CHUYEN MUC TLT V A N CHiNH SACH LAO DONG NHAP CU" VA NHU'NG VAN Bt BAT RA LE THI H a RIN Hien nay, lao ddng nhip eu vi nhiing chinh sach ddi vdi lao ddng nhip eu ludn li nhirng vin di buc thiet ciia chinh quyin TPHCM Trong bdi canh dd, bii viit niy nhim gdp phin dinh gii dOng dan thue trang lao ddng di cu, tic ddng cOa lao ddng nhip cu ddi vdi phit triin hiu dua phucmg hudng phit huy vai trd cua lao ddng nhip eu d TPHCM VAl N^T v e THU'C TRANG LAO BONG NHAP CU' TAI TPHCM Hien nay, vdi s l ddn 7.990.100 ngudi TPHCM Id dja phuang ddng dan nhit Vipt Nam (Ting cgc Thong ke, 2013) Trong dd, mot phin ba ddn sd thdnh p h i (30,1%) la ddn nhdp eu (Bao Hanh, 2011) Vdi ty le nhy tren, cd t h i thiy lao ddng nhap c u cd vai trd dang k i s y phdt triin kinh tl-xa hdi thdnh p h i trnng nhdng nam qua Thanh phan ey dan chuyin d i n thdnh p h i gom nhung bp phdn chu y l u nhu; cdng chuc, vien chde, ngudi lam vipe d cae Tnh vye khoa hpe, ky thupt; lao dpng eae dja phygng chuyin d i n ; hpc sinh, sinh vidn d i n hpe d cdc trudng dai hpc, cao ding, trung hpe chuyen nghipp, day nghi, eae Ld Thj Hd Rin Thpc sT Oy ban Kiem tra Thdnh uy Thdnh phd Ho Chi Minh trydng p h i thdng cua phd; dd, ty lp da so la ddn ndng thdn nhdp cu, chilm 80% (31,46% d i n td Ding bing song Cdu Long, 17,7% d i n td dong bing sdng Hdng vd 30,84% d i n td cde vDng khdc) (Thu Hiin, 2009) Vdi lye lygng ddng dao nhy tren, lao dpng nhpp ey cd tde dpng khdng nhd d i n sy phdt triin kinh tl-xa hdi, phdt triln nguin nhan lye tren dja bdn TPHCM Sy tde dpng dd ed tinh chit hai mdt - tieh eye va tieu cue V i mat tich eye, trudc hit, lae ddng nhdp eu eung c i p nguon lao dpng doi ddo va da dang, ldm cho thj trudng sdc lao ddng tren dja bdn cd tinh canh tranh, tde ddng d i n lao ddng tai eho, thDc day ngudi lao dpng ndng cao tnnh dp tay nghi Trong s l lao ddng nhdp cu, ed nhilu ngudi id lao ddng cd trinh dp cao Ngudi lao ddng nhdp eu gdp p h i n thDc L E T H I H G R I N - LAOeONGNHAPCU'VANHO'NGVANBe , d i y s u trao d i i v l kinh t i , van hda vd ky thuat, khuyen khieh trao d l l ede san pham hang hda vd djch vg giua nai d i n va nai dl, gdp phin quan trpng xda ddi giam ngheo d nai di, d i n g thdi gdp phan thDc d l y s u phdt triin cae ngdnh nghi djch vu cho dan c u dd thj, hinh thj trugng lao ddng phD hgp Lao dpng nhpp eu r i t linh ddng va tich eye vipe dam nhpn nhdng edng viec cd tinh ehit dde hai, nang nhpc, cdc edng vide ed thu nhdp t h i p vd nguy hilm ma ngudi dan thdnh p h i dD cd that nghipp cDng khdng mudn lam hoac n i u ed nhdn ldm cung ddi tra cdng eae hgn Mat khae, lao dpng nhdp eu ehinh Id ddng lye thuc d l y vipe hinh thdnh eae khu dd thj mdi Cl pho, ed nhung qudn, huypn vDng ven ed d i n hgn 1/3 dan s l la ngudi nhpp c u (Cyc Thong ke TPHCM, 2012) D i l n hinh la qudn Thu Dde, qudn Gd V i p , quan Binh Tdn, huypn Binh Chdnh Mpt bd phan lap dpng nhdp c u dd phin d i u vugn len trg thdnh nhdng chu doanh nghidp, tao viec Idm eho nhdng ngudi lao dpng nhpp c u khde vd vipe lam eho lao dpng p h i Theo bdo cdo k i t qua d i i u tra nam 2012, ed 2,9% lao ddng nhdp eu t y minh lam ehij cae doanh nghl$p, eg s d san x u i t kinh doanh (Bd Lao ddng-Thuang binh va Xa hOi-Cgc Vide ldm, 2012) nhung tde dpng tidD cue T h i hien trude h i t d chd lam gia tang din sd cd hgc cua phd va lam gia tang s l lao dpng thit nghiep Trong ndm 2013, p h i ed 7,9 trieu ddn, tdng hon 2,4 trieu vdng 14 nam qua, vugt d u bao v i s l lygng ddn s l dat mdc ndy trude nam (Ting cgc Thing ke, 2013, tr 64), nguyen nhdn ehinh la de di ddn t d cac tinh, khde d i n lam tang ddn sd ea hpe Dieu dd tao nen dp luc d l l vdi p h i v l nhiiu mat; quan ly, quy hoach, eae ehinh saeh xd hpi Ngodi ra, tong s l lao dpng nhap c u d dp tuli 15 - 59 di c u d i n thdnh p h i , ed 81,9% tim duge vide lam - eon s l la khd ldn nhung s l 18,1% chua tim duge vide ldm mdi d i n cDng khdng phai Id nhd (Tdng ege Thing ke, 2010, tr 97) Han nua, mac dD ty lp ngudi nhap eu ed viec Idm r i t eao nhung phin ldn cdng viee cDa hp cd tinh c h i t Ipm thdi, khdng I n djnh nen s l thit nghiep d khu vye lao ddng nhpp eu ludn ed nguy ea gia tang v i n d i nha d eho ngudi lao ddng nhdp eu la mpt nhdng v i n d l nan giai d i i vdi p h i nhdng nam g i n day Nhu e l u cua ngudi lae dpng nhdp c u r l t Idn kha nang dap dng eua thdnh p h i cdn r l t han c h l Nhilu ngudi lao ddng nhdp c u ed nhu elu mua Theo s l lipg thing ke eua Ban kinh t i vd thue nha d nen dd ddn d i n tinh trang Ngdn sdch thdnh p h i thi treng nhdng nhiiu ngydi dan d dd thj xdy nhd d i ban n i m qua, lao dpng nhdp c u da ddng gdp vdi gid re hope cho thue Viec xdy dyng 30% eho GDP eua thdnh (Le Van tDy tien khdng phep dan d i n hinh thdnh Thanh, 2005) nhung khu ddn eu t i i tdn, khdng dam Bdn cpnh nhdng tde dpng tich cue d l l bao chit lugng c a s d tang, nhu hd vdi s y phdt triin kinh ti-xd hdi cDa thdnh thing dien, hp thing c i p thodt nude, ve p h i , lao dpng nhdp c u cQng mang d i n sinh dd thj, hinh thdnh nhdng khu "o TAP CHi KHOA HQC XA HQI sd 1199) 2015 chupt" mdi, gay m i t canh quan vd trat ty dd thj Nam 2013, cd d i n 90% lao dpng nhdp eu sing d nhung khu nha trp ngudi dan t u xay dyng (Minh Thy, 2011) vd dai da sd nhung ngdi nhd ndy d i u ed chit lugng thip Hien nay, cd r i t nhiiu phdng trp ndm canh cde khu cdng nghiep nen chit lugng cupc sing cua ngudi lao ddng nhdp eu bj anh hudng ndng n i bdi mdi trudng bj d nhiim (nude thai, rac thai, khdi bui, tilng In, ) Lao ddng nhap cu tang cung dan den tang ip lue eho edng tie phdng - chdng te nan xa hdi cOa thinh phd Ngodi eac d i i m ndng v l te nan xd hdi tren dja bdn thdnh p h i thi eae nan xd hpi eung thudng x u i t hien a nhdng khu ddn cu tdi tdn cua ngudi lao ddng nhdp cu Ngoai ra, tinh trang budn bdn i l n chilm long l i dudng, vd tinh trang mpt s l lugng khdng nhd ngudi nhap c u ehua ed viec lam, eho d, phdi sdng Iang thang tren he p h i , g i m elu da gdp phin khong nhd gdy m i t trdt t u xa hdi, canh quan vd van minh dd thj Ben canh dd, mpt bd phan lao dpng nhdp cu cd trinh dd vdn hda, ehuyen mdn edn thip, da sd x u i t thdn tu ndng thdn, mang nang n i p nghT vd tae phong lam viec ndng nghipp tinh ky ludt chua cao Vi t h i , hp d i bj ldi kep, tde dpng bdi cdc luing t u tudng khdng t i t , gay nhung tieu eye che xd hpi Chang han, hp san sang td bn eong viec dang lam d doanh nghiep ndy d i ddu qgan cho doanh nghidp khae vi nghT ring thu nhdp ben doanh nghiep dd se cao hon (mpc dD thyc t l khdng nhy hp nghT) T d dd, d i n d i n s y b i t on, tham chi gdy thipt hai nang n l che nhiiu doanh nghipp eua thdnh p h i bdi cd nhung luc doanh nghiep bj m i t d i n hang tram lao ddng Theo khao sat cua Trung tdm Dy bdo nhu elu nhan lue vd Thdng tin thj trudng lao dpng TPHCM, cd khoang 50% g i n 4.500 ngydi tim viec sau T i t Nguyen ddn 2015 la lao dpng ed td - nam kinh nghipm cd nhu elu thay d l l cdng viec (Gia Huy, 2015); cdn theo khao sat tren 12.000 ngudi tim viec vao d i u nam 2015 cua VietnamWorks (Hodng Nguyen, 2015), ed khoang han 56% ngudi lao ddng duge khao sat eho bilt hp se t d bd cdng viee n l u khdng t h i y ed eg hpi thang tiln hay phdt triin ban than Mat khdc, thllu quan tam va thiiu hiiu bilt v l phdp ludt, lai bi ap lye v i kinh t l ndn lao ddng nhdp eu d l bj kich ddng Chl e i n mpt sy va cham nhd quan he lao dpng eung cd t h i ddn d i n dinh edng - mpt quyin ma phdp ludt lao dpng trang bj eho ngudi lao dpng n h i m bao ve quyin lgi chinh ddng cho hp va chl ndn s d dgng khdng edn phugng phdp ndo khde, nhung ngudi lao ddng nhdp eu ludn s d dgng nd nhu Id vD tdi thugng va hieu qua nhit mpi trudng hgp mau thuan trang qDan hd lao ddng khdng xam xet din tinh chit, muc dp vg viec d l ed phugng phap giai qgyit phD hgp Ody ehinh la met nhdng v i n d i ldm daD diu ehinh quyin nham tim giai phdp on thda d l han c h l dinh cdng Lao ddng nhip cu gia fang gay thim ip luc vi CO sd ting kf thuat vi xa hdi cua Thinh phd Mang ludi giao thdng dudng bd cDa thdnh p h i hien da ldm vdo tinh trang qua tai t r i m trpng, nan mach lyu L £ THI HO RIN - LAO fWNG NHAP Ctf VA NHO'NG VAN B £ thdng d i l n thudng xuydn, dac bipt d eac giao lp vd vdo cde gig cao d i i m Viec t i c giao thdng dd thj ed nhilu ly nhung cd mdt ly chinh Id lugng ddn cu, dae bidt ngudi nhap cu d l v l thdnh phd qua ddng; hp thong dudng sa, phygng tien van tai khdng kjp dap dng Sy un t i e giao thdng gay tde hpi v l nhilu mat cho ddi s i n g kinh ti-xa hdi eua thdnh p h i nhy; gia tang tai nan giao thdng, gia tang d nhiim khdi bgi gdy anh hudng x l u d i n sde khde ngudi, ldng phi thdi gian, t i i n cua Viec cung cap dien, nude, xii If rac va thoit nude cung phai gia tang theo dan s l Mpt nhdng he thing khdng phdt triin kjp t i e dp tang dan s l se gay anh hudng nghiem trpng d i n mdc sing ddn c u thdnh phd Chang han tinh trang ngap lut, thiiu nude speh, d nhiim rdc, nude thai Cic ea sd giio due, khim chira binh d thdnh p h i khdng du d l dap dng s u gia tdng cua lye lygng lao ddng nhdp cu, gdy nen hipn tugng qud tai Thao s l lieu thing ke eua Cgc Thing ke TPHCM (2013), nam hpe 2012 - 2013, todn thdnh ed 922 trudng phd thdng cde c i p , s l Idp hpc Id 27.096, vdi lugng hpc sinh Id 1.083,3 em; tmng binh ed 40 hpc sinh/lldp, theo chuin q u i c gia thi chl nen ed dual 35 hpe sinh/1 lap (Bd Gido dgc vd Ddo tao, 2007) Nhiiu lao ddng nhpp c u dem theo em, nhung hodn canh kinh t l khd khan md ddnh phai cho eon em nghi hpe, lam cho tinh trpng t h i t hpe cua tre em tang ien v i ca s d kham ehua benh, nam 2013, todn thdnh p h i ed 31.900 giudng bSnh (Nguyen Hoang, 2013); so can bd y t i nam 2012 la 43.370 ngudi (Sd Y t i TPHCM) N i u ehia binh quan s i giudng benh eho dan eu thdnh p h i thi trung binh khoang 39 giudng benh/ 10.000 ddn Mdt eon s l qua thip Cd tinh trang la bdi vi, theo thing ke nam 2011, cd khoang 40,8% benh nhan diiu tri cdc benh vien khdng phai Id ddn p h i (Phugng Linh, 2013) Cull cung, ed t h i t h i y lao dpng nhdp cu d i n p h i phin ldn Id dan di cu ty nen thydng phai thue nhd d l d vd hay di chuyin d i tim nai cho thue nhd re han nen gay khd khan, phitc tap cho edng tic quin If nhan khau Ben canh dd, song diiu kipn tam bg nen nhung ngudi lao dpng nhap cu khdng cd dilu kien d l tham gia sinh heat khu phi, khdng ed dilu kipn d l tham gia ede dodn t h i Vi vay, it nhiiu lam anh hudng d i n edc phong trao xa hdi d dja phuang Nhu vdy, lao ddng nhdp eu vda mang d i n nhung tdc dpng tieh eye, vda tao nhung tdc ddng tidu eye Tinh hai mat cua lae dpng nhpp cu tdc ddng d i n qua trinh phdt triin kinh ti-xd hdi cDa p h i la diig t i t y i u va ddi hdi phai ed nhung bipn phap, ehinh sdch phD hgp ddp dng nhu eiu phdt triln NHO'NG V A N D E CHlNH SACH DAT RA D O I V O I LAO DQNG NHAP CLf T d thye trang tren, ed r i t nhiiu v i n d i ehinh sdch d i i vdi lao ddng nhdp eu md thdnh p h i c i n tap trung giai quyit, tyu tmng lai Id cde v i n d i sau; - Chinh sich quin If, dio tao vi sir dung ddi vdi lao dgng nhap eu D l l vdi v i n d i ehinh saeh quan ly, ddo tao vd sd dgng lao ddng nhap c u thi nan TAP CHl KHOA HQC XA Hf)l so 11991 2015 giai trudc tien la v i n de hp khag, lao dpng, viee lam Ludt Cy trD sua del nam 2013 vua ddi va cd hieu lye I d 1/1/2014 da ed nhung quy djnh thoang hgn r i t nhilD eho ngudi nhpp c u so vdi thdi gian trudc Mae dD cd thuan lgi hgn nhung nhung khd khan tiln hdnh mpt s i thu tge trye tiip lien qgan d i n sinh hoat thydng nhat ddi hdi phai kem theo diiu kien ed hd khiu thudng tru tai thdnh p h i khdng phai da hit Nhung khd khan dd da va dang trye tilp anh hudng d i n cupc sing cua ngudi lao dpng nhap cu, gdy trd ngai cho hp viee thg hudng cdc quyin ca ban eua edng ddn Do khdng ed hp khiu thudng trD, ngudi nhdp cu vdn id 'edng dan hang 2" Vdi vj t h i dd, hp khdng ed diiu kipn hope bj han e h i trpng xin viec khu vuc nhd nude, han c h l tilp can, thg hudng v l hpc hdnh, cham sdc sue khde, vay v i n tin dgng, kinh doanh, Ching han, theo quy djnh eua Thij tudng Chinh phu v l cdc dilu kien dugc vay vdn eua Quy Quie gia v l vide lam, "ngudi duge vay v i n phai ed hp khiu thudng trD tai dja phuang nai vay v i n thyc hien dy dn vd phai cd xdc nhdn cDa ehinh quyin dja phuang ngi thyc hien dy an" (Vg Cac v i n d i xd hdi, 2005) Qgy djnh tren da han c h l dygc s y Igi dgng cDa ngydi giau d i n nhdp cu d ede vung khd khan, nhung cDng da tao khd khan eho lae ddng nhap cu cd nguyen vpng vay v i n d i phat triin san xuit Thee quy djnh eua So Luit lao ddng nam 2012, quyin lam viec ciia ngudi lao ddng khdng lien quan gi d i n v i n d l hd khau, khdng phg thgpc vdp nai c y trD cga ngudi lao ddng: "ngudi lao ddng ed qgyin lam vipe eho b i t ky ngudi su dgng lao ddng nan va b i t ky nai nda md phap Igdt khdng e l m " (Bg Luit lao dgng nam 2012) Cung theo quy djnh cua Bd Luat lao ddng, hien nay, vide tuyin dung lao dpng cDng khdng gdn k i t vdi nai cu trD cd nghTa la ngudi dan sd tai vd lao ddng nhap c u d i u binh dang trude phdp luat tuyin dgng "ngudi s d dgng lao ddng cd quyin tryc t i l p hope thdng qua t l chde djch vg viec Idm, doanh nghiep cho thue lai lao ddng d l tuyin dung lao ddng, cd quyin tang, giam lao ddng phu hgp vdi nhu c i u san xuit, kinh doanh" (So Luit lao dgng nim 1994) Tuy nhidn, tren thyc t i , ngydi lao dpng nhdp cu khdng dugc tham gia thi tuyin cdng chde nhd nude; khdng t h i hoac rlt khd khdn vipe chdng thyc h i sg 1;^ ljch d i xin viec ldm vd khdng dugc hudng c h l dp trg c i p lam viec xa thdnh phd, Idm vipe cho cae dan vj eua thdnh phi quan ly nhung ddng tpi dja bdn eua edc tinh, thdnh khde Scng song vdi nhung b i t cap lao ddng vd viee lam thi thu nhdp cDa ngudi lao dpng nhap c u vdn dang la mpt v i n d l c i n phai quan tdm Hien nay, rlt nhiiu doanh nghiep ky k i t hgp ding lao dpng vdi mdc luang eao han mdc luang t i l thiiu nhd nude quy djnh Mdc thu nhdp thye t i cua ngudi lao dpng thudng g i p hai l i n mdc tiin luang ghi hgp ddng lao dpng vi ngodi khoang thdi gian ldm viec theo quy djnh eua Luit Lao dgng, hp cdn ldm them gid, tang ea qua mdc Dd la each lam eua ngudi s d dgng lao dpng n h i m tron tranh vipe phai npp them bao hilm xd hdi eho ngudi lao L£ THI HO RIN - LAO BONG NHAP CU VA NHLfNG VAN B£ dOng v i n d l lam them gid chua phai id nghiem trpng bdi ban than ngudi lao ddng cDng muon Idm them, song d i i u r i c r l i Id r l t nhilu deanh nghiep khdng toan du sd t i i n Idm them ngodi gid theo quy djnh Va dd la nguydn nhan gdy bde xDc eho cdng nhdn va dan d i n dinh cdng d mdt so doanh nghipp thdi gian qua - Chinh sich nha d, dit dai cu trO, giio due, y ti ddi vdi lao ddng nhip cu Hien nay, nhd d eho lao ddng nhdp eu Id mOt nhung v i n d i nan gidi eua thdnh p h i , khd khan dd tang len nhilu lin ehinh saeh d i t dai cua thdnh v i n cdn phdn djnh rach rdi giua cu dan cua thdnh p h i vd ddn nhdp eu Chang hpn quy djnh v l viee b l i thudng, hd trg vd tdi djnh eu nhd nude thu hoi d i t trdn dja ban p h i nhu sau; "Hp gia dinh va ed nhdn bj thu h l i todn bp nhd d, d i t d (khdng san x u i t ndng nghiep) phai di chuyin chd d d i n nai khae duge hd trg 1.000.000 d i n g eho moi ea nhdn cd ten hp k h i u thudng trD hoac cd thdi gian tpm trD trudc ed qDylt djnh thD hoi a i t t d 12 thang trd len (khdng tinh cdc trudng hgp thue, mudn) tpi odn nhd phai di ehuyin d i n ngi khae" (Oy ban Nhan ddn TPHCM, 28/5/2010) Nhu vdy, chi cd eu dan eua thdnh phd, ngudi dd tam trD d thdnh trude ed qgyit djnh thu h i i d i t 12 thdng trd len mdi duge h i trg chi phi di ehuyin, edn nhdng ngudi thupc dipn lao ddng nhdp c u cd thdi gian tam trD dudi 12 thdng, ngudi lao ddng thue, mudn can nhd cd quyit djnh thu hoi dd thi khdng dygc h i trg phi di chuyin Rd rdng quy djnh dd anh hudng d i n quyin Igi chinh dang cua ngudi lao d0ng nhdp c u md khdng ed ly xdc dang nao dugc dua CDng theo Quyit dinh 35, viec b l i thudng v l d i t va hd trg tai djnh eu khdng phan biet gida ngudi ed hd khiu thdnh p h i vd ngudi khdng ed hd khau thdnh p h i Tuy nhien, tren thye t i , cho d tdi djnh c u khdng phD hgp, khdng thudn lgi cho viec Idm cua minh nen rit nhiig ngudi ddn (cd hd khiu vd khdng cd hd khiu phd) dd bdn lai can hd tdi djnh eu vdi gid thdp hgn gid tri thyc t i cDa can nha (vide ndy edn ed 1^ Id can hd tai djnh cu chua dugc e l p gily chu quyin duge bdn giao eho chu hp, vipe c i p giiy chu quyin nhd thudng keo ddi ca nam, thdm ehi ldu hgn) d i ed mpt s l tiln Vdi s l tiln dd, hp tim mua can nhd khdc, nhd hgn, thdm chi la lup xgp, hope mua d i t khdng ed gily td hgp lp vdi gid re r i i e i t nhd tam d i d T u dd, lai hinh nen ede khu nha Igp xgp mdi Chinh qgyin dia phugng lai giai tda, chinh trang, ndng c i p va lpi phai d i n bu, ho trg di ddi Cd nhu vdy, eai vdng luin q u i n : glal tda, d i n bD, hd trg, di ddi, rdi lai giai tda, d i n bii c d tdi diln, lap di, lap lai nhiiu i l n , gdy khd khdn eho ngdn sdch thdnh p h i vd eho edng tdc quan ly, chinh trang dd thj vdn minh, sach dpp Ddi vdi ngudi lao dpng cd trinh dp vd tay n g h i cao, cd thu nhpp kha thi nhd d I n djnh, chit lygng nhd tit Tuy nhien, da s l ngudi lao ddng g cdc khu edng nghipp, eae khu e h i xgit thudng g i p khd khan v i kinh t i eho nen giai phdp yg tien md hp thudng lua ehpn v i n d i nhd d la thud nhd vdi chit lugng thip, khdng dam bao dieu kien sing t i l thiiu TAP CHi KHOA HQC XA Hl^l !>n M991 2015 Thoat ly ndng thdn dugc ngudi lao ddng nhap c u xem nhu mdt phugng thdc giai thoat khoi cai ngheo Tuy nhien, vdi nhdng khd khan qua ldn v i nhd d , d i t dai eu tru nhu t h i , vd tinh ngudi lao ddng nhdp c u dd bj d i y vdo dpi ngii "ngheo dd thj", vd ehung ta da d i eho "edi ngheo di cu" cDng vdi ngudi ndng ddn thdnh p h i Nhdng khd khdn vipe "an e u ' ddi vdi thdnh p h i n lao ddng nhdp c u edn g i n liin vdi nhung thiet thdi ITnh vye y t i , gido dge va cdc qgyin lgi edng cpng khdc v i y t i , hien nay, viec khdm ehda benh eho ngudi ngheo, tiem chDng cho tre em dugc Idm khd tot Vi t h i , ed t h i ndi, v i eg ban, khdng ed s y phdn biet giua ngudi nhap eu va thudng trD Vd cd chD trygng kham ehua bpnh miin phi cho tre em dudi tuoi thi ngudi nhpp c u cDng dugc thg hudng chinh sdch ndy Tgy nhidn, khdng n i m danh sdch qgan ly theo ddi ehdt che, thudng xuyen cDa ede ehinh quyin qudn, huyen nen ngudi lao dpng nhdp c y khdng dugc hudng mdt cdch d i y du, toan didn vd lien tge edc chuang trinh cham sdc sdc khde cdng dong cua thdnh p h i nhu cham sde sdc khde phu nd, quan ly thai nhi, gido dge sue khde Ngudn kinh phi d i thue hien edng tdc cham sde vd bao vp sdc khoe cho ngudi ddn thdnh p h i ed gidi han, dd, nganh y t i phai gdnh vac toan bp viee kham ehua benh cho ca ngudi dan tai chd, ngudi lac ddng nhap eu, dan tdi qud tai v i eg sd vdt chit, trang thiit bj, nhan vien phgc vu ldm eho hoat ddng y t l , Cham sdc sdc khde nhan ddn cDa thdnh khdng dam bao yeu e i u Hien nay, vdi cac ehugng trinh sde khde sinh san va cham sde sdc khoe sinh san, ngudi lao ddng nhpp c u thiiu kha nang tiip edn vd dugc hygng djch vu ed chit lugng Nhung nhu e l u v i sue khde sinh san thudng bj ngudi s y dgng lao ddng bo qga Dd la nhdng thach thdc r l t ldn viec thee dull mgc tieu phat triln b i n vung vd cdng b i n g xd hdi cDa thdnh phd Thyc t l hien chinh quyin dja phuang vd nhilu chu s u dgng lao dpng khdng quan tdm nhiiu d i n viee nang cao kha ndng t i l p cpn cac djch vg y t i eho ngudi lao dpng nhpp cu D l gia tang lgi nhuan, nhilu ehu doanh nghiep thudng trin tranh viec mua bao h i l m y t i cho ngudi lao dpng nhdp cu Theo s l lieu Tong dilu tra dan sd nam 2009 thi cd d i n 59,2% lao dpng nhap c u khdng cd bao hilm y t l (Ting cue Thing ke, 2010) Vi khdng cd bao h i l m y t i lai lo sg chi phi thulc men cao, ngudi lao dpng nhdp eu r l t ngdn ngai vi$e di khdm, chua tri ed bdnh Hp chip nhpn rui ro vipe ty chya benh hode khdng ehda bpnh V l gido due, p h i da cd chu trygng r l t edi m d linh vuc gido dge - ddo tpo, cg t h i la t i t ca hpc sinh dD cd hp khlD hay khdng cd h$ khiu d thdnh p h i van duge vao hpe edc trudng tren dja bdn thdnh p h i (theo tuyin eu tru) Tuy nhien, dilD kidn thiiu t h i n gido vien, trygng Idp vd eae ca s d vdt chit khdc, cdc ca s d gido dye edng lap eua thdnh p h i bupc phai uu tien tiip nhdn em cua nhung ngudi cd hd khiu thugng trD, edn vipe tilp nhdn cen em eua nhung ngudi khdng cd hd khau thudng tru tiiy thupc vdo d i i u kidn L £ THI HO' RIN - LAO BQNG NHAP CLf VA NHCTNG VAN B £ trydng Idp d tung « a ban, dja phugng D i i u vd hinh trung dd ldm oho eg hdi binh dang hpc tap cua eon em ngudi lao dpng nhdp c u bj han c h i Nhu vdy, so vdi cdng sdc ddng gdp eua ngudi lao ddng nhdp cu thi s y hudng thg eua eon em hp v i giao due la chua tuang xdng, tham chi r l t thiet thdi so vdi tong s l ddn eua p h i thi ngudi nhdp eu chiim tren 30% nhung ty le hpe sinh Id eon em hp chi ed 10% (Due Trung - Minh Dde, 2005), tde chl duge hudng thg quyin gido dge bing 1/10 se vdi ddn sd tai Vipe thg hudng ddi sdng van hda tinh thin d l l vdi lao dpng nhap c u eung edn nhieu han c h i nhiig nguyen nhdn khde Mdt nhdng nguyen nhdn ehu y i u Id thiig ede eg sd sinh hoat van hda, t h i dgc, t h i thao, giai tri, Diig Id thilu sdt t d khdu quy hoach cac khu edng nghidp Va ddy cDng Id tinh trang chung d r l t nhiiu dja phygng, dde biet tpi ede khu cdng nghiep, khu c h l xuat, nai cd ddng lao dpng nhpp eu v l qgyin hudng thy didn, nude, mac dD nhd nude dd cd quy djnh v l djnh mue dipn, nydc cho ngudi lao dpng nhdp ey nhung hp vdn phai chju gid dien, nude eao han g i p d i n l i n so vdi ngudi ddn s d tai V l v i n d i ndy cd 1^ Thd nhit Id mpc du thdnh p h i ed quy dinh v i djnh mdc nude doi vdi lao ddng nhdp eu nhung djnh mdc nude ma hp duge hudng la djnh mdc chd khdng phai djnh mdc 1, nghTa Id n i u treng m ' nude d i u tien, ngudi cd hd khag p h i dugc hudng mdc gid t h i p (djnh mdc 1) thi lao dpng nhpp eu tu m ' nude dag tien da phai tra gid nude eae hgn g djnh mdc (Oy ban Nhan dan TPHCM, 2010) T h u hai la mac du p h i da thyc hien viee yeu elu chinh quyin, dodn t h i dja phugng van ddng chii edc nhd trp thye hien vide thu gid dien, nydc theo quy djnh eua nha nude nhung phin ddng ngudi lao ddng nhdp eu khdng dugc thu hudng quyin Igi D i l u dgn gian la h l u h i t chu nhd thi khdng mudn dl dang ky djnh mdc dien, nude cho hp ma t y djnh gid dien, nude cao hgn nhiiu Iln so vdi quy djnh nhdm hudng lgi Theo thong ke cDa T i n g Cdng ty C i p nude Sdi Gdn thi nam 2011 vd 2012, ehinh qDyIn va ede doan t h i dja phuang dd van ddng vd c i p djnh mdc nude dugc 4.619 khu nhd trp vdi 189.692 djnh mdc - mpt s l qua nho so vdi hgn trieu lao ddng nhdp eu dang sing vd ldm vide tai thdnh p h i Nhu vdy, lieu cd edng bing khdng md mdc ddng gdp eiJa ngudi lao dpng nhdp cu cho s y phdt triin kinh ti-xa hdi thdnh p h i thi cao nhung mdc thg hudng edc chinh saeh xd hpl cga hp lai thip? V l quyin lgi chinh tri, theo ludt phap, ngudi nhpp eu dugc bao dam d i y dD eac qDyIn cdng dan eg ban Trdn thyc t l , ngydi ddn sd tai hay ngudi nhap eu d i u thuc hipn thuan Igi quyin b l u ed, dng cd Tuy nhien, vdi tam iy e ngai vi Id 'edng ddn hang 2", khdng it ngudi nhdp eu hope khdng du ty tin dng ed vao cdc ca quan ehinh quyin sd tai hope xem minh Id ngydi ngodi cupc Thyc t i hp chi tham gia dng cd d c i p thip (elp xa, phudng hcpc t l ddn phi) Trong trudng hgp nay, ro rdng tri tup eua mpt bp phdn nhdn ddn chua duge chinh quyin dja TAP CHl KHOA HOC XA Hpl sd (199) 2015 phuang quan lam va phdt huy dDng mdc, nang lye cua mdt bd phpn nhan ddn van cdn d dang t i l m ndng, quyin cIng hiin cua mdt bd phdn nhan dan ehua dygc sd dgng Ben canh dd, ngudi nhpp cu thudng bj can trd nhiiu hgn so vdi ngudi ddn p h i tiip cdn cde djch vg, d i trd thdnh nan nhdn cDa nan tham nhung Trong nhung nam trudc day, h i u h i t ngudi nhdp eu phai nhd "ngudi trung gian" viee dang ky nhap eu Hien nay, viee phai nhd "ngudi trung gian" d l ed hp khiu thdnh ehua phai da h i t Vipe lam dgng thu tue dang Wj ey tru khdng nhdng can trd ngydi nhdp c u cai thidn mdc sing md cdn Id mot nhdng nguyen nhdn lam cho nan hoi Id vd tham nhung tang len, lam bang hopi dao dde xd hpi va ldm biin chit bd may cdng quyin Ngodi ra, theo quy djnh cua phap ludt thi cdng ddn td 17 d i n 25 tuoi d i u phai dang ky nghTa vg qgdn sy g nai eu trD, dD Id thudng tru hay nhdp cu (Luat Sua doi, bo sung Ludt NghTa vu Quan s u 2005) Tuy nhien, triln khai quy djnh v i ca sd thi lai kem thee ydu c i u la phai ed hd khiu thudng tru Diig ndy se gdy thiet thdi eho nhung ngudi ed mong muln di nghTa vg qgdn s y vd Idm vide qgdn dpi tai dja phygng md hp dang sinh song Trong nhung ndm qua, chinh quyin thdnh p h i da d i vd thue hidn dugc mdt s l ehinh sdch quan ly d i i vdi lao ddng nhdp eu Mpc du da ed nhiiu edi mg so vdi trude, nhung he thong ehinh sach dd v i n nghieng v l nhdng bipn phap n h i m han e h i s l ngudi nhdp cu Do vpy, cac ehinh sach dd van edn kem hieu qua Thye tien da chdng minh ring b i t eu no lue nao nham ngdn can hidn tugng di dan ma khdng tim k i l m ede giai phap thay t h i id r l t khd thue hien Han nua, n i u c l g i n g ching lai cdc ddng di dan mpt each y chi cd t h i gdy nhdng ton t h i t eho ca ngudi di cu vd khdng di cu Tren thuc t l , lao dpng nhdp c u dem d i n eho thdnh p h i d i n g thdi ca nhung ddng gdp vd nhung thdch thdc Va p h i doi x u vdi hp cOng diy mau thudn, chua bao dam mgc tieu "tang trygng kinh t i " vdi "edng bing xd hpi" Vugt qua nhdng djnh klin trude day v i kiem soat di dan la mdt thdch thdc Idn d l l vdi eac nhd quan [j dae bipt la nhdng quan d i i m eho ring di dan Id ganh nang Do dd, phd ein xdy dyng mpt mdi trudng kinh tl-xd hdi ed kha nang thu hDt, chpn lpc, dilu tilt mdt each toi uu s l lugng vd cg eiu lao ddng nhap eu Cd nhu vay thi v l goc dp kinh t i , thdnh mdi xdng tdm Id trung tam kinh t i eua ca nude, vd v l khia eanh nhdn van mdi dat dugc mgc tieg Id thdnh "van minh - hipn dpi - nghTa tinh" ma thdnh p h i da dpt • K S T LUAN TAI LIEU TRICH DAN Ban Chi dpo Tdng dilu tra ddn so vd nhd d Tmng uong 2010 Ting dieu tra din si va nhi d Viit Nam nim 2009: Kit qui toin dd Hd Ndi: Nxb Thing kd Bao Hpnh 2011 Bdi (bdn din nhip cutai TPHCM: Thich thuc can giii quyet http://www.baomo/ L £ T H | H R I N - LAOBONGNHAPCU'VANHO'NGVANBg com, ngdy 20/9/2011 BS Gido dge vd Bdo tao 2007 Quyet dinh sd 07/2007/QB-BGDBT, ngiy 02 thing nam 2007, cua Bd tnrdng Bd Giio due vi Bao tao ban hinh Biiu le tmdng tmng hpc co sd, tnrdng trung hgc phi thdng vi tnrdng phd thdng cd nhieu dp hgc BO Lao dSng-Thuong binh vd Xa hpi - Cyc Viec ldm 2012 Van de lao ddng dl cu thi, khu cdng nghlip hong bdi cinh sau Viit Nam gia nhip WTO -thuc trang vi giii phap Bp lu$t Lao ddng cOa nude Cgng hoa Xa hdi ChO nghia Viit Nam nam 2012 Hd Ndi: Nxb Chinh tri Quic gia Bd luit Lao ddng cua nude Cdng hda Xa hdi Chu nghia Viet Nam nam 1994 (sua doi bo sung cic nim 2002, 2006, 2007) 2007 Hd Npi; Nxb Chinh tn Quic gia Cgc Thong ke TPHCM 2012 Nidn glim thing kd TPHCM ndm 2011 Diin tich, din si vi lao dgng TPHCM: Nxb Thing ke Cue Thing kd TPHCM 2013 Tinh hlnh kinh te-xa hii TPHCM nSm 2013 vi thing 12/2013 http://www gso.gov.vn, ngdy 24/12/2013 Bdc Trung - Minh BCic 2005 Dan nhip cu: Bao gid hit bl kf thi? Bao Thanh nidn, ngdy 16/12/2005 10 Gia Huy Phd Glim die Trung tim Di/ bio nhu cau nhin luc vi Thing tin thi tnrdng lao ddng TPHCM Trin Anh Tuin: Viic khdng thiiu, chi sg yiu nghe http:/Am»w.dubao nhanluchcmcgov.vn/, ngdy 17/3/2015 11 Hodng Nguyen 2015 1000 ngudi tim vide tham gia hdi thio phit triin ban thin ciia VletnamWori