Đời sống hội nhóm và liên kết xã hội nghiên cứu so sánh xã hải vân, nam định và xã thân cửu nghĩa, tiền giang

C H U Y S N MUC KINH Te HOC-XAHOI HOC D d i SdNG HQI NHdM VA LIEN K i T XA HOI" NGHIEN CLPU SO SANH XA HAI VAN, NAM DINH VA XA THAN CCrU NGHIA, TI^N GIANG"' NGUYSN TRUNG KIEN' BUI NGOC HtiNG" Bai viit sti dimg s l lieu oua hai xa la Hai Van thuoo tinh Nam Binh va Than Cuu Nghra thuoo tinh Ttin Giang nhim phan tich su khao biet each thu-o tham gia i/ao doJ song hoi nhom va cac lien kit dan su cita nguai dan nong thon a vung Bong bang song Hdng va Bdng bing song Cuu Long S l lieu dinh luang oho thay vtec tham gta vao hoi nhom a xa Hat Van tich cuo hon so vdt a xa Than Cuu Nghfa Ca chi gin kit oua oao loa, lien kit xa hoi oua ngudi dan duac khao sat a Hal Van cung to Ohio chin va mang lat nhieu tot Ich vi mat ttnh than, thong ttn han, kht nguoi dan Than Ciru NghTa sir dung lien kit xa hot dac biet la cac doan thi chinh thiro nhim tim kiim oao gidp vi vat ohit Ket qua duac oho oo nguin gic fir su khao biet oa oiu ti ohuo xa hoi nai ma lang xa mien Bao van mang dang dip lang xa ci truyin khep kin vai quan he not tat manh me, kht lang xa miin Nam co xu hu&ng ma vdt oao lien kit xa ho tu va phuc vu la ioh kinh te nhiiu han Tirkhoa ddi sing hoi nhdm, lien kit xa hoi, miln Bic, miln Nam, xa hoi dan su tham gia xa hdi m%-"28/"9/'2oir'''°'''' ""'"'" " " " ' ' " ' ' ™ " " ' ' ' "''" *ô"ã s/s/^o's ifyit Trong nghien c&u eiia minh diu thi ky XX, nha dia ly nhan van Pierre Gourou (1936) nhan xet ngudi dan ndng then Blc Ky cd dae trung hdi • Vien Nghien ciiu va Ho tro Phat tnen '^"^™'' nhdm rit eao Nhan xet eiia ong '^""9 ''^'^c phan anh md ta cua cac hoc gia khac, vi du nhu Oao Duy NGUYEN TRUNG KlEN - BUI NGOC H O N G - BCtt SONG HQI N H M VA Anh (1936), Phan K l (1938), 38) Quan trpng h o n ta t h i y rang than N g u y i n v a n Huyen (1996), Nguyen Binh phan ndng dan d N a m Bp ttf dp hgn, T& Chi (2003a, b), k l ea eac hpc gia khdng bj "gidi han b o i ranh gidi hanh n u d c ngoai n h u Neil Jamieson (1998, chinh" n h u iang xa cc t r u y i n 2000), David M a n (1994), Md hinh B i c ( T r i n H&u Quang 2014: 20-21) miln tham gia hei nhdm, tao cae e l k i t npi Ben canh dd, n h u n g cai each d ndng be cdng ddng n h u d B l c Bd khdng thdn, dien hinh la viec d d i Luat D i t h i n dung vdi cac I p g Nam Bp, d i l n dai 1993, tap c o s d cho sij' hinh hinh la D i n g b i n g sdng C u u Long, thj t r u d n g chuyen n h u p n g q u y i n s u N l u ndi lang xa B l c Bd la cac oe dao dung d i t dai, la boj canh thuc day sir t u trj, thi "lang xa thoang m d va cd phat trjen hen ndng nghiep hang hda t r u y i n t h i n g giao t i l p manh v d i t h i d ndng thon Nam Bd, bieu hien d viec gidi ben ngoai la mpt "dac san" Ijch s u mua ban rueng d i t eiia Tay Nam Bd" (Nguyen dung d i t ) , ty le ho khdng d i t tang, Quang (hay q u y i n sir Vinh 2013: 28), Cd n h i l u hpc gja xem cung s u khac biet v l e g c i u kinh t l - xa hei m u d n n g h i ndng tang (xem Bill Minh, lam nen dac thii trcng viec xay d u n g Be n h u so Quynh lugng Nga va ngudi Oang di iam Thj Viet va van dung sue manh eua eac lien Phuong 2012: 28; Ravallion, M, & Van k i t xa hei vao ddi sdng cua ceng de Walle 2008a: 55-56, 2008b, 198- d i n g nong then d Nam Bd so vdi B l c 199, T r i n H u u Quang 2014; T r i n Huu Bd S u khae biet d u g e n h i l u hpc Quang va Phan Thanh Ldj 2015), d i l u gia ly giai t& gde kinh t l , dac biet eung gdp phan k h i l n cho viec tao dua tren c h i dd s o h&u d i t dai - t u d u n g cac lien k i t g vimg Nam Bd cd lieu san x u l t quan trpng bae n h i t eiia xu h u d n g m d h g n la vung B l c Bd & n i n kinh t l ndng nghiep Cu I h l mdt g nghien cuu khac, Biii Quang Nam Bd n g u d i ndng dan t h u d n g s d Dung (2010- 17) cung chi r i n g , viee h&u nhieu rudng d iang, xa khae hay dan iang g m i l n Bac danh mpt p h i n cdn gpi la d i t "phu canh" trcng d i t cdng lam quy che c h u o n g trinh phiic ngudi dan B l c Be cd xu h u d n g ehi s d Ipi ciia lang k h i l n chp dung l u g n g gan h&u rudng "phan canh" t u c ehi loai k i t xa hdJ g eae lang hgn han so H&u vdj lang xa d m i l n N a m - noi cd rat it Quang 2014: 20-22; xem them Tran rudng ldng (xem Trin d i t cdng (xem them Bui Quang Dung Thi Thu Luong 1994' 174; Dd Thai 2001 Dong 1995: 17) T h u c t l tren noi len Thi Viet P h u a n g 2011 99) T u gdc dp 17, Biii Quang Dting va Oang rang s d h&u d i t dai ciia nong hd m i l n v i n xa hdi, L u a n g V a n Hy (2010 400) Nam khong bi rang buec bdi lang ( nghien c u u ve qua va von xa hoi Thai Ddng 1995 17) hay ndi each thuc hien nam 2005 cung ehi r i n g khac "san x u l t ndng nghiep eiia ndng ap Dinh, xa Khanh H a u , tinh Long An hd tach khdi djnh c h i lang xa" ( T r i n la mdt "cdng dong m d " h o n lang Hoai H&u Quang va Phan Thanh Ldi 2015' Thi, xa Lien Bao, tinh B l c Ninh, the TAP CHl KHOA HOC XA HOI s6 (215) 2016 hien g ehd khong gian sing khdng tap Xa Hai van cd dien tich khoang trung, dan s l da dang chu khdng 3,2km^ la xa dia diu huyen Hai Hau thuan nhit va mang tinh quy tam nam dpc quoc Id 21, each Quit Lam (centripetal), khong gian sinh sing, 9km, each Lac Quin 5km, each thi khdng gian kinh te, van hda md, Dilu trin Yen Oinh ciia huyen Hal Hau 6km, tra ndng dan nam 2009 eung nhan xet xa Than C&u NghTa cd dien Hch rang Dong bang sdng Cuu Long dang kheang 12,6km^ nim phia tay nam tao mot xa hgi "cdi md vdi nh&ng huyen Chau Thanh, cd dudng quoc Id kilu lien kit dan su tu do, tu nguyen" IA va dudng cao tic Thanh phi H i Ddng bing sdng Hong lai Chi Minh - Trung Luong chay qua, trt "xa hdi ndng thdn vdi quan he each sdng Tien khoang 15km Trong lang xa chat.che" (Bin Quang Diing va tong so ngudi tham gia khao sat, ty le oang Thi Viet Phuong 2011: 101) nam gidi nhinh hon mot chiit so vdi ty Theo ddng quan diem Iren, bai vilt le nugidi, chilm 51%, nhien d Hai tiep tuc eung d p nhung bing Van ty le n& gidi cao hon so vdi nam ch&ng cho thiy sir khac biet v l each gldl (55% so vdJ 45%) Cd 84,2% (256) Ih&c van dung mang ludi lien kit xa ngudi d&oc khao sat dang cd vg hdi gi&a hai miln Nam - Blc, vdi luan ching, edn lai Id eac tinh trang hdn dilm chinh la muc de tham gia hei nhan khac, Khoang met nua s l ngudi nhdm va tan dung s&c manh ciia lien dupe hdi eho bilt ndng nghiep la nghi ket xa hdi eua ngudi ndng dan Bae Bd, chinh eiia ho (50,3%) Mac dii vay, cu thi d xa Hai Van, trpi hon so vdi ngudi dugc khao sat tham gia vao ngugj ndng dan Nam Bd, eu the la xa nhieu nganh nghi khac nhau, vdi Than Cuu NghTa, Chung tdi dua tren 62,5% tham gia ldm ndng nghiep, sd lieu khao sat thudc du an Nghien 42,1%, tham gia san xult phi ndng ciru vi cac lien kit dan su va vai tri nghiep, 43,1% ldm cdng an luong Xet oua cao lien kit phat triin v l ting thu nhap mdt nam, mot nong thin (nghien oiru so sanh trudng ngudi d Hai Van cd trung binh thu hop Bong bing song Hing va Ding nhap cao hon so vdl s l cua bang song Cu-u Long) (tir day vilt tit mpt ngudi d Than Ciru NghTa (123,9 la Du an Lien kit dan su) Quy Phat trieu ddng so vdl 100,1 tneu dong) tnen Khoa hoe va Cdng nghe Quic Tuy nhien, chi tinh rieng v l thu nhap gia tai trg Be so lieu gim la 305 tir ndng nghiep (chan nudi, trpt) ngudi dugc khao sat thuoc hai xa xa thi ngudi dan dirpe khao sat g Than Hai Van, huyen Haj Hau, tinh Nam C&u NghTa lai trdi han so vdJ ngudi Dmh (151 ngugj) thudc Ding bing dan d Hai Van, khoang 22 tneu ding sdng Hong va xa Than Cuu Nghia, so vdJ 13 trieu ding; kit qua huyen Chau Thanh, tinh Tiln Giang tuong tu xet thu nhap tu lam thue (154 ngudi)-thudc Oing bing sdng ndng nghiep, khoang 3,4 trieu so vdi Cuu Long 1,5 tneu ding N G U Y £ N T R U N G K I E N - BOI N G O C H O N G - B(y\ S O N G H O I N H O M V A Trong bai viet nay, chung tdi xem hdi tam, hay chia se dac tru-ng kinh te - xa nhdm la mdt dang hinh thi>c lien ket hdi nao - t y lap va van hanh cac ca nhan cd cung dac truing kmh te T H A M GIA HOI N H O M xa hdi (vi du que quan, tudi tac, gidi Nghien ciJu cua chung toi cho t h i y tinh, hoc v§n, no-i song, n g h i nghiep) n g u d i dan duo'c khao sat a hai dja hay chia se ciing sd- thich, d u g c to chu'c lai nham thu'c hien cac ban Hai Van va Than C u u NghTa tham hoat gia da dang cae loai hpi nhdm, tO cae dpng tap t h i dat td'i nhO'ng myc dich to chuc ehinh tri-xa hpi, t d i cae loai Chung Lien k i t xa hpi la cac mang hpi nhdm d y a tren t y nguyen Mac du lu'di xa hdi du'O'c t h i l t lap xung quanh vay n g u d i dan dup'c khao sat a xa mdt ea nhan hay mpt hp gia dinh vdi Hai Van ed xu h u d n g tham gia nhieu mdt nhdm doi tup'ng nao dd Cac loai hdi nhdm h e n a Than C u u NghTa mang lu'di co t h i la cac quan he Bang dud-i day cho thay y l u to dia xa hdi s3n cd d u a tren h u y l t thdng va p h u o n g cd t u c n g quan v d i so nhdm hdn nhan n h u ho hang, tren dia vuc tham gia, nhu' hang xdm; cung cd t h i la cac quan he xa hdi dup'c to chuc lai Trong ty le n g u d i tra ldi ed tham cae nhdm xa hpi cd muc dich va each gia vao hdi/nhdm/doan the a Hai Van to chue rd rang n h u hdi t y nguyen hay r i t cao, thi a Than C u u NghTa chung doan the qu§n ehung, va eung ed the ta thay xu hud'ng doi nghich Cd tdi chi tdn tai d u d i dang cac loai hen ket 34.4% hp gia dinh d Hai Van tham gia xa hdi n h u ban be, hay quan he vdi t u nhdm trd- len, d Than chinh C u u NghTa ty le ehi cd 7,2%; quyin Trong bai vilt nay, Chung toi se xem xef hai loai hdi nhdm ngup-c lai cd t d i % hp d Than chinh, gom doan t h i quan chung hay Cuu NghTa khdng tham gia mpt cdn gpi la to chuc chinh tn xa hdi n h u hdi/nhom/doan t h i nao, so d Hai Hoi Ndng dan, Hpi Phu n u , Doan Van chi la % Ndi each khae, e u 100 Thanh men Cdng san Viet Nam, Cong n g u d i thi chi cd n g u d i d Hai Van doan va Hdi C u u c h i l n binh d u o c lap dua tren s u lanh dao va hoat ddng chiu s y ehi phoi cua Oang Cdng san Viet Nam va chinh quyen d cac c§p, va cac hpi nhdm t u nguyen hay hdi dan su, la cac nhdm xa hdi nhung n g u d i dan nhung ngudi dong s d thich, mdi quan Bang S6 luong hdi/nhdm/doan the tham gia theo xS'" Xa Dtrn VI Khong tham gia 1-3 nhom Tu nhom Tong trd len Mau 96 52 % Than C^u Miu Nghia % Mau 2,0 63,6 34,4 100 58 83 11 152 38,2 54,6 7,2 100 61 179 63 303 20,1 59,1 20,8 100 Hai Van Tong % Nguon, DCr lieu cua d u an nam 2013 ' Kllm amh Chi-sguare value=77,214 df=2, p