GIAI MA DUfC TI'NH KY LUAT CUA CON NGUfifl NHAT BAN NGUTtNTHIMfHANH' Tom tat: CSng nhu nhOng ddc tinh khde he gid tri dgo dac - vdn hda cua nguai Nhdt Bdn, dac tinh ky ludt Id td chat dufrc hgp luyin cimg chilu vai Iich su ddn tdc nai ddy qua bao thdm dtnh nghiet ngd ciia th&i gian Lich su dd mdy ldn sang trang qud khu dd liii xa nhung gid trt dgo dac mang ddm hdn cdt cua vdn hda Nhat dy thi lgi tdng them qug mdi ldn nhin lgi Duac sol chieu tu nhilu gidc khde nhau, bdi vilt hy vgng dua cdi nhln tdng diln gdp phdn giiip chung ta ly gidl dufC nhirng cdn nguyen sdu xa dinh thdnh nen ddc trung tinh cdch ndy a ngu&i Nhdt vd ddng th&i cung khgl ddn dua chimg ta tlep can den vol cdn gdc ldm nen sdc mgnh Nhdt xug vd Thilt nghT, gid tri dgo due — vdn hoa uu mi dy hlln rg truac thdch thdc ciia xd hot Men dgi nhu Id kinh nghiem ddng tin cdy Id l&i khuyen ddt gid cho moi qudc gia, ddn tdc trin the gl&l ngdy nay, cd Viet Nam chung ta Tir khoa: Nhat Ban, Dao dttc, Ky luat, Tinh each, Vto hfia y \ a nam ttoi qua kfl to X X l 1/3/2011 - ma Nhat Bto dimg trafic taam hpa Ion nhit ttong Uch s i phai dfli mat vfii ttto dpng dit hy hira cfi eufing dg-9,1 dp richter va sfing thto cao hon 10 met, rfii lifln sau dfi la taam hpa rfi ri chat phfing xa to nha may dijn hat nhto Fukushima Tu dfi cho dJn tto bay gifi, nguoi dan ttfln thfl gifid vto khfing khfii nghiflng minh trafic vto hfia ttng xtt tayjt voi cua dat nufic va nguod nai day trafic tham hga Hinh anh timg doto ngufid mjt mfii, doi khat nhto nai xflp htog dai dfl dugc nhto khiu phan luong thyc va nuoc uflng ma khflng mflt loi oan thto, xo Ito, chen diy; hinh anh cac cua htog ttong nhttng sau dai dia chto toy bi bu hai, ngfln ngang htog hfia nhung khflng mgt ttflm cap ma ngugc lai, nhiflu ngufii da giup TS, Khoa Viet Nam hpc, Dai hpc Su ph^im Ha Npi 66 sap xflp lai dac ISn gia va ty giac de tifln mua htog tai quiy bto khflng nguod tau dufing nhu tat ca da in hto ttong tam tri ciia moi chtog ta Nfi ggi ISn ttong ta mem cam phuc xiit bao trafic sy toa stog cia tinh tain Nhat, tinh each ngufii Nhat, cMSu sau vto hfia Nhat ttong tai uong, bi cyc Neu nhu nguod phuang Tay khflng ngimg bto dfln "vto hfia ho taen", dfln"long ttgng danh dy phi pham" cia ngufii Nhat Bto di chtag minh cho sy binh tiita, ngoan eufing cua hp lie tal nguod phuong Dong lai khflng ngfit Ifii nggi ca y thttc ky Mat tayjt vol cua xa hgi nod day — mpt xa hpi trat ty, ky cuong, khong euoip bfic, khong hfii cia, khfing true lgi, ca ttong tafii khac tofing chimg biin loan nhat Song, cfi Ifl se la khong d i neu chi giai taich dttc tinh ky Itat "phi taufing" iy nhu la mgt ttong nhitag djc tinh v6n sin TMit nghi, di efi tafl taiu suit Unh each dfi, chtog ta phai ttuy tun cto gflc in ttog ding sau nfi Y)d chinh la he gid tri NGHIEN Cdu OdNG B^C A %6 5(183) 5-2016 Nghiin cihi khoa hoc dgo due ddn tgc dugc kit tinh to ttong cMflu sau Uch su - vto hfia qua htog ngto nam vod bao bifln taien Uch stt va bifln dfing xa hgi Ttt ttong bfl sau Uch stt - vto hfia ay, dttc tinh ky lu|t dugc dinh taanh va ttfi taanh mjt ttong nhttng sto phim vto hfia - dao dttc dac hfin nhit, gfip phin lam nfln bto each Nhat xua va Khi noi dfln ngufii va tinh each nguod, CMac da chi rfi: "con nguod khfing phai la mgt smh vat trim togng, to nau dau dfi fi ngoai tai giod Con nguod chinh la tai giod nguod, la nha nude, la xa bji"' Vi viy, di tim hiiu mgt tinh each dto tnmg cia ngufii Nhat, tit ySu khong thi taoat ly khoi cac dilu kiln tu nhiln vd xd hgi hinh taanh nfln nfi Dfi ctog la hai nhto to eg bto cfi anh hufing chung nhit din sy hinh taanh dac diflm tam ly, tinh each cia nhttng nguod taupe cac cgng dong xa hpi khac nhau, ttong dfi cfing dflng dto tgc Nhat ctog khfing la bijt Ij La mgt qufic dao nam vfl phia Dfing Bic cia lyc dia Chau A, Nhat Bto dugc ngto each vfii Chau A lyc dia bfii Biin Dflng Trang Hoa va E P biin Triju Tifln CMnh vi tti dia ly dac tai iy da khiin cho dat nufic fi vi tri gto nhu bijt lap vod Trung Quficv6n dugc coi la trung tam vto hfia - trung tam ttjt tu quflc tfl Dflng A tafii ki tifln hijn dsd Sy bijt lap toong doi dfi da tao nen "hao sau" ty nhifln dam bao an mnh cho nufic Nhat, khifln dit nufic ttaita dugc taam hpa ngoai xam ctog vod sy cMa cat lanh tafi, tam ly nhu nMiu nufic khac ttong ctog khu vyc Hon tai, Nh|t Bto cflng la mpt ttong sfl hai quflc gia fi phuang Dong cfi sy dong nhat ' C.Mdc vi Ph.Ang-ghen: Todn tgp, Nxb CWnh oi quoc gia H i NOi, 1995, T?p 1, tr 569 NGHIEN cdru D O N G B ^ C A s d 5(183) 5-2016 gto nhu tayjt doi vfl dto tflc va ngon ngtt: mpt dto tpc, mpt ngfln ngu Trong tong ban 120 ttdju ngufld Nh$t tU chi cfi 2-3 bdju ngufii taujc dto tflc Amu va Triiu Tifln, sfl cfin lai dflu taupe dto tpc Nh$t^ Trong kM do, ve ngfin ngtt tai tiing Nhat dugc stt dyng ttfln khip mpi mien dit nttfic Chinh sif khu biet dia ly, su thudn nhdt vl ddn tgc, ngdn nga dy dd tr& thdnh nhdn td ca ylu dinh nen tinh cdng ddng, tinh thdn tap the rdt eao & ngu&l Nhdt Dttong nhu y tauc nhfim, y tauc tip thi da to sau nip nghl, nip cam cia mfli nguod dto nai day to lau doi Tu y thttc iy da sto sinh tap quto tato tai mjnh Ijnh, tato tai ky cuong, lfl tafii cia cpng dfing, du la cgng dflng nhfi hay ca cflng dflng dto tflc rflng Ion Hon tafl ntta, khflng dugc taiSn nhiSn uu dai nhu nhiflu quflc gia khac, Nhat Bto nfii tiing vod diflu kijn ty nhifln khic nghijt Trong mflt nam, nguod dto nai day vtta phai cMu mia dflng gia Ijnh vfid btog tayflt phi diy, vtta phai cMu cai ning nfing dfln khfi cin Ito gifi bao trien miSn Rfii biSt bao taifln tai nhu djng dit, nii Itta khflng ngimg de dpa cuflc sfing Sit nghift ngd dy ciia tu nhien dd tdi luyen cho ngu&l Nhdt Bdn mdt sue chiu dung phi thu&ng vd mot ttnh thdn tgp thi ego Di sin stog dfli mjt, dttong diu vol mpi tai uong, hon fi dau hit, nhu cau btte taiflt dat cho ngufii dto Nhat la phai dua vao sttc manh tap tafl, bfii chi cfi sttc manh tap tai mfid giip hp vugt qua mpi gian khfi Tu day, tafii quen sfing nuong tya vao nhau, so taich dugc fi ttong "tap tai" da dinh hmh ttong mfii nguoi Mgt nha nghien Le Thanh Binh, "VSn h6a Nh|lt Ban: stic m^nh cija q u i Idiij v i thich thlTc ciia tucmg lai", Nghien cuu Nhgt Bdn vd Dong Bde A, s6 1(61), 2/2002, tr 54-60 67 Nghiin cihi khoa hgc cttu ngufii Anh da rat tinh nhay bto vS "cam giac tap tafl" - mot cam giac dac trung CO hfln cia nguoi dto Nhat Bto: "Nhat Bto - dfi la dat nuoc cia nhfim, tap tafl Trfln nhitag hfin dao dfing dto dfi, nhttng nhfim ngttod dttgc tao cfi le la sy cto thiflt Sy taeh Met taeo quan nijm cua chtog ta fi day la khong thi dat dugc Ban khong tafl cfi cto phfing rijng cia minh Va nflu nhu taat ky la ma ban cfi cto phfing nhu vay tai ea gia dinh van nghe thay tiflng timg bufic chan cua ban, timg tiflng tho dai sau btte toong ngto btog giiy Cuflc sflng fi Nhat Bto loai trtt mpi sy taeh bijt va tham chi ca long mong mufln huong toi sy taeh bijt Sy taeh bijt dugc so vod sy cfl dflc - va su cfl dflc dfii vod ngufii Nhat la mpt eai gl dfi khung khiSp Tinh taan tap ths fi Nhat Bto cung la hijn togng diSn hinh nhu chu nghia ca nhan fi Anh"' Hay V.V Ovebinikov, tac gia cia cufln bit ky n6i tiflng "Carta sakura" ctog da nhto so thich bi phy thugc cua ngufii Nhat: "Cfi tai nfii hg khong taich sy dgc lap btog cam giac tip thi xa hpi Nhat la xa hpi cua cac tap thfl Mfli mflt ngufii Nhat thufing xuyfln cam thay minh la mot phto cia mpt nhfim ngufii nao - cua gia dinh, cia tai tpc hay cia htog Hp quen suy nghi va hanh dpng ctog nhau, dugc giao due tato theo y mufln cua tap thi va cu xdphii hap vol vt tri ciig minh tdp thi dd" Sfi thich dugc boa cing tap thi, tafii quen dya vao tap tai ay da hinh taanh mgt each ty nhifln ttong mfli ngufii Nhat Bto y tatte va ttach nhi jm dugc Giooc Milteso (Anh), Ddt nudc ctia nhirng dong yin dang lin, 1970 Dan theo: Ovchmikov.V.V (1987), Cdnh Sakura Nxb Mui Ci Mau, tr 115 * Giooc Mikeso (Anh), Ddt nuac cua nhiing ddng yen dang lin, 1970 D8n theo: Ovchinikov.V.V (1987), Cdnh Sakura, Nxb MQi Ci Mau, tr 110 68 song, dugc lam vijc ttong khufln khfl, ky cuong ehung Dfii vfid hp, mufin tayc sy hfia nhjp vao tap tafl tai trafic hit phai tato tau chat che nfl nflp, ky Mat cua tap tai iy, phai buflng bfi sfi taich, lfli sflng ich ky ca nhto khong phi hgp vfid Igi ich epng dong Tmh tato dfl cao cai chung, luon tim sy hoa hgp gitta minh va nhiing ngufid xung quanh da ttfi cfli rfl cua dttc hy sinh, cia taai sto stog se ehia mgi khfi dau fi ngufid dto nufic Ctog bod tafl ma, niu nhu ttong triflt hgc phuong Dfing nfii chung, ngufid taufing huong tod "Chto, Thijn, My" thi nguod dto Nhat Bto lai cfi quan diim triit hoc rat khac la, liy "tch, Thijn, My" Iam hufing dich cho minh Theo dfi, vfid ngufii Nhat, chi nhung gi cfi ich cho cpng dflng, tap tai - toe la cho dai da sfi thi mfid dupc cpi la "Chto" Chinh tinh tain cflng dflng, -j tauc ky Mat taeo khufin libfl chung ay da khifln cho chtog ta dS hiiu tji trong nhflng thai diim xay tham hga, vln hijn hita khip noi tr Jn dit nufic Nh?t nhitag dfing ngufii dai bit tto xflp htog rit trat ty tji cic ga tau difln, tai cac ctta hang, siflu thi ma khong hi co carta chen lin, xfl diy Khflng bao ai, hg cu tayc Men theo ttjt ty: din trafic tai xflp hang tmfic, dfln sau thi xep htog sau Ngay ca via qua djng dat, phuong tijn di lai nhat la taxi thi ctog khflng cto din lyc lugng cflng an dep ttat ty, htog ngto nguod vto nfli dufli xep htog dai dfl ehfi din lugt minh Cfi tae nfii, sy khic nghijt cia tai jn nhifln nod day da tfli ren ttong mfli nguod Nhat Bto ttach nhijm cao ban hit taay dfli vfid xa hpi Nguod Nhat tuto tai ngMflm ngat mjnh Ijnh, ky cuong chung cia xa hfii, cia cfing dfing va cia timg NGHIEN Cdru O A N G B ^ C I) s 5(183) 5-2016 Nghien cihi khoa hoc nhfim, bfid hp xem dfi la each nhit di cto btog nhu ciu eua ca nhto minh va la liju phap mang l?i cho hp cam giac dugc "an toto" Hay noi each khac, nfln ttog vto hfia, nfln ttog dao dttc Nhat lufin dugc xoay quanh mjt true tinh tain cgng dfing cao dfl Tinh tato cgng dflng iy da chi phfli din dac ttung xa hgi Nhat Bto, khiin cho xa hpi nod day phto cMa taeo timg nhfim ciu kit vod rat chat chfl Cung giflng nhu cac xa h ji khac, dan vi ca bto cia nhfim fi Nhat Bto chmh la gia dlnh Dufii taoi phong kifln va cho dfln tto nay, fi Nhat Bto lufln tfln tji kijn gia dinh phu hj lay quan hj cha - lam mong cflt dfl quy dinh Ifli/tafl ttng xtt ttong mfli gia dirta, ttong dfi, (dufii) phai tayjt dfii phyc tang cha (ttJn) Cai ttat ty ttin - duoi taeo chiflu dpe cia mfii gia dinh iy se chi phoi tryc tiep din ttat tu xa hji Tmh ky Mat, tfln ttpng be ttfln cia ngufii Nhjt ctog dfii to day Chinh ngufii Nhat da timg sa sanh rtog "Quan he gitta nguod ttfln va nguod duod cflng nhu quan hj gitta gifi vfii nggn cfi: cfi phai rap xuflng gifi thfli"' can cham ngon vfii lfli so sanh bmh di iy da phac tayc nen mflt dac tnmg rat riing ttong tinh each cia ngttfii nai nay: Dfi la y tatte ton ttgng b i tten taeo trat ty ttfln - dufii to gia dinh eho dfln ngoai xa bfli Do dfi, ching ta khfing ngac nhifln tai ttong gia dinh Nhat Bto chu chua nfii dfln ngoai xa hfli, cha me cho cac qui, cai diu phai kinh cto nfii loi cam on Lod cam on iy cung dugc bat gap taufing xuyfln ttong quan hj vg chflng fi xtt sfi Ky tayc, nflu nhu fi Hto Quflc, mfli quan he gitta nhiing ngufii lay buyflt ' V.A Pionnikov, I.D Ladanov (1988), Ngudi N x b l i n g hpp H}u Giang (tii lieu dich), tr 58 NGHIEN CdlU O O N G B ^ C A s 5(183) 5-2016 Nhdt, taflng iam trung tam tai fi Nhat Bto, mfli quan hj "nhto tfl"' (mfli quan he mang tinh gigo thtlp gitta ngufii va ngufii) - moi quan h j hufing ngang taeo ttat tu dgc lai chiflm uu tafl Duong nhu fi day, ngufii cang quan hj tato mat bao itaiflu tai ctog phai IS dfi biy nhiflu Bfii tai ma, khflng sai ching ta nfii ring, ttong quan hj nhan ti cia xa hji Nhat Bto bao trim hit taay la "ly" - ly chtta dyng nguyfln ly va nguyfln tic vugt qua "tinh" Song, diflu dfi khflng cfi nghia la dto tgc Nhat, ngufld Nhat khong cfi tinh, cfi nghia ma vto dfl cflt 15i nam fi chfl: nguod Nhat khflng ding "nhto tinh" nhu ngufii Hto Qufic, cflng khong dilng "nghia" nhu ngufii Trung Quoc di chi phoi mgi mfli quan h j xa hfli ma hp ding nguyen Iy, nguyfln tic lam taufic do, chuin muc cho mgi i n g xu Bat kJ nao, bat ctt fi dau, ngu&l Nhdt dlu ddt "ly" lln thdnh tilu chi hdng ddu Ong xa vd hg dung "tuyin" (mot kieu nguyen ly, nguyen tdc) de hiln thifC hda "ly" Do dfi, dat chto din nai dau trfln dit nufic Nhat, ching ta cung dfl dtog bat gap sy phan tuyfln rat cu tai, chi tiit Vi nhu, ttfln cac duong Ion hay tham chi ttong cac phfi nhfi, ngfi nhfi dflu efi sy phto dufing danh eho ngufii di bp va cho xe chay; ttong cac tau dijn ngam hay dufii dufing ham cfin cfi ca dufing riflng dtoh eho ngufii mi; tten cac sto vto dfing cfi phto tayfln danh cho hpc sinh va tayfln ngfli cho cac quan khach; ca ben ttai ciia taang dijn cflng danh mpt tayfln ttong cho nguod len xuflng vfii toe Xem: Kim Van Hpc (bien soan), Duong Thu Ai, Nguyen Kim Hanh (bien dich), 77m hieu vdn hda cua ngu&i Trung QuSc - Nhgt Bdn - Hdn QuSc, Nxb Vin hoa Thong tin, 2004, tr 200 69 Nghien cvcu khoa hgc dg nhanh Sy phto taySn frfln cac dufing, ngo phfl, ttfln cac dia diflm cong cgng ay chmh la su him tafl hfia dac tinh "tayfln" va "phto tayfln" ttong y tauc xa hgi Dac tinh ay da to sau ttong cam tatte cto mfii ngttfii va lan tfia toto xa hpi, ttfi taanh mpt tatt vto hfia "Ly - Tuyen" mang bto sac rit riflng cia Nhat Ban Day ctog chinh la mpt frong nhtmg cto nguySn U giai die tinh ky Mat tayjt vfii cia ngufid va dit nufic hijn mirta cho cai gpi la "chi dp hotog dfl" ttong taod ki Mmh Tri, tW dao SMnto phifln bto Nhat cia Lao giao lai cung nhanh chfing to tfln giao taupe loai tatt hai ttfi taanh tfin giao cia gia dmh Hotog dfl gitt vai ttfi taong tri va nay, nfi dugc mjnh danh la tfin giao dto tpc - loai tfln giap tau nhat Chinh dto tnmg iy cia ton giao da mjt Ito ntta ntog chu nghia dto tflc, tinh tain tap tafl Ifln ngoi, gfip phin tao nfln ttong mfli ngufld dto nai day due tinh coi ttpng ttat ty, Soi chieu vto dS duod giac dp tin ky cuong chung cia ca cgng dflng Trong sfl nhimg ton giao, tm nguong co nguong- tfln giao cfi the taay nhto taay: diflu rat dac bijt ij Nhat Bto la, tai day chi efi mat fi Nhat Bto, Nho giao dugc xem la hj to loai tm nguong thu nhat (mpt h j to toong tofing cfi sue anh hufing sau rpng nhat ttong minh chttng vfl mat tfln giap cho vi tri ciia vijc tri ttat ty xa hgi va dinh hmh van nhitag ngufii cam quyfln va tog hfi nguyfln hfia ling xu cia moi nguod dto Diflu dtog noi ttang xa hoi), khfing eo loai tin ngufing tatt la Nho gido Trung Hog truyen nhdp vdo hai (mpt tfln giao dya vao nin ttog cia ca Nhgt Bdn thi nd dd dugc Nhdt hog Bfii tai, nhto vod muc dich giup dfi nhan sinh) Do ctog vfid vijc luu gitt nhitag gia tri cto cflt dfi, noi day, chu nghia cd nhdn khdng cd cua Nho giao phi hgp vod bto sic chung cua dilu kiln phdt triln vd nhdn ddn cUng khdng khu vyc A Dong, Nho giao taam nhap vao cd tdn gido ndo cho rilng minh Ngay ca Nhat Ban cfin dugc tai ciu trie ttong mfli du nhap Khflng giao (von la ton giao thupc tracmg dac thi cia nufic Nhat Day chinh la loai thtt nhit fi Trang Quflc) va Lao giao nguySn U tiSp bien vto hfia nfii chung va Nho (vfln la tfln giao tauflc Ipai tatt hai fi Trung giao ctog khflng la ngoai Ij Chinh vi vay, Quflc) tai fi Nhat, ca hai loai tfin giao ttong Nho giao Nh^t Bto, chtog ta tim taay dflu dupc biin cai dfl tto taanh tfln giao rat nMflu net rieng, chi phfli true tiflp dfln tam thugc logi thtt nhat - mgt loai tfin giao tato ly - dao dttc dto tpc Vi nhu: Chu "hieu" chinh quyfln Bfii vay ma, ttong Khflng irng xu gta dinh dd dugc ngu&i Nhdt giao Nhat Ban dfing vai ttfi la b j to taong Bdn chimin hda uyln chimin thdnh chir de hgp phap hfia chfl dfl Mac phi nhu la chfl "dn" (an) irng xit xd hdi Theo dfi, dugc Hotog dfl chuin y, rfii tiip dfi nfi ttong mpi gia dinh, cai deu phai Mflu lfl vfid cha me vi cMu cai "to" (on) sinh taanh; fi tmong hgc, ttfi phai hiflu dS vfid taay cfi vi ' Xem them: Kim Vin Hpc (bien soan), Duong Thu Ai, chiu on day dfi; ttong cfing vijc, ngufid di Nguyin Kim Hanh (biln djch), Tim hiiu vdn hda cita ngudi Trung Quoc - Nhgt Bdn - Hdn Quoc, Nxb Vin h6asau (kfl hju bii - kouhai) se phai chiu on Thong tin, 2004, tr 203, 204 huong din, chi bao cia nguod di trafic (bac " Michio Morighima (1991), Tgi Nhdt Bdn thdnh cdng? Cdng nghe phuong Tdy vd tinh cdch Nhdt Bdn, tifln bfli - senpai) Ctt theo toyin dpe nhtt vay Nxb Khoa hpc x5 hpi Hi Npi, tr 242 - 243 70 NGHIEN Cdru OONG B4C A S 5(183) 5-2016 Nghien cihi khoa hoc ma ky luat ttong ttng xtt dttgc hinh taanh mflt each tu itaifln va mpi ngufii, du bfl ttfln hay ke duod diu phai tato tai mflt each ngMflm khic tfin ti ttat tu dfi nhu la phucmg tatte tayc hijn trach nhijm, bfln phin cia minh dfli vfii gia dinh, vfii tap tafl, vfii cfing dflng xa hpi Ttt day, mfit dinh tatte tat yflu dod, dfi la "mpt kiiu itaat dinh cia cac khuynh huong tam ly: doi song va phep xtt tai cua ca nhto dugc diiu chinh bfii cac chuin tic quy dinh mpt each chat che, va d i ttong hoto canh nao, khong dugc bai bac cac chuan tac dfi" Hon tafl, nflu nhu ttong bac taang gia tri Nho giao Vijt Nam va Tnmg Quflc, Nghia la due dugc xip htog diu tai Trung lgt giu vl tri sd kht bdn vl bdng gid tri Nho gido a Nhdt Ban, ik dttc myc dugc dfl cao bjc nhit fi noi day Dfii vod eac Nho si - vo sT Samurai tM long trang tatoh bao gifi cimg dugc xem la tieu chuto dao dttc htog dao va ngttfii Nhat ggi nfi la "Trung tam" (.SW'L^ chiiseishin) Cfin mfli quan hj b i tfli vfii ehi tM dugc ggi la "Quan hj chu tfing" ( i f t M ' R shuju kankei) Diiu dtog nfii la ttong chtt "Trang" cia Nhjt Bto ctog khflng gifing vfid chtt Tnmg fi Vijt Nam Lfing trung cia cac Nho si Nhat Bto trafic hit la lfing trung tatoh vfii chi chu khfing phai la "tnmg quto" nfii chung Lfing trung taanh iy se phat trifln taeo ciu trie htog dgc va dan tayfln: to tnmg taanh vod larta chia dai danh mod din trang vod toong quto, rfli cuoi ctog vod TMen hotog Lfing firaig iy cao hon ca "hiiu", cao ban ca tmh vg chong, taam chi ttong nhieu truong hpp cfin cao hon ca liflm si Diiu gi iam nfln sy khac biflt ttong npi ham cua dttc tnmg niu ttfln giua Nhat Ban va cac nufic khac ttong khu vyc? Vod vi tri dia ly kha bijt lap cua minh, Nhat Bto chua bao gifi bi ngoai bang xam luge ma nfli Ifln ttong diin trinh Uch stt phong kiSn nod day la nhung cuge ngi chiin tranh gianh quyfln lyc lifln mifln gifla cac lanh chia Vi tafl, sy sflng va cai chit cia mfii taanh vifln khong phai toy tau jc vao sinh ttt cia ea dat nufic ma I j tauflc gto nhu hoto toto vio sflng - chflt cua chi, toe lanh chia fi mfli ving Nhit la quyin lyc quflc gia bay gifi nim ttong tay M^e phi cfi danh phan khfing ro rtog tai vijc tnmg vod nguoi chi tryc tiflp lai ctog ttfi nSn dS MSu Dfi ctog la ySu ciu tit ySu di van hanh xa hfli taeo mpt ttjit ty nhit dinh Khong nhttng tafl, ttong Nho giao cua Vijt Nam dugc nufli dufing bfld to hfia nflng nghiflp phuang Nam fi cyc am tinh (nhu: Tinh "hai hfia", dfl cao "nhto tri", tinh "dto chi"; trgng vto) tai Nho gido Nhdt Bdn lgt dugc nudt duong b&i ddng vdn hda du muc phuang Bde fi cyc duong tinh (nhu: tmh quflc tfl tai hijn fl myc tiflu cao nhit cia nguod quto to la "bmh taiSn ha"; tinh "phi dto chi" ma h j qim cia nfi la to tofing "ba quyin", coi khinh cac dto tjc khae coi thuong nguod dto, dac bijt la phu ntt; tinh "trgng sue manh", ttgng vfi, tmh "nguyfln tic" ky luat) Do vay, niu nhu Nho giao Viet di cao cha "nhdn" vd nguyin ly "nhdn trf ' V.A Pronnikov, I.D Ladanov (1988), Ngudi Nhgt, Nxb tai Nho gido Nhdt lgi di cao ky luat, huong Tong hpp Hau Giang (tii lieu dich), tr 60 din mjt xa hji efi ttat ty, ttfln dufid tfin ti "• "Nho giio o Trung Qu6c, NhSt Bin, Hin Qu6c vi Vift phto dinh ro rtog Bfii tafl, ttong dttc tmh Nam" ciia Tsuboi Yoshiharu, Doin L6 Giang djch (tir Lich sir vd tirong lai cua khu vvc van hda cha Hdn (Bin ma Khfing giao di cao la Nhan - Nghia - Lfl tilng Nhjit) NGHIEN CdTU OdNG B^C A $ 5(183) 5-2016 71 Nghien cihi khoa hgc - Tri - Tm tai nguod Nhat dac bijt coi ttpng chtt "Lfl" Chinh taai dp ttpng Lfl iy da din da ttfi taanh tafii quen hanh xtt theo lfl, theo phep cia nguod dto nai Dao Khflng vod nhimg chuin myc dao due nflu ttfln cflng chinh la ngufin gfic sau xa cia quy pham dao die Vo si dao fi Nhat Ban Din lupt minh, tinh thin, dao dttc VS si lai la cpi rfl gop phto dinh nfln dac tnmg tinh each ngufii Nhat, dfi cfi dttc tinh ttpng lfl nghia, ky Mat Dao ttong Vo Sl dao (Bushido) khflng phai dfl chi tfln giao ma cfi nghia la dufing cia eac vo Sl- mpt ting Ifip dac Met xuit hijn fi Nhjt vap tafl ky XII Ban dau ten tiflng Nhat cia vo Sl la Samurai (thi vfl) vfii nghTa tuong ty nhu Knight (Ki si, Hijp si) o nude Anh thai phong kifln Thoat tifln, hp la nhtmg nguod dto flng khfie manh, eufing tttog, dtog cam, chuyfln iam tfing, hfl vj eho eae ehia phong kiin, tnmg taanh vo ban, sin stog liiu minh vi chia Vi sau, hp khfing ngimg Ito manh, taau tfim dto quyfln lyc cia gifii quy tpc ttiiu dinh Kyoto va ttfi taanh mjt ttog lop xa bfli dac bijt - ting Ifip Vo sT quy tgc Ttt day, ganh vac ttach nhijm lfin ttong xa hgi, hp nhto taay cto phai dinh hinh mpt chuto tac ttng xtt chung, vS sau gpi la Vo si dao Trong hj thfing chuin tac quy ufic vS dao due ma vo si phai tato theo cfi dttc tinh cto bto nhat ma moi vo si phai sue luyfln ren, dfi la: Dttc thtog Due dflng cam, Dttc nhto to, Dttc 16 phep, BiSt ty kiim soat mmh, Chto thyc, Tnmg taanh, Trpng danh dy Theo tafii gian, hj thong chuin muc dao dttc dfi da ttfi taanh quy ufic bat taanh vto, an sau vao timg vo sT, rfii lan tfia m?mh me din cac giai ttog khac ttong xa bfli, anh hufing tt^c tiip din sy hinh taanh 72 cac gia tri djo dttc va lfli sfing cia ngufii Nhjt Bfid tai, ca ting loip Samurai M tai tiflu ctog vod su syp dfl cia Shogunat Tokugaoa (1867)" tM itattng chuin tic d?o dttc Vo Sl deio ttong tam ly nguod Nhat vto khfing h i M mit di Diiu dugc chttng tayc diy sinh dflng frong vto hfia ttng xu cua nguod Nhjt to taod phong kiin cbo dSn Cfi le mfii chtog ta tim hiiu v i Thi chifln thu hai tten mat tran Thai Binh Duang diu khong khfii tato phyc trafic tinh tain cam to va ky Mat sat klflu Vo si dao cia quto dpi Nhat thua iy Khi 70 ngMn quto My tto cfing dao Saipan cfi 40 nghm luta Nhat cfi tai Hp da danh dfln ngufii eufii cing, cac tauong binh dflu nfl luu dan ty sat Bto thto dto Nhat trfln dao cflng dit nhay to vach da xuflng bifln sau ma chit Ngay ca quto My ding loa gpi "Chtog tfli khflng gifli cac nguod dau! Xin dttng ty to" thi cflng ching cfi kit qua gi Ngay ca tofing Quflc dto Dtog Trang Quflc Ly Mac Am dugc chi huy tiip quto quto Nhat diu htog, dugc chttng kifln nhflng to binh Nhlt ttfln dttfing vfl nttfic hanh quto nhu mgt d ji quto chinh quy, toto bfl sing fing, xe eg, dao kiim dflu lau sach bfing, bto danh sach quan, Unh va xe cp, ngua, vfi khi, dan dugc, trang M ca nhto dugc kfl khai diy d i vfid sfl liju cy tae chi ti jt, cflng phai tafit ISn ring "khflng phai hp diu htog ma dang iam tau tuc bto giao" va rfli ong tin tofing "nguod Nhat cfi ky Mat nghiflm minh va hanh djng nhit tri din tafl, sau nSu dugc lanh d^o dung, nhit dinh hg se efi tai phat huy tiim " Nim 1868-1869 o Nh$t Ban diSn cupe cich mang ta sin dir dang dudi ten gpi li C6ng cuOc tin cua Meiji (Minh Tri) NGHIlN Cdru SONG B4C d S6 5(183) 5-2016 Nghiin cihi khoa hoc lyc vfl h?n"'l Su phat ttiin cia Nhat Bto ttoh dtog gifi va gio Ifld htta"" hay "Vi lgi da chttng minh dy doto cia Ly ich chung, ngufii ta cung phai tt bo cai tfii MJc Am la hoto toto efi cto ctt Cfi tai nfii, cia minh, phai ty hy sinh mihh, nghTa \k tinh tato kifln eufing, dtog cam, Ifing ty khflng tinh din Ipd ich riflng cho minh, phii ttgng cao dp va mot ky luat sit kiiu Vo si giai quyflt nhOng bit dong y kifln nhd vi Igi dao chinh la cay dfla tain giup Nhat Bto hfia ich tfit d?p nhit cia cai chung, phdi co gSng giai nMflu vin d i d^t dugc sy phat triSn taan vi su hgp tac hfia tauan "'"' Diem dtog liru ky sau tatoi bai ttong tafl chiin tatt hai den y ntta la, hpc smh/sinh vifln Nhat tt ngfli tren ghfl nha trafing da taufing Tuy nhiSn, cho d i tinh ky luat ttong phim xuyfln dugc tap lam linh, biflt nghe Ijnh each Nhat bit ngufln ttt hoto canh song kho taugng cip va dugc tap ca each ISnh dao tap khto, to cpi ngufln vto hfia dto tpc va rfli tai nOa Nhitag nam fi mam non, tti em an sau bam rS mpt each ty giac ttong mfli Nhat da ty biu Ifirp trafing d i diflu hanh ngufii nod day tai ctog khfing cfi nghia la cflng tac chung Din cap tiiu hpc va trung 100% to dau da quen vfid loi sflng cfi hgc, ngoai vijc hoc tjp cac mfin hpc taeo ky Mat Do vay, bfln eanh nhflng nhto tfl Uch chuong trinh cia Bp Giao dye Nhat, cac em si, vto hfia nSu tten tM gido due ddng mgt cfin dac biflt dugc khuyin khich gia nhap vai trd vd cimg quan trgng, cd tdc difng diiu mpt hoac hai cau lac bp tai duetafltaaonhu hudng nhirng ldi itng xd ngodi khudn mdu bod lgi, bfing chay, bong da, thfl due taim dgo due ddn tdc, dong th&i tgo mdi my, quyfln Anh, Karate va cac cau lac bp trudng tdt nhdt di ren luyin dac tinh ky luat khac nhu cBu I9C bg noi tiing Anh, tiflng cho mdi cdng ddn cdn tha be, biin Phap, eau lac bp co toong Nhat Bto, cfi vay no thdnh thdl quen & mdt ngu&l Y tatte (eo Gfl), cau lac bp khiSu vfl, cau lac bg dugc sue manh cia giao dye ttong vijc dinh ttanh bijn (cho cac em taich diin tauyet) hinh djo dttc dto tflc nfln ngaytotaodMmh Viflc luyjn tap ttong cac cau lac bg rat Tri cufli tai ky XIX, Chi'nh phi Nhat Bto da nghiflm tte Hantafl,cac cau lac bg tauong djt giao dye d?o due cflng dto taanh mgt biu bg ba gflm mpt tfl trafing, mflt thi quy ttong npi dung ehinh ttong k i hoach hijn v i mpt tau ky diflu hanh tit ca eac boat d^ hfia dit nufic (bjn Ciinh giao due ngfin dgng Ttt day, hgc sinh/sinh viSn Nhat da ngu tiing Nhat va giao due khoa hpc) Ttt sfim dttgc lam quen vfii y tatte ky Mat cia day, khflng khfi bat gap ttong cac sach giao tap tag vk sfim dugc ren dfla tinh tato dflng khoa Nhat Bto fi mpi cip hgc nhflng chi d i dpi Phai chtog mfl hinh sinh boat tato theo djo dttc nhu "ty cia nguoi khac, quyfln can trie dpe cia cac cau lac bp fi cac cap cflng dto, tifln bp xa bfii, lgi ich chung, tmh hpc chinh la xuit phat diim dS mfli cflng rjng lugng, dgc lap va ty ehi, ty lam dto Nhat Bto quen vfii 16 Ifii smh boat taeo nguoi, nghfl nghiflp, cham chi, phflp xa giao " Nguyin Hii Hoinh, Tinh thdn Vo st dgo - Ngudn gSc vSn hda sdu xa idm nen su thdn 1^ Nhgt Bdn, nhdn dgc Vo St dgo - Linh hdn Nhgt Bdn ciia Inazo Nitobe, tr 57 NGHIlN Cdru DONG B^C A S 5(183) 5-2016 " HOi thOng tm giio dye quoc te (2002), Hien dgi hoa gido due Nhgt Bdn, Nxb Chinh tri qufc gia H i Npi, tr 99^ Trich sich giio Idloa dao diic tieu hpc, doan ndi ve "quySn tv di dia phuong Ngu6n: Hien dai hda giio due Nhit Ban, d i din, tr 110 73 Nghien cvcu khoa hgc tayfln dpe ttong gia dinh cuing nhu ttong cac dan vi cflng tac vfl sau Chinh tinh tato dong dpi va y taic ky Mat dugc giao dye to tag be la mgt ttong nhiing cto nguySn U giai cho sy tfln tai vflng chac cia tinh each ttgng "ly", ttgng "tayfln" fi mfii cflng dto Nhat Bto Rfi rtog, y thttc cgng dong, tinh tato sflng va lam vijc frong tap taS, taeo khufin khfl, ky Mat tjp tafl va vi lgi ich chung cia tap thfl da dugc gieo mam to cfin tam be Cfi tae nfii, tinh thto tap the, sy choi bfi mttu cau hanh phie "ca nhto" va tam Ifing biflt se chia da lam nen mgt xa hgi ttat ty, ky Mat din diju ky Phai chtog cflng chinh tinh ki Mat cao dfi iy da giip ngufid Nhat nhanh chfing taich nghi vfid nfln sto xuat cong nghijp hifln dai dfl rfii chiflm ITnh dinh eao cia tafii dai Due tinh iy, phim chit ay da iam nfln dtog each riflng cfi cia dit nufic va ngufii Nh jt Ban va dfi cung chinh la tatt quyin lyc mflm - thtt quyfln lyc ma nhu Giao su dai hgc Havard Joseph Nye da fijmg nfii la cfi thfl ding dfl mfl ta phugng thttc ma cac quflc gia tafing qua dfi dat duge muc tiflu cia minh btog each khifln nufic khac phai nguong mfi Thtt quyfln lyc ay da, dang va sfl iam nfln tinh tain Nhat, sttc manh Nhat xua va Ovchmikov.V.V (1975), Cdnh Sakura (1975), Nxb Miii ca Mau V.A Pronnikov, I.D Ladanov (1988), Nguai Nhdt, Nxb Ting hgp Hau Giang (DOc Ducmg, Mmh Dtog, Trto Ngoc Phan dieh) Km Vto Hgc (bien soan), Duong Thu Ai, Nguyen Km Hanh (bifln djch) Tim hiiu vdn hda cita ngirai Trung Qudc - Nhgt Bdn - Hdn Qudc, Nxb Vto hfia Thflng tin, 2004 MicMo Morighima (1991), Tgi Nhdi Bdn thdnh cong? Cdng nghl phuong Tdy vd tinh cdch Nhdt Ban, Nxb Khoa hpc xa hpi Ha Npi Nguyen Hai Hoanh, "Tinh thin Vo si dgw Ngufln goc vto boa sdu xa lam nen sy tain ky Nhat Ban, nhto dpe Vo sT dao - Linh hfln Nh^t Bto" cua Inazo Nitobe, Tgp chi Tia Sdng, thang 8/2004 Hpi taflng tin giao dye quflc ti (2002), Hien dgi hda gido due Nhat Bdn, Nxb Chinh tri quflc gia Ha Nfli TAI LIEU THAM KHAO: LS Thanh Binh, Vdn hda Nhgt Bdn: sue mgnh cita qud khu vd thdch thitc cua tuang lai, NgMen cttu Nhlt Bto va Dflng Bic A, si 1(61), 2/2002 74 NGHIEN Cdru O O N G B«IC () sd 5(183) 5-2016 ... noi dfln ngufii va tinh each nguod, CMac da chi rfi: "con nguod khfing phai la mgt smh vat trim togng, to nau dau dfi fi ngoai tai giod Con nguod chinh la tai giod nguod, la nha nude, la xa bji"'... 69 Nghien cvcu khoa hgc dg nhanh Sy phto taySn frfln cac dufing, ngo phfl, ttfln cac dia diflm cong cgng ay chmh la su him tafl hfia dac tinh "tayfln" va "phto tayfln" ttong y tauc xa hgi Dac... cflng chinh tinh ki Mat cao dfi iy da giip ngufid Nhat nhanh chfing taich nghi vfid nfln sto xuat cong nghijp hifln dai dfl rfii chiflm ITnh dinh eao cia tafii dai Due tinh iy, phim chit ay da iam