin hod mfic truyen thS'ng t h i Men ro nfit n h l t d giffi nfl, mac dfl Mfin t h i hfi tre da fiu hofi, tifi'p nhgn p h i biln trang phuc Mfn dgi, nhung smh hogt binh thffdng d nhfi, l l hfii, ll cffdi, dfim tang thi phu nff Thai vdn mac trang phuc Nghien cihi Bdng Nam A, sd 11/2015 truyin thfi'ng the Mfin net van hoa rieng Dflc bift ll tuc cffffi xin, miRig nha mffi, dfim tang d a ngffdi Thai v i n giQ dffdc nhflng gifi tri mang tinh dfic trffUg tfc ngffffi NMn vfio dd ngffffi ta cd the nhan bilt Id t4p qufin cua Thai Trang hay Id Thfii Den Th^m cbi la d a dbng ho Lb hay ddng hp Hfi, Vi, LUdng,,, N h l t lfi chQ vilt vfi ngon ngQ tfc ngffffi dffdc ding bfio gin giff vfi tran trpng Nhin chung, bieu Men vfin hofi tfc ngUdi sfiu sic nha't thdi ky Men vdn chu yfi'u d dffi song vfln hod tinh thIn/pM vfit t h i So vdi van hod vfit chat/vat the, dfiy lfi linh vffc vfin hoa it bi biln dli hdn, d dd bilu Men y thffc va tinh t h i n tfc ngffdi ro net nhait, manh Uet nhat vfi sfiu sic nhat, dd cd tri thffc v l giao due cfng ding Vai trb va chffc n a i ^ d a gido due cfng dong d a ngffffi Thffi ciing nhff b i t k^ mft tfc nguffi nao la gdp phan t l chffe vd qudn ly xa hpi, dong thffi bao ton vfi phdt huy thuan phong my tuc, dinh hffdng xa hfi phat trien ben vffng toan ffien vfi dgt dfi'n gid tri chan - tMfin - my Bdi vfiy, mSt n i n gifio due du cd Mfin dai din dfiu tM vific hudng dfi'n nhijftig gia tri nhan vfin, hudng dgo ngffdi bilt chung sing nhfin fii vffi d u g ding lfi vS cung d n tMet Hon nfla, giQa lufit tuc cua ngudi Thai vfli phfip lufit cua nhfi nude cd mil tffdng quan n h l t dinh Vi vfiy ngMfin cQu tfip quan gifio due d n g d i n g ciaa ngudi Thdi se gdp phin xdy dutig vfi hofin thifin hfi thS'ng luat phdp da dffdc Dfing Cfng san Viet Nam chu trpng Tai Nghi quylt 48/NQ cua BS chmh tri khofi DC, cd doan neu rd: "Nghiin cdu khd n&ng khai thdc, sik dung dn li, tap qudn (ki cd tdp qudn, thdng li qudc ti) va guy tdc cda cdc hi^p hpi nghi nghiip, gdp phdn bd sung vd hodn thiin phdp ludt (Ban Chip hfinh TW, 2005) Lu$t tuc ndi chung, Mai Vdn Tiing - Tri thdc dia phucmg vi gido due cgng dong 75 cua ngudi Thdi d miin ndi Thanh Hda, Ludn dn Tig'n sy Lich sfl, chuygn ngfinh Dfin tfc hoc, Dai hoc Khoa hoc Xa hfi va Nhan vfln, Hd Nfi Mai Hlng Hdi (2012), Kiin trdc nhd co truyin cda ngUdi Thdi d Thanh Hod sU so sdnh vdi ngiM Tfidi d Tdy Bdc, Tap chl Dan tfc hpc, s l 1, tr.4-13 Mai Hoi^ Hai (2014), Bdo cdo tSng hgp kit qua khoa hoc cdng nghe di tdi: Vai trb cua CHU THICH tri thilc bdn dia phdt triin kinh ti • xd hpi, giu vi2ng qudc pfidng an ninh d cdng dong ddn tpc cdc xd biin gidi dnh Thanh R Robert (1941), Notes sur les Tdy deng de Hda, Sd Khoa hpc va Cfing ngh^ Thanh Hoa Lang Chdnh (Thanh Hda - An nam), Hanoi imprimerie d' Extreme - Orient Khong Muih Hlng (2001) Tim kiiu tri thih vi bdo vi mdi trudng cua ngUdi Tfidi d xd Cf Thanh Hod co tpc ngudi (Thdi, Mudng, Xudn Le, huyin Thudng Xudn, tinh Thanh Moi^, Dao, Khd Mfl, Kinh, Thi) cfng sinh, Hda, Ludn vSn Cfl nhan Sff hpc, Chuyen & khu vUc bien giffi Thanh Hod c6 ngfinh Ddn tfie hoc, Dai hpc Khoa hpc Xa din ddn sinh sing, trff ddn tfc Thi hpi vfi Nhdn van Hfi Nfii Theo s l lifiu thing kfi cfla Ban Dan tfc tinh Hofing Ngpc Hflng (2012), Kiin thdc bdn Thanh Hoa, nam 2009 dia vi quan /jf vd kfiai thdc ngudn tdi S l lifu cdc Tnfdng ban cung cd'p nfim nguyin rUng cua ngUdi Thdi d huyin Quan 2012 Nhan day, tdc gid bfii vilt xin cdm San, tinh Thanii Hod, Tap cM Dfin toe hpc, cfn hao y cfla ong Pham Xuan Cff vfi ti-.65-72 Pham Quang Thim (2 dng diu la Hfi vign Hoi Dan tfc hoc vd Nhfin hpc Thanh Hoa) Vu Phuong Nga (2001), Cdc phong tuc tap qudn vi sinh de vd nudi cdi cua ngUdi da cung d p tU lieu vl ngUdi Thai d khu vffc Thai d xa Xudn Le, huyin ThUdng Xudn, bien gidi tinh Thanh Hod tinli Thanii Hoa, Ludn van Cff nhan Sff Simg trdu dtfpc ngUdi Thfii sfl dung de dong hpc, Chuygn ngfinh Dan tfc hpc, Dai hoe ntfdc kM rUtfu can, ngUbi Thai d Quan Khoa hoc Xa hfi va Nhdn vfln Ha Nfii Stfn, Quan Hod gpi Id cbi nfpu, coi nudc Trdm Id ngUdi qufin xuyen va dieu hdnh cdc Hoang Anh Nhdn (chfl bign) (1985), Vdn hoa truyin thd'ng mUdng Ca Da, Sd Vdn hiep rUtfu d n NgUdi ldm trdm thudng Id hfia thfing ttn Thanh Hoa ngudi kheo mieng, flng xff linh hoat ngn R Robert (1941), Notes sur les Tdy deng de mdi ngUdi ay cung kho tff choi Lcmg Chdnh (Thanh Hda - An nam), Hanoi Mai Hong Hai (2012), ffien triic nim co imprimerie d Extrfime - Orient truyen cua ngUdi Thdi d Thanh Hod su so sdnh vdi ngUdi Thdi d Tdy Bdc, Tgp 10 Charles Robequain (2012), Tinh Thanh chi Dfin toe hpc, s l 1, tr.4-13 Hod, Nxb Thanh Hod 11 Ngfi Xuan Sao (2012), Tri tfiiic bdn dia canh tdc liia nUang truyen thd'ng cda ngudl Thdi cua ngUdi Tfidi d cdc xd miin T A I L D E U THAM KHAO nui phia Tdy Thanh Hod, Tap chi Ddn tfie hpc, s l 1, tr.39-47 Vuong Anh (2001), Tiip can vdn hoa bdn 12 Cao van Thanh (chu bien) (2005), Bdo ton Thdi xU Thanh, Sd Vfin hfia thong tin vd phdt trien vdn hda truyen tfiong cda Thanh Hoa xuit ban, Thanh Hoa ngudi Thdi vdng nui Bdc Trung bp hiin nay, Nxb CMnh tri quic gia Ha Nfii Vu TrUdng Giang (2009), Tri thUc bdn dia lufit tye d a ngUffi Thffi ndi rilng trfin thUc t l da h i trd phfip ludt de quan ly xa hfii tfc ngffdi tot hon theo hffdng phO hdp vffi vfin hofi, tam ly tdc ngUffi vfi dUdc tfc ngUdi ngMen tuc thUc Men./  ... Tiip can vdn hoa bdn 12 Cao van Thanh (chu bien) (2005), Bdo ton Thdi xU Thanh, Sd Vfin hfia thong tin vd phdt trien vdn hda truyen tfiong cda Thanh Hoa xuit ban, Thanh Hoa ngudi Thdi vdng nui... trung Thanh Hoa, vffa phan finh tinh chit chung d a cpng ding Thai Vifit Nam, vfi sQ tie'p nhfin, ^ a o luu vffi cff dfin Vift - Modng Ngffffi Thfii d khu VQC bien gidi trfin dia bfin tinb Thanh. .. v l n cbn gia tri n h l t dinh vfi cd y nghia quan trpng ddi so'ng kinh te - xfi hfi, vdn hofi - gido due d a ngffdi Thffi Mfin Tri thrfc d i a phrfcAig vS giao d u e cfng dong Tri tbffc dia