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GlAODUCDANTac i TRI THUfC DjA PHOONG VOl GIAO DUC HOC SINH DAN TOC THIEU SO I Trl thdc dia phUtfng TrithdcldsUhilubiltvlkhoahpetynhiln,khoa hoc xl hpi Hd thdng tri thdc bao gdm tri thdc khoa hoc vd tr[.]
GlAODUCDANTac i TRI THUfC DjA PHOONG VOl GIAO DUC HOC SINH DAN TOC THIEU SO TS.DAOTHIBlNH-DAONAMSaN Trung lam Nflhifln cDli Gilo dye din lOc I.Trl thdc dia phUtfng TrithdcldsUhilubiltvlkhoahpetynhiln,khoa hoc xl hpi Hd thdng tri thdc bao gdm tri thdc khoa hoc vd tri thdc kinh nghidm Tri thdc kinh nghidm Id nhOfrig hilu biet dupc tieh luy mdt elch nglu nhidn tir ddi sdng hIng ngly, chua dl sdu vdo bdn ehIt cdc suvit, chl giup cho ngudI khudn khd nhlt dinh Tuy nhidn, tri thdc kinh nghidm ludn Id co sd quan trpng cho sy hinh thinh cdc tri thdc khoa hpe Tri thde khoa hpe II nhdng hieu bilt ddpe tich luy mpt cdch h i thdng nhd hoat ddng nghiln cdu khoa hpe Nd khdng phdi Id sy k l tyc giln don ciia tri thdc kinh nghilm, md sy tdng hpp nhCmg sd lilu vlsdkidn nglu nhidn, ren" rgc d l khll qudt hoa thdnh CO sd II thuylt v l ede lien hd bdn chit Tri thUc dja phuong chd ylu Id tri thdc kinh nghiem Nd la nhdng hieu bilt cd hd thdng mang tinh khu vdc cd the khdng dp dung chung eho mpi ddi tupng, mpi vCing/mlln NhOmg hilu biet ndy cd thi Ididng gin vdi tdc ngddi m l gin vdi viing dIt (dia phuong).Tri thdc v l viec trdng lanh, tudc lanh, xe lanh rdi ddt ndn nhdng tam vdl qui Id kinh nghidm sdng cda ngudi Mdng d viing eao phia Bdc NhUng tri thde ly, viig Id nhCmg hilu bilt v l tdc ngddi, vira Id hieu bilt v l nghi truyen thdng cda cdc tinh phia Ble noi ngddi Mdng edtru tap trung chd vilt thi gin vdl chd vilt Hidn thyc sinh mdi trydng ngdn ngd ndo (ciia tpe ngudl ndo) thi duoc t h i hiin bing ngdn ngdcCia tpe ngUdI dd Vilt v l phong tyc Oc-om-booc (In cdm cdng trdng) thi khdng ed ngdn ngd ndo phdn dnh tdt hon ngdn ngd Khmer Vilt v l cdy lanh chic khdng ngdn ngd ndo phdn dnh sinh dpng hon ngdn ngd Mdng, v.v 2.Trl thdc £na phdtfng vdi vdn hda tdc ngUdf Mdi quan hd giCra tri thde dja phuong vd vdn hda tpe ngudi khdng hodn todn tdch biet Nlu vdn hda Id nhCfng gid trj vlt chit, tinh thin ngUdI tgo sudt qui trinh Ijch sii, thi tri thde dja phuong Id nhiJng hiiu biet - nhC^g tlch IQy kinh nghiim v l ngddl, ve nghi mang tfnh khu bidt Van hda tpe ngudl vd tri thdc dja phuong khdng phdi Id mpt, nhUng khdng phdi khdng ed nhiirng diem gap Cai nude ciia dong bdo vung eao phia Bdc diing de lly nUdetddudi sudi Idn cdc rudng cao ed thi xem Id mdt gid trj, mpt sdn phlm van hda, vda Id cdi dep ddng thdi la eli hilu Ich phln Inh tdi ndng, tri tud ngudl Cdl epn nude ty thin nd tao mdt lue de xoay ma khdng can nhiln lieu hay ddng ed gl el, nhd dam mpt phln ddng nude ehly, Nhung d l Idm cai epn dd nhu thi ndo vdi cac dng nudc to nhd, elt vlt sao, ddt nd d vi trf ndo de cd the khai thdc dupe hilu qud thi cdi thupc v l tri thUc Tri thde dia phuong la hilu biet v l nhCmg cdi Tri thUc dja phUOng gin bd vdl van hda tpe fch dyng vd gan giii vdi ddi sdng ngddl dan.Tri thUe i^a phdong bao gdm t i t el nhdng ITnh vuc ddi ngudi Tri thdc dja phuong ciia ngUdI Khmer cho sdng xl hdi td each ddi nhin xd thi, edeh dng xd ta bilt, vdi hp ngdy ehO nhgt Id ngdy Mat trdi, vdi lu lut, thidn tai, bdo vd thidn nhidn, mdi trudng, thd hai Id ngdy Mat trang, cdn cdc khdc Id ngdy cdch trdng trot chan nudi, cdch td chdc cdc le hdi, ciia ede vl Cdn tin ele thing eOa hp dlu cd 'lai din each tri cdc phong tue, t i p qudn, ele thdng ljch" hay gin llln vdi mdt vat, mdt vlt, II vlt thidng tin ngddng, Id vlt tin vl cdc bdi thudc din gian, edeh chda bdnh Cich t h i hidn cda tri thdc dja phuong gin gui, cudc sdng thudng ngdy: Thdng 1: Mec-ca-ra (mpt de hieu (dang thdc phdn-cc^lo) Chdng ta cd thi tim loai el mlp); Thdng 2: Cdm-phes (cd-om); Thdng 3: van hda ddn gian moi tdc ngddl rlt nhilu tri Mj-nia (cd); Thing 4: Md-sa (cdu); Thing 5: U-sa phia (bd dye), Thdng 6: Mi-thp-na (ddi trai gal); Thdng 7: thye, dgc bidt Id nhCmg kinh nghidm sdng Tri thdc dja phddng tdn tai ngdn ngd dia Ca-ea-da (cua); Thdng 8: Sly-ha (lln); Thdng 9: Canhphuong, gin vdi ngdn ngd tdc ngUcn' Oly Id mdt dae nha (eon gii); Thdng 10:Td-Ia (cdi can); Thdng 11: VIdllm rat quan trpng Ngdn ngd cda tdc ngudl khdng ehd ^ GIAODUCDANTOC- b l u khdng dupc ngdi d ngach cda hay d chd g l p khCic, bdi n l u ngdi n h u v l y thi sd khd d l (phong tyc Khmer) Ho$e eon dUdng rudc d l u khdng dupe Id dudng md thdng l y cd ngUdI khdc dd rude d l u v l Trong d i m dUa ddu, ngUdi ta thudng mang theo m$t Idng gd cho cd d l u Idm vdn, nhUng n l u gida dudng nghe t h l y t l i n g cu rdc thi nhuhg g l p h l l dupe thd ra, vl d l y Id d l u h i l u ddi dn ipc ciia t h i n ri/ng (phong tyc Tdy) Cd nhCmg tri thdc g i n bd vdl t | p qudn, n l n n i p sinh hoat V(M ngudi M'Ndng, it n h l t mpt miia ndm, sum hpp anh, chj, em, chu, bdc ba l l n L l n t h d n h l t d l u miia r i y L l n thU hai giOra mtia r i y L l n t h d ba vdo miia thu hogch Ddy Id nhCmg djp hp trao ddi edeh I l m I n , chpn d I t Idm riy, chdm sdc riy, cdch gido dye nudi n i n g eon c h l u Hp cdn mdi g i l l i n g d l eimg chia sd kinh n g h i l m hay Giao due t r i thdc tfia phdtfng cho hoc sinh d i n tpe t h i e u $o vd sU the hien chUtfng t r l n h nghien cdu thuc hanh glao due song n g d tren ctf sd tieng m ^ di t r o n g SGK 3.7 Gido due tri thu'c dia phUdng cho HS DTTS Mde dii nhdn thde khd rd v l vai trd cCia tri thdc d\a phddng cung n h u vdn hda tpe ngudi, v i n hda b i n dja, song d i n nay, vide nghidn cdu khoa hpc v l tri thdc dja phdong (nghidn cdu li thuylt) edn n h i l u b i t elp Cd t h i coi c h u y i n k h I o cda Trung t i m NCGDDT v l gido due tri thdc dja phdong tgi le kl nidm 40 n i m thdnh lap Vidn Khoa hpe Gido dgc Id edng trinh dau t i l n eCia Trung tdm ndi v l g i l o due tri thdc dja phdong Tuy n h i l n , luc d d chda cd nhCmg k i t qud iimg dung cu t h i ndn nhCmg k i t ludn bai v i l t ehua thdt sy s l u S I Q todn didn Hidn nay, vide gido dye tri thdc dia phuong vting ddng b i o ddn tdc t h i l u sd chd y l u dupe Idng ghdp uong gido dye vdn hda tde ngudi, t h i hidn cdc t i l lidu day t i i n g vd tdi l i l u tham khdo b i n g t l i n g m? dd Trong cdc tdi l i l u n l y tri thdc dia phdong dupe ghi Igi mdi bdi dpe, hay tranh vd, vira n h I m mue tidu dgy t i i n g vda eung d p k i l n thde, Tiiy timg lue md muc tidu ndy hda thdnh phuong tl$n cho mye t i l u 3.2 Si/thihipn sdch gido khoa chUdng trinh nghiin ciru thuc hdnh gido due song ngCttrin ccfsd tling me di G i n dly, chl dgo t r i l n khai cdc chuong trlnh dgy tieng d i n tde vdi tuedch Id t i i n g me dd ele chuong trinh g i l o due day nhd mpt mdn hpe hay dgy song ngd, Bd Gido dye v l D I o tao - thdng qua Ban Chl dgo cdc d u d n da qudn tridt tinh t h i n x l y dyng t i l 60 •KHOA HQC GlAO DVC li^u, sleh gido khoa thdn thidn vdi HS, t h i hidn qua cd kdnh hinh, kdnh c h d v l npi dung t i i lidu V I ngdn ngd, tdi li^u ddpe bidn soan trpe t i l p bdng t l i n g d i n tpe: Mdng; Jral, Khmer, n h I m bdo tdn vd phdt huy ngdn n g d me d l , t r i n eo sd dd, HS t l l p thu dupe k i l n thde ban d l u v l khoa h p c t y nhidn, khoa hpe x l hpi, ddng thdi hpc t i i n g Vidt ngdn n g d t h d hai V I npi dung, tdi lidu ehdong trlnh n g h i l n cyu thyc hdnh gido dye song ngdtrdn co sd t l i n g me dd CO bdn dupe khoi ngudn t d vdn hda tdc ngUdi, tddja bdn ed trd cda HS, chlnh cdc t r i thde d i n tpe sdng tao hole sdu t i m Ngay tU x l y d y n g d l edong, ma t r i n sdch gido khoa, cdc tdc gid da chd ddng d l x u l t cde chu d l , ehCi d i l m r i l n g v l v I n hda v l tri thdc dia phddng thuPc dja bdn c d tru cua HS Cdc ehii d l , chd d i l m ddpe dgy theo k l l u "xody trdn d c ' t d l d p d i n Idp 5, mdi Idp lai dupe bdi d i p thdm, s l u sle hon, phii hpp vdi su Idn l l n vd k h i n i n g t i l p t h u eua trd Trd chQ d i l m nhdn ddn vd d I t nudc, n g d l i l u cle chd di6n khdc d l u cd m l u s i c dja phuong {)d Id cdc chO d l , ehCi dllm: Cudc sdng xd hdi quanh em, thiin nhiin vdt nudi - cdy cdi bdn/budn Idng em (SGK Idp IJ; W?/ hpu - dia hinh qui em, Thuc vdt - ddng vdt qui em, Bdn Idng/budn Idng cua em (SGK Idp 2); Thiin nhiin vi dep qui hUdng; Mdi frudng song quanh em; Trang phuc truyin thdng ddn tdc; Nhgc eu ddn tdc; Ngudi ddn tde qui em;Truyin thdng gia dinh (ngudi Mdng/ ngudiJrai/ngudi Khmer); Cdng ddng: chdm hpe chdm Idm, thdng minh sdng tgo; Thiin nhiin qui huang, ddt nude (SGK Idp 3}; Bdn ldng tuai dep H hdi qui huang (SGKIdp4);Ddcsdnquihuang(SGKIdp5) Cle bdi dpc thupc phdn mon Tdp dpc Id no! tri thdc dja phuong ducfc phdn dnh d i m dd n h l t Cic bdi dpe da t i p trung gldl thidu k i l n true nhd d, cich b l i tri b i n ngdl n h l cda t i m g tdc ngudi Sleh day t l i n g Jrai ed bdi v l nhd rdng, sdch dgy t l i n g Khmer cd bdi v l ngdi chCia, sdch dgy t i i n g Mdng v i l t v l ngdl n h l d I t b i n c i c thda aidng b l e thang Cic n g h i t m y I n thdng: dan l i t , ddt lanh, t h d elm, n g h i rdn, n g h i ddc, trdng rimg (ngudi Mdng); n g h i c h i l ludl, ddnh b i t c l , trdng Ida nddc, Idm cdm dep, Idm dudng thdt-ndt (ngudi Khmer); n g h i thd e l m , dan Idt (ngudl Jral) Jrai vd vting ddng bdo d i n tdc Mdng, cd mdt s6 nghe gidng nhau, song di s l u vdo kT thuat cd nhiing net khac Vi dy, ciing Id n g h i d I t , song kT t h u l t tudt lanh, nhudm chdm chl ngudl Mdng mdi cd; hoa van t h d d m moi viing cung ed sy khdc bidt K i l n thde I m thyc, die .GIAODVCDANTOC sdn qud hyong, trang phuc t r u y i n thdng, nhgc ey din tdc, trd choi d i n gian vd mdn t h i thao cua mdi din tde eung khdc n h a u , dype t h i hidn khd d i m dde SGK v l cdc t i l l i l u bd trp Khdo sdt so bp, tl id bdi t i p dpc SGK t l i n g Mdng t d Idp - Idp v i l t vltri thdc dja phuong, l l n lupt nhusau:12/52; 23/52; 12/31 Do ed sy thdng n h l t gida ba nhdm t i i n g d i n tdc tU xdy dyng d l cuong, n l n SGK t l i n g Jrai vd Khmer cung cd tl Id tUong t d hodc cd chdnh Ideh khdng ddng ke (ehl khodng - bdi) Cle tri thde dia phuong dda vdo SGK cd chpn loe theo t i l u ehf: tlch cue v l phti hpp.Tich cue tde Id lua chpn cle y l u t d e I n t h i l t , ed tde dpng tdt d i n sy phlt t r i l n t i m sinh If vd nhdn cdch cOa trd Phii hpp II ddm b i o y l u td vda sdc Phil hop vdi ehuIn k i l n thiJfe, kl ndng, vdi Ida tudl eda trd d t d n g Idp hpe, vdi phong t y c tdp qudn ngudi Vidt ndi chung Chlnh vl v$y cdc n g d lidu d l u nhe nhdng, t y nhidn Sy tham gia eiia ele t i c g i l I I tri thde d i n tdc cung gdp p h l n quan trong vide t h i hidn ngd l i l u don g i l n , de hilu theo cdch ndi eiia timg tpe ngudi M l u sic ^ a phuong cdc sdch dgy tieng din tdc thudc Chuong trinh Gido due song ngd the hien dam dd npi dung phat t r i l n vdn t d thupe phdn mdn Luyin tUvd cdu, Cung la phdt t r i l n vdn t d v i c l y cd, thidn nhien, cdnh quan, nhdng c l y ed, thien nhidn, cdnh quan moi vting moi khIe Viing Mdng ed rOng po-mu II nhpn, quanh nam mdt mdu xanh tham vdi dii loai mudng thd; ed ndi cao vdri mdy ngan; cd sudi ngudn vd g i n h thdc Vting ddng bdo Khmer t i p trung eutru tgl Id vting ed n h i l u kenh rach, cd ddng rdna I l m d , nhieu tdm; vting Jrai lai Id viing ba-zan, dlu d l u cung cd mdu dd tham, bat ngdn rdng eao su, bao quanh Id nhOmg d y mudng den Cd t h i ndi, cdc eudn sdch dgy t i i n g dwtang trinh g i l o due song n g d ngodi nhidm vy day tiing, cdn I I "mpt eudn dia chi nho nhd" ddnh cho HS t i l u hpc Mpt d i l u thu vj Id chlnh vl t h i ndn cudn sdeh trd ndn hap dan doi vdi HS, Idl eudn ddpe sutham gia eOa cha me HS vd t h u y l t phyc ddpe c6ng ddng Song quan trpng hon cd Id sau gan ndm triln khai ehdong trinh, qua k i l m tra, danh gid \iiX qud hpc t i p , chdng ta t h l y , HS chO ddng, t y tin hon t i l p n h i n k i l n thde cdc mdn hpe; ddng thdi hpc t l i n g Viet cung nhanh hon O i n nay, d e em giao t l l p b i n g tieng Vidt kha tdt; vide hpe t i p bSng tiing Vidt, eo bdn eung bdo ddm ddng t i l n dp chu'ong trlnh Trdi qua d c thdi kl khIe nhau, v i n di nghien ctlu, chl dao thyc hidn g i l o dye tri thyc dja phdong dd ed g i l o dye v i n hda eho HS d i n tdc t h i l u sd, n g l y cdng ddpe quan tdm Song, d i n nay, chua ed chiln Idpc v l v i n d l ndy, ehUa ed nhdng edng trinh nghiln cdu xUng t i m di rut nhumg v i n d l If ludn, If t h u y l t t h I t sU sdu sic Idm d l l m tua eho vide ehl dao vd thdc hidn trdn thuc t i l n Trong cdc CO quan q u I n II, chl dao vd nghien ciiu gido dye ddn tdc, sd lupng d n bp dupe ddo tgo ehuydn slu v l d i n tdc hpc t i m li hpc r l t hgn c h l O l y Id nguydn n h i n quan trpng k h i l n cho ITnh vyc ndy chua dupe nghldn cdu ki ludng khIc phuc nhumg khd khan, hgn e h l ndi trdn, d n cd chien lUpc tuyen dung vd ddo tgo chuyen gia v l ddn tde hpc d l ehuydn trdch (chO tri) nghien cdU v l ddn tdc hpc ve van hda tdc ngddl vd v l tri thdc dja phuong vting ddng bdo d i n tdc t h i l u sd Ddng thdi, d n ed djnh hddng chiln lUpc nghidn eiili khoa hpe v l fdm II hpe sinh ddn tde thieu sd; gido due vdn hda, gido due tri thUe dia phuang cho hpc sinh ddn tgc thiiu sd Tii dda luin ed khoa hpe de x u l t ehuong trinh, ndi dung gido due vdn hda tdc ngudi, gido due tri thUc dia phuang cho hpc sinh d i n tdc thieu sd Mat khdc d n t l l p tyc ch? dgo thuc hidn khai thac, tang cudng npi dung van hda d c dan tde thieu s6 v l tri thde dja phuong vung ddng bdo d i n tdc thieu sd qua trinh bidn sogn tdi lieu, sleh gido khoa dimg cho gido vidn vd HS d i n tpe thieu sd, xde djnh day Id hddng di tich cyc de xdy dyng nhd trudng t h i n thien, hpe sinh tich cue TAI L I ^ U T H A M K H A O CHfNH Nguyen DUc Ld, Gdp phdn tim hiiu tin ngudng ddn gian Viit Nam, NXB Tdn gido, 2005 Nguyen Khac Thuln, Dai euang lich sd vdn hda Viit Nam t i p 1, NXB Gido d y e 2004 Trin Qudc Vupng, Mit ddn gian Id mdt hdn ddn tdc, 50 nam sUu tam nghidn eUu phd b i l n vdn hda - van nghd dan gian, NXB Khoa hpe x l hpi, Hd Npi, 1997 Tdi l i l u (SGK) t i i n g Khmer, Jrai, Mdng Chuong trinh nghien cdU t h d nghidm Gido due song ngdtrdn eosd t i i n g me dd -Trung tam NCGDDT SUMMARY The writer presents some issues on local knowledge and education of local knowledge provided to ethnic minority students and the presentation of the experimental research on mother tongue-based bilingual education in texttmoks S(i80-THiMG5/201Z*61 ... khoa hpe v l fdm II hpe sinh ddn tde thieu sd; gido due vdn hda, gido due tri thUe dia phuang cho hpc sinh ddn tgc thiiu sd Tii dda luin ed khoa hpe de x u l t ehuong trinh, ndi dung gido due... chUdng trinh nghiin ciru thuc hdnh gido due song ngCttrin ccfsd tling me di G i n dly, chl dgo t r i l n khai cdc chuong trlnh dgy tieng d i n tde vdi tuedch Id t i i n g me dd ele chuong trinh... t i m NCGDDT v l gido due tri thdc dja phdong tgi le kl nidm 40 n i m thdnh lap Vidn Khoa hpe Gido dgc Id edng trinh dau t i l n eCia Trung tdm ndi v l g i l o due tri thdc dja phdong Tuy n h