Giá trị quan trong công việc khái niệm, kết cấu, ý nghĩa và triển vọng nghiên cứu

QOAN TRI KINH DOANH GIA TR! QUAN TRONG CONG UIEC - KHAI NIEIYI, KET CAU, V NGHIA UA TRIEN UONG NGHIEN COU Li Thanh Titng Maso: 275 | Ngay nhan bai: 20/05/2016 | Ngay hoan bien tap: 15/06/2016 | Ngay duyet dang; 15/06/2016 Paper No 275 | Date of receipt: 20/05/2016 ( Dateof revision: 15/06/2016 | Dateof approvah 15/06/2016 T o m tat Gid tii quan tiong cdng viec, thudt ngU ndy tiong tieng Anh dugc ggi Id Work values hay Occupational values, la mpt tiong nhiing ludn de cd gid tii nghien ciru tien the giai Men nay, giao thoa giiea linh vuc tdm ly hgc, gido due ky ndng nghe nghiep vd qudn tii ngudn nhdn luc, ddng thoi ciing ludn dugc cap nhgt ldm mdi theo tinh hinhphdt trien vd xu huang eita xd hpi Bdi bdo bdng su tdng hop, phdn tich lit cdc kit qud nghien ciiu cua cdc hgc gid nudc ngodi di tiude, he thong lgi, dua nhiing dinh nghia ve khdi niem Gid tii quan tiong cong viec, nhiing xu hudng kit cdu, ddng thdi chi y nghta vd gai ma tiien vgng nghien ciru linh vuc gid tii quan tiong cdng viec Tvt khoa: Khdi niem Gid tii quan tiong cdng viec, kit cdu cua gid tii quan tiong cdng viic, y nghta, tiien vgng nghien cieu Abstract Work values, or Occupational values, a appreciated thesis topic around the world now, is the combination of psychology, occupation education and human resource management and has been updated and refreshed in accordance with the developing social tiends This article, by associating and analyzing the preceeding studies of foreign scientists, aims to intioduce the definition of work values and its components as well as to figure out its meanings and open Ihe research prospect of this term Keywords: the definition of work values, the componments of work values, the meanings and research prospect of work values Dat van de Gia fri quan la mdt frong nhung ddng lye ndi tai anh hudng din hanh vi ctta ca till Gia tii quan frong cong viec tac dpng din moi ca nhan frong cdng viec sinh nhai ttt viec lya chpn nghi ngMep, ddng co Iam viec, cho din tmh frach nhiem frong cpng viec, mtte dp tiimg tiianh vdi td chttc va nMiu phuong dien khac Gia fri quan frong cdng viec khdng cM anh hudng din hanh vi frong cdng viec ctta moi ca nhan, ma cdn cd thg tac ddng tich cue cho doanh ngMep ^°^g Y^^'^ ^^ ''"^c muc tigu cMin lugc rapt ^^^ ^°^ ^ ° ^ ' "^^^^ '^°^Vao nhung nam 30 ctta till ky 20, gidi ly luan phuong Tay da bit diu phat friln ngMen cttu vl tam Iy hgc frong cdng viec Nam 1987, mdt nhdm ngMgn cttn vl y ngMa cdng viec (MOW Mtemational Research Team) da dua mdt nhan dinh: ngudi hudng cong viec frd tiianh tiimg tam ctta cudc sdng (work ' NCS ThS, Chuyen nganh Quan trj Ngu6n nhan luc (HRM) Hpc vien Kinh ti va Quan ly - Tnicmg D?i hpc Vu Hdn, Trung Quoc (Economics and Management School of Wuhan Univereity, 430072) 110 Tapchi KINH TE DOI NGOAI S6 84108/20161 QUANTR! KINH DOANH cenfrality) hay ndi each khac la cudc sdng xoay quanh cdng viec, tM gia fri quan frong cdng •viec frd mdt van dl dang dugc quan tam va dan frd mdt dl tai ngMgn cttn ndng frong 30 nam frd Iai day Cd tiig thay rang, day la mpt khai mem khdng mdi frgn thg gidi, nhung chua dugc ggi tgn mdt each cu thg d Viet Nam Qua tim Mgu thdng qua nhiing cdng cu tim kigm frgn mang Internet, va cac ngudn thu vien ldn nhu Thu vien Qudc gia Ha Ndi, thu vien tradng Dai hpc Ngoai thuang, thu vien tradng Dai hpc Kinh tg Qudc dan va mdt so tradng kinh tg khac dgu chua cd nhiing bai ngMgn Cliu lign quan dgn khai mem Trong khuon khd bai bao, se digm lai lich stt ngMgn cttu vg gia tii quan frong cdng viec ctta cac hpc gia, nha ngMgn cttu nudc ngoai, gidi ban khai niem gia tri quan frong cdng viec, phan tich kgt cau ctta gia fri quan frong cdng viec, ddng thdi ngu y ngMa nghign ciiu va ggi md nhiing frign vpng ngMgn cttu vg linh vyc frong tuang lai Tong quan cac khai niem ve gia tri quan cong viec NMgu hpc gia cd sy ly giai va dinh nghia khac vg gia fri quan frong cdng viec, cho tdi van chua cd mdt dinh nghia thdng nhat nhan dugc sy cdng nhan chung Nha Tam ly hpc ngudi My Super (1970) cho rang gia tri quan frong cdng viec la nhttng mong mudn ndi tai ctta ca nhan va nhung hanh yi frong cdng viec nhim theo dudi nhiing tinh chat cd thg dat dugc frong cdng viec Nha Tam ly hpc Elizur (1984) nhan dinh gia tri quan frong cdng viec la su phan doan nhung gia fri thu dugc ttt kgt qua ctta hanh vi frong cdng •viec va hanh vi dd tai mdi tradng lam viec Gia fri quan frong cdng viec la mpt he tii tudng ndi tai tryc tilp anh hudng din hanh vi S6 84 (08/2016) Giao su Quan Iy hpc ndi tigng ngudi My Stephen P Robbins (1996) xem gia fri quan frong cdng viec nhu mdt sy nhan thttc, xu hudng va tigu cM frong cdng •viec Nha ngMgn cttn Robs (1999) cho rang gia fri quan frong cdng viec la niem tin ctta mdi ngudi kM lam mdt cdng viec nao se dat dugc mdt kgt qua (vi du nhu thu nhap cao) hay frang thai (vi du nhu dugc Iam viec frong mdi tradng chuygn nghiep) Nha ngMgn cttu Schwartz (1999) tM lai cho rang gia tri quan frong cdng viec la muc tigu hoac Ipi ich ma ngudi mudn dat dugc thong qua cong viec Tai Trung Qudc, nha nghign ciiu Yu Hua (2000) nhan dinh gia fri quan frong cong viec la thude ndi tam ctta mdi ngudi phan doan uu nhuge digm hay tinh quan frpng ctta mpt cdng viec, mdt nganh nghg; la mgm tui, la Ii do, la sy lya chpn va theo dudi nhiing muc tigu frong cdng viec ctta mdt ngudi ddi vdi mdt nganh nghg, mpt viec lam Hai nha ngMgn cttu Jin Shenghua, Li Lei (2005) nhan dinh gia tri quan frong cdng viec la tigu chuan dg mdt ca nhan danh gia va lya chpn nganh nghg, cdng •viec Tuy cd nMgu dinh ngMa khac vg gia tri quan frong cdng viec nhung cd thg quy nap lai khuynh hudng Mdt la nhm nhan gia tri quan frong cdng viec dudi gde dap ttng nhung ki vpng ctta ca nhan frong cdng viec; hai la djnh ngMa dudi gde dp mgm tin, thai dp, sd tMch, dac trung tam Iy (J gde dp dau tign, gia fri quan frong cdng •viec tMgn vg muc tigu dat dugc ma chua ngu lgn dugc ndi ham ctta khai niem; cdn d goc dp thtt hai, lai thign vg y ngMa tam ly hpc cua gia tri quan frong cdng viec, chua lam rd dugc sy khac biet Tap chi KINH TE DOI NGOAI 111 QUANTR! KINH OOANH giua gia fri quan vdi thai dp, nigm tin va cac khai mem lign quan Dttc kit, tong hgp ttt nhung nghign cttn ctta nhung hpc gia trade day, theo quan digm ctta ca nhan, de cd dugc mdt cai Mgu sau sac va diy dtt vl giafriquan cdng viec, can phai boc tach va lam rd thl nao la giafri,quan mem vl gia fri, gia tri quan va cudi cttng la gia tri quanfrongcdng viec the cd nhu ciu gi, tin khach thg frong mdi quan he gia fri se cd kgt cau, thupc tinh tuong ttng, dap ttng nhu cau ctta chtt thg, cd y ngMa tich cyc ddi vdi sy phat frign ctta chtt the Sy tac ddng qua lai giua chtt - khach the tao ngn mdi quan he gia fri Gia tri va Quan mem vg gia tri: Hoat dpng ctta ngudi ludn xoay quanh nhiing van dg vg giafri,frongsy phan hdi khdng ngttng giua thyc tign va nhan thuc tat ygu se Mnh Gia fri cd nguon goc ttt cudc sdng Men tugng gia fri phat sinh cttng vdi su phat trign nhung quan niem nhat dinh vg gia tri Quan ctta xa hpi Ioai ngudi Di cttng vdi sy phat frign mem vg gia fri la sy danh gia phan anh gia tri ctta van hoa nhan Ioai, cac gia fri ciing khdng thyc tg, la nhan thttc vg gia tri bang Mnh thuc ngimg dugc gM nhan va xac lap Mpt frong ly tinh Gia tri va quan niem vg gia tri la hai nhung diem khac biet co ban ctta ngudi khai mem co ban frong ly Man vg gia tri, hai vdi dpng vat la d chd ngudi khdng ngttng khai mem khac nhung cd quan he mat lgn kg hoach va dat cac muc tigu va phuong tMgt (mdi quan he phan anh vi bi phan anh) Sir hudng cho cudc sdng cua minh Ndi mpt each phan anh d day mang tinh chat danh gia ttt thai khac, ban tinh ctta ngudi ludn mudn tray dp, muc dich, nguyen vpng, dpng ca, ly tudng, cau mdt sy ty tuong ddi va thoat ly khdi long tm va nhiing phuang thttc bigu Men khac nhung tinh hudng bi dpng Dg hoan cua ngudi Cd the ndi, quan mem vg gia tri nhung muc tigu ctta cudc sdng, dat hai van la trung gian lign kgt giua ly luan va thyc tien, dg: mdt la viec cu thg nhu thg nao, cd thg xac lap nhung nguyen tic co ban cho hanh vi lam dugc khdng; hai la lam viec cd ich Igi ctta mdi chttng ta ndi chung gi va cd thl lam tdt hon dugc khdng? Dttng Quan mem vl giafriva gia tri quan: Nhimg frgn phuang dien triet hgc dl khai quat lai, tM quan mem vg gia tri mang titih cu thg, vi du van dg dau tign thugc pham trtt nhan thttc su nhu: quan mem vg gia fri ctta mdi tradng doi viec, va van dg sau thupc pham trtt nhan thttc vdi ngudi, quan mem vg gia tii ciia vang, giafri.Nhan thttc sy viec va nhan thttc gia fri quan mem vg gia tri ctta kim cuong, Trong CO mdi quan he ting thtt Gia tii la mpt loai kM do, gia fri quan la he thdng nhiing quan quan he dac biet giua chu thl va khach till, la diem, thai dp va cai nMn mdt each tdng thg va khachtiigdugc chtt thg hda, gittp hoan tMen va can ban vg giafriva mdi quan he giafri,va nam phatfrignchtt thg KM ngudi ta ndi mdt vat gi frong y thttc he ctta ngudi Giafriquan ton cd gia tri, tiic la vat httu dung dli vdi tai nhiing quan niem vg gia tri, bilu Men ngudi, ndi mdt each khac la mdt sy vat nao dd thdng qua nhung quan mem vg gia tri va la cot dapttngdugc muc dich, nhu ciu hay y nguyen ldi CO ban ctta nhiing quan mem vl gia tri Bdi ctta chtttiigmdi frd ngn cd giafrivafrdtiianh vay, quan mem ve gia tri va gia tri quan la mli khach thlfrongmli quan he gia fri Giafricd quan he giua cai cu thg va cai chung Gia tti ngudn goc tii cupc sdng, dl gia fri ddi nhit q u ^ Mnh frgn ca sd ctta nhung quan tMgt phai CO ben la chtt thl va khach thl Chtt mem vl gia fri, la sy tong kit tii thuc tien va 112 Tapchi KINH TE DOI NGOAI QUANTR! KINH DOANH mang y ngMa dinh hudng cho cac nhan thttc, ngMep Bgn canh dd, viec nMgu Ctt nhan phai hanh vi va quyet dinh ctta ngudi vg sau giau Bang Tdt ngMep Dai hgc dg xm viec tai Qua nhirng Men tugng lap lai ttt thyc tg cudc nhung Khu Cdng ngMep da kMgn cho nhiing song, ngudi din din tich Itty su danh gia quan mem vg gia fri ctta tam bang Dai hpc da va nang cao cai nhm tdng thl Nhttng gM nhan bat dau cd sy thay ddi Nhiing quan niem vg gia cam tinh dugc frai ngMem, suy ngam va danh fri ctta bang Dai hpc thay ddi dan tdi tu tudng gia nMgu lan se hinh nhirng nhan thttc vg gia tri quan ve viec hpc Dai hpc ciing thay ddi gia tri, ttt dd tao ngn nhiing tang tang ldp ldp cac theo, he qua la nMgu ngudi chpn giai phap hgc quan mem ve gia tri Nhung quan mem vg gia dao tao nghg, khdng cdn bang mpi gia phai tM tii dugcti'chluy, cd dpng, frai ngMem va khdng dugc vao Dai hgc nua ngimg chiing minh se san sinh lap frudng va Qua day cd thg thay la nhflng quan mem vg thai dp, Mnh sy dn dinh frong xu hudng gia tri la co sd hinh ngn gia tri quan Gia danh gia gia tri, gia tri muc tigu va theo dudi tri quan la cai nhin tdng quan hay sy danh gia gia tri muc tigu, dd cMnh la gia tri quan Nhung tong quat vg y ngMa, tam quan frgng ctta nhiing hinh thttc bieu Men chu ygu ctta gia tri quan la sy vat Men tiigng khach quan xung quanh doi nigm tin, ly tudng va tin ngudng Gia tri quan vdi ngudi, thg Men bdi nhiing nguygn tie dugc hinh se dinh hudng thdng nhat va va chuan muc ctta ngudi bd dg danh gia xuygn sudt cho cac quan mem vg gia tri trade day va sau nay, va frd tu tudng co ban cd mdt sy vat Men tugng la tdt hay xau, cd gia tri tinh cM phoi Vi du nhu kM nudc ta giao due Gia tri quan mgt kM dugc hinh thanh, se chua cap nhu bay gid, quan mem vg gia tri mang tinh dn dinh tueng ddi, di vao lap tradng ciia tam bang Dai hpc dugc danh gia cao, tam va thai dp, frd dinh Mnh cho tu va bang Dai hgc dugc nMgu ngudi xem nhu la khuynh hudng ctta hanh ddng Ddi vdi mpt dudng nhat dg cd dugc mdt cong viec tap thg, mpt nhdm ngudi, gia fri quan cdn la ly tot thu nhap cao, he qua la cac gia dinh bat kg tudng, mgm tm va try cot tinh than tM hay ndng thdn, •vttng xau vttng xa dgu Gia fri quan la bd phan cau quan frpng CO gang cho em minh dugc hpc Dai hpc, cac tiirdng Dai hpc cung cang nMgu, dap ctta nhan sinh quan va thg gidi quan Gia tri ling nhu cau hpc Dai hpc va tdt ngMep co dugc quan, thg gidi quan, nhan suih quan khong phai tam bang Ctt nhan Nhung tai thdi digm Men la nhiing khai mem ngang hang, ma thg gidi tai, qua phuong tign thdng tin bao dai va sd lieu quan va nhan sinh quan dgu bao ham frong thong kg theo Bd Lao ddng - Thuang binh va cd gia tri quan Khdng tdn tai thg gidi quan hay Xa hpi cong bd 24/12/2015, ca nudc cd nhan sinh quan ma khdng cd gia tri quan Cd 225500 ngudi cd trinh dp Dai hpc frd lgn dang thg Mgu mdi quan he giua gia fri - quan mem tiiat ngMep, cMgm tdi 20% sd lao ddng that vg gia tri va gia tri quan qua md hinh dudi day: Gia tri So 84 (08/2016) dugc phan anh ) bdi Quan niem v e gia tri tong hgp •• nang tam G i a tri quan Tap chi KINH TE DOI NGOAI 113 QUANTR! KINH DOANH Vay gia fri quan frong cdng viec la gi? Ttt sy phantichvl giafriquan dfrgn,ta cd the rttt mpt cai nhm rd rang hen vg khai mem nay, dd la mdt he thing tam ly mang tinh dn dinh can ctt cho viec phan doan gia tri (dung sai, tdt xiu, y ngMa, tac dung, ) ctta ca nhan ddi vdi cac vin dl lien quan (hanh vi, phuang thuc, ki vpng, muctigu,ket qua dat dugc) phat smh frong cong viec Gia fri quan frong cdng viec dan dit su danh gia va lua chpn ctta tiing ca nhan dli vdi cac hanh vi, sy kien hgn quan dign rafrongcdng viec va la ddng cotigmtang ctta moi ngudi cdng viec (work preference) Vi du nhu cd ngudi coi frpng tign luong, cd ngudi coifrpngcong viec mang dgn cho hp sy frai ngMem, lai cd ngudi mong mudn cd mpt mdi tradng lam viec thoai mai Hay la nam gidi thudng xu hudng thich nhung viec Iam cd thu nhap cao xuat phat ttt tu tudng la try cot ctta gia dinh, nft gidi Iai ua nhiing viec lam mang tinh dn dinh xuat phat ttt tam ly phai ygu va mong cd cam giac an toan Tat ca gpi chung la gia tri quanfrongcong viec Ket cau ciia gia tri quan cong viec Gia tri quan frong cdng viec la mpt khai niem mang ham ngMa rdng va da cMgu, nghien cttu vg kgt cau ctta giafriquanfrongcdng viec se mang dgn mdt cai nhin cu thg hon va ciing la mpt frong nhung hudng ngMgn cttu quan frpngfrongIinh •vuc ngMgn cttu vg gia tri quan frong cdng viec Xuat phat ttt nhiing dinh ngMa khac vg gia tri quanfrongcdng viec, cac nha ngMgn cttu dua cac xu hudng phan cMa cac ting Idp, phamfrttkhac 3.1 Nhi phdn Nha ngMen cttu Herzberg phan gia tii quan frong cpng viec gia tii ndi tai va gia tii ngoai tai Quan digm cd tinh khai quat va ttng dung cao, ggi md hudng di cho nhung nghign cttu sau 114 Tapchi KINH TE DOI NGOAI Nha ngMgn cttu Miller Iai phan gia tri quan frong cdng •viec tang dien: chan gia tri quan frong cdng •viec (infrinsic work values) va ngoai gia tri quanfrongcdng viec (extrinsic work values) Hai nha ngMgn cttu Peterson va Roscoe lai phan gia fri quanfrongcdng viec nhom: gia tri tryctigpphan anh cdng viec va boat dpng nganh nghi (work values that duectly reflect work and career activity) va gia tri lign quan mat tiult tdi ca nhan va nhung bign sd hoan canh (work values more closely associated with personal and situational variables) 3.2 Tam phan Nhiing ngMgn cttn dau tign vg gia tri quan frong cdng viec d phuong Tay la ctta nha tam ly hpc ngudi My Super Sau tdng kgt nhung tai lieu vg gia tri quanfrongcdng viec vdi mtte hai Idng ddi vdi cdng viec, kgt hgp vdi nhiing ngMgn cttn thuc chttng ctta ban than, dng da bien tap mdt ban tdm tat vg nhiing gia tri quan frong cdng vige (Work Values Inventory, WVI), loc cac dg muc, khao ngMem thyc chttng, phan tich nhan td Sau kM thdng kg dugc 225 hang muc khuynh hudngfrongviec chgn cdng viec, tiep tiic hgp ghep va tinh giam cdn 45 hang muc, cMa 15 nhdm, bao gdm: Iam viec vi cdng ddng va lgi ich chung (altruism), tinh ddc lap frong cdng viec (independence), tinh tham my (esthetics), tinh sang tao (creativity), phong each sdng (way of life), phat huy tri tue (mtellectual stimulation), tinh linh hoat (variety), tyu (acMevement), sy an toan (security), uy tin (prestige), thtt lao (economic retums), quygn quan ly (management), moi tindng Iam viec (surroundmgs), quan he voi cip frgn (supervisory relations), quan he voi dong ngMep (associates) Ttt nhung ngMen cttn tiiuc chttng ctta mmh, dng phan gia tri quanfrongcdng •viectiianh:gia hi nhan dugc QOAN TR! KINH DOANH ttt bgn frong (infrinsic rewards); gia tri thtt Iao tii bgn ngoai (extrinsic rewards); gia tri di kem tu bgn ngoai (extrinsic concomitants) Cach phan cMa cd tim anh hudng rat ldn cho cac ngMgn cttn ve sau Nha ngMgn cttu Wollack Iai phan cMa cac gia tri quan frong cdng viec nhdm la: gia tri quan ndi tai, gia tri quan ngoai tai va gia fri quan hon hgp Nha ngMgn cttu Alderfer dya frgn co sd ttt each phan cMa frgn, dg xuat mdt each phan loai khac toan dien hon, dd la chia gia tri quan frong cdng viec nhdm: gia tri ndi tai, gia tii ngoai tai va gia tri xa hgi Nha ngMgn cttu Elizur dttng fren goc dp khac, lai phan gia tri quan frong cdng viec tiianh tam ly, nhan thttc va phuang tien Cd the thay la, kgt cau ctta gia fri quan frong cong viec cd nMgu each phan Ioai khac Trgn day cM la sy tdng kgt lai cac each phan loai phan nhdm ctta ngudi di trade Va day cttng la mpt dg tai dang dg ngMgn cttu Tim dugc nhiing nhan td cau thanb ngn gia fri quan frong cdng viec ctta mdt ngudi, mpt nhdm ngudi, mdt thg he, frong cac Iinh vyc, nganh nghg va dac thtt cdng viec khac xay dyng dugc kgt cau se cho ta mdt cai nhm tdng quan vg gia tri quan frong cdng viec, cd y ngMa nhat dinh ddi vdi mdi ngudi frong viec ty digu cMnh ban than, nha ngMgn cttu - giao due, cac don vi tuygn dung va nha quan ly Digu se dugc ndi cu thg hon d nhirng phin tigp theo Nghien cun tinh chat ket cau cua gia tri quan cong viec boi canh nghien cuu Viet Nam Tiiphan Nha ngMgn cttu Surkis ttt ca sd nhiing ngMgn cuutiiycchttng phan cMa gia tii quanfrongcdng viec gde dp: gia tri ndi tai, gia tii ngoai tai, gia tri xa hdi, khing dinh ban than Nha ngMgn cttu Rone thdng qua viec ngMgn cttu da van hda gia tri quan frong cdng viec d qudc gia khac nhau, nhm nhan gia tri quan frong cdng viec dudi goc dp: ca nhan va tap thg, vat chat va tinh thin, dl roi tii g6c dp frgn phan lam nhdm gia fri: liy ca nhan la trung tam, tiieo dudi nhung gia tri nhan van; lay tap thg lam trang tam, theo dull nhung gia tii nhan van; lay ca nhan Iam trung tam, tiieo dudi nhung gia fri vat chit; lay tap thl lam tiimg tam, theo dudi nhung gia tri vat chit nhom gia tri cd su tuong ttng vdi nhdm gia tri ma Surkis dua la ndi tai, xa hpi, khing dinh ban than, va ngoai tai Nha ngMgn cttu Johnson Iai cMa gia tii quan frong cdng viec dudi goc dp: ndi tai, ngoai tai, vi lgi ich chung va xa hpi So 84 (08/2016) Bai ngMgn cim thdng qua khao sat dudi Mnh thttc pMgu digu fra dugc phat thdng qua dua tryc tigp va gtti cau hdi digu fra frgn phuang tien mang mtemet frgn cac cdng ddng tim viec lam, tign hanh thu thap nhung quan digm vg dac digm kgt cau ctta gia fri quan frong cdng viec, sau dd tign hanh phan loai, nham md mdt cai nMn tdng quan vg kgt cau gia tri quan teong cdng viec frong mdt bd phan ngudi Viet Nam 4.1 Phuang phdp nghiin citu 4.1.1 Chgn mdu nghien cuu Trong khudn khd bai ngMgn cttn nay, tac gia da lya chgn tdng cdng 985 ddi tugng la ngudi dang frong dp tudi lao ddng ttt 18 tudi frd lgn frgn dia ban Ha Npi, phd Hd CM Mmh va mdt vai phd khac Thdng qua hinh thttc phdng van tryc tigp phat pMgu digu fra 50 ban, va thdng qua mang intemet phat pMgu digu fra dien tii frgn cac nhdm, dien dan ve viec Iam va cac td chttc, cdng ty dang Tap chi KINH TE DOI NGOAI 115 QUAHTR! KINH DOANH hoat ddng, thu vl dugc 140 ban tra ldi, tiiuc tl tiiu vl ting cpng 190 kgt qua Sau kM loai bo nhiing kit qua phan trdng nMgu, ndi dung khdng chit lugng, cudi cttng chpn dugc 183 ban dilu fra cd gia fri (cMem 96,32% kit qua thu vl) Trong so dd, nhung ngudi dugc Iam dilu fra CO gidi tinh nam la 98 ngudi (cMem 53,55%); gidi tinh nft chigm 85 ngudi (cMgm 46,45%); dp tuoi trung binh la 26 tudi; sd nam lam viec trung binh la nam; 5,65%) sd ngudi cd frinh dp hpc van tdt ngMep cap qua dao tao nghg rdi di lam; 68,75% sd ngudi cd frinh dp dai hpc va cao dang; sd ngudi cd trinh dp thac sy frd lgn cMgm 25,60%); phan bd frong cac khu •vyc doanh ngMep nudc ngoai, doanh ngMep tu nhan, doanh ngMep va co quan nha nudc lin lugt la 18,48%, 25,87% va 55,65% 4.1.2 Qud tiinh nghien cieu Dg higu rd dugc khai mem gia fri quan cong viec va xay dung mdt bg khung kgt cau gia fri quan cdng viec dign hinh ctta ngudi Viet, gittp cho ngudi dugc phong van cd thg Mnh dung va dua nhiing cau fra ldi phtt hgp, cd y ngMa, phuc vy muc tigu ctta bai ngMgn cttu, tac gia da tign hanh tMit kl pMlu digu fra nhu sau: Thtt nhat, dua dinh nghia ca ban nhit vl gia fri quan frong cong viec, la nhiing quan niem vg nhu cau frong cdng viec, dpng co Iam viec, nhttng theo dudi ctta mdt ngudi frong nganh nghe cdng viec ctta hg Thtt hai, lam ro van dg cin dilu fra vl dac trung ctta gia tri quan frong cdng viec bing each dat nhung cau hdi md dl ngudi dugc digu fra cd thg ty ndi suy nghT ctta minh, VI du nhu: ban mong mudn dilu gi frong cdng viec; cdng viec Men tai tin tai nhung dilu gi kMgn ban cam thiy khdng thoai mai; nhung muc tigu theo dudi ctta ban frong cdng viec; lie Tapchi KINH TE DOI NGOAI U'dc tinh thdi gian hoan mdt pMgu dieu fra la ttt 10 dgn 20 phttt Sau kM thu thap pMgu dieu fra, tign hanh xtt ly, phan tich cac kgt qua thu dugc nhu sau: diu tien, tinh gian thdng tin nguyen goc tiing dg muc, tign hanh chgn cac dg muc va xay dyng bang ma Sau do, hgp nhat nhung de muc cd y ngMa nhu hoac gan gidng nhau, vi du nhu thu nhap cao vdi tign Iuong nMeu, ghi Iai tan suat xuat Men ctta nhiing hang muc trttng lap, Ioai bd nhung de muc ngi dung mo hd, khdng lign quan dgn van dg ngMgn cttu Tigp dd, tign hanh quy loai cac de muc sau hgp nhat, tmh giam Cudi cttng, tign hanh xac nhan lai ket qua da quy loai bang phuong phap dinh lugng 4.2 Kit qua nghiin ctiu 4.2.1 Lua chgn de muc Ddi vdi 183 phigu digu fra cd gia tri tit nhiing chtt the digu tra cd nganh nghg, kinh ngMem Iam viec, trinh dp hgc van khac nhau, rut so bd dugc 1114 dg muc Trong cac de muc so bd dugc rttt ra, cd nhiing dg muc lai ham chua nMgu ndi dung nhd, ciing co nhftng dg muc chtta nhiing thdng tm khong cd gia fri, tac gia tham khao y kign ctta cac giao vien hudng dan da timg ngMgn cttu dg tai tai tradng dang theo hpc, dg bign tap lai theo cac tigu cM nhu sau: (1) Giu lai nhiing de muc cd thdng tin ro rang, cd gia fri, vi du nhu: "viec Iam co nhu nhap cao", "mdi tradng Iam viec thoai mai", "cd CO hgi thang tign", ; cd thg frau chuot lai ttt ngu cho ban Iam, nhung khdng dugc lam sai lech di y kign ctta ngudi dugc digu fra; (2) Phan tach nhung dg muc bao gdm nMgu y nhd, vi du nhu: "viec nhe gan nha, can bing gitta cudc sing va cdng viec" se cMa thanh: QUANTR! KINH DOANH "cong viec nhe nhang", "noi lam viec gan nha", "can bang gifta cudc song va cdng viec"; frong cdng •viec" hgp "cd hudng phat trign frong tuong lai" (3) True tigp loai bd nhiing de muc xa rdi vdi noi ham gia tri quan frong cdng viec hoac CO npi dung khdng frong sang, vi du: "tim muc dich ctta cudc sdng", "tim ngudi ygu", "ngam cac ban nu xinh dep", ; Dya vao nhung nguygn tac d fren, bai ngMen cttu da loai bd 48 de muc khdng phtt hgp frong 1114 dg muc so bd, phan tach thgm 60 dg muc, tdng cpng cd 1126 dg muc don nhat, y ngMa rd rang va cd gia tri Trich ttt kgt qua tai bang 4.2.2 Kit hgp vd tinh gidm (4) Hgp nhat nhftng dg muc cd npi dung tuong ddng, vi du nhu: "cd hudng phat trien Sau bign tap dugc 1126 dg muc, tac frong tuong lai" vdi "tuong lai cd the phat trign gia tien hanh kgt hgp nhiing dg muc cd npi ham Bang 1: Trich dan qua trinh phat phieu dieu tra va tong hpp cac de muc Thu tu Bang ma De muc sau bien tap Bang ma De muc ban dau PMgu digu fra 1 Cham cM lam viec nhan dugc dai ngd tuang duong Cdng bang ddi vdi nhan •vign Khdng ngimg tign bd Cd sy hgp tac cao frong cdng viec Noi lam viec thoai mai Mdi tradng lam viec chuygn ngMep Cd CO hdi phat trign frong tuong Iai Thdi gian Iam •viec va ngM ngoi ro rang Cham cM lam viec nhan dugc dai ngd tuong duong Cd sy cong bang ddi vdi nhan vign Khdng ngttng tign bg, cd su hgp tac cao frong cong viec (phan Iam dg muc nhd) Noi Iam viec thoai mai, mdi tradng lam viec chuygn ngMep (phan Iam dg muc nhd) Cd CO hdi phat trign frong tucmg Iai Lam lam, ngM ngM PMlu digu fra 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 S6 84 (08/2016) Cdng viec nhe nhang Tign Iuong cao Noi lam viec gan nha Thang chttc TSng luong Lam cho tap doan ldn Thg Men ban than Sang tao gia tri Cdng viec dn dinh Cd CO hoi cdng tac nudc ngoai Viec nhe, luong cao, gan nha (phan tach va frau chudt ttt ngtt) Hy vgng dugc thang chttc, tang luong Mong mudn dugc lam d mpt tap doan ldn Thg Men dugc ban than Sang tao gia fri Cdng viec dn dinh Dugc di nudc ngoai Tap chi KINH TE DOI NGOAI 117 QUANTR! KINH DOANH tuong ddng Diu tign, ddi vdi nhung dg muc hoan toan tuong ddng vl y ngMa se dugc kgt hgp va gM lai sd lin lap Iai (tin suit xuit Men) Sau budc nay, tiiu gpn dugc cdn 567 dl muc Tiep do, tign hanh hgp nhit cac dg myc Ian 2, tiiu ggn tigp cdn 115 dl mue, dam bao khdng co dl muc nao cd ngi dung tuong duong Cudi cttng, Ioai bd nhung dg muc cd ndi dung Bang 2: Sau lan hpp nhat va tinh giam, thu dugc Iai 42 de muc lien quan den gia tri quan cong viec Ma D I muc sau tinh giam va hpp nhat 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 118 Mdi trudng Iam viec thoai mai He thing Iuong, thudng tdt Thg Mgn duoc ban than No Iyc Iam viec va nhan dugc sy danh gia xung dang Cdng viec khdng nham chan Cong viec va cudc sdng can bang Cdng viec cd nhigu nigm •vui Dugc ttng dung nhiing kign thttc dugc hgc ap dung vao cdng viec Tich luy kinh nghiem lam viec Xay dyng dugc cac mdi quan he chat lugng Tang Iuong dgu Dugc cap trgn quan tam, cat nhac Canh tranh cdng bang Mdi tradng Iam viec nhdm thoai mai Cd kha nang phat trign tuong lai Nganh nghg lam viec cd trign vpng tdt Cdng viec phtt hgp vdi sd thich va dam mg ctta ban than Mdi tradng tdt dg phat triln ban than Theo dudi lgi ich tdi da hda cdng viec Dugc frao ddi, chia se frong cong viec Tu cdng viec, khdng bi gd bd thttc ep Phat huy sd trudng ctta ban than Dugc thoai mai ndi Ign nhung quan dilm khac Ap dung nhung phuong phap mdi frong cdng vige Cd Idfrinhthang tign rd rang Phat huy dugc su chtt ddng ctta ban than Khdng phai ganh vac qua nhilu trach nhigm Cap trgn bitdi di gan gui Cong viec mang tirtii sang tao Dugc chtt dpng ve mat thdi gian cdng vige Tapchi KINH TE DOI NGOAI Tan suat xuat hien 62 90 15 25 31 53 55 31 21 18 31 56 53 22 31 22 17 23 15 Kn HA /n,Oflt\i£\ QUANTR! KINH DOANH 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 Cdng viec cd tinh thtt thach cao Cd co chg dai ngd tdt Cd sy hgp tac tich cyc giua cac phdng ban, hdi itiidm Ca tinh hda cdng viec Cdng viec dem Iai gia fri cao cho cdng ddng, xa hdi Dugc md rdng hilu bilt Cd quygn lye Kgt qua lam viec dugc ghi nhan Ddc l^p suy nghT Tdn trpng ca tinh Lam cho cdng ty, tap doan ldn Thanh tyu cdng viec 21 46 62 11 khong cu the, ham ngMa khdng ro rang, khdng va mdi quan he ctta tttng Ioai Sau kM cdng bd lien quan dgn gia fri quan frong linh vyc cdng vafrmhbay vg ket qua, frong cac each quy Ioai viec, thu vg dugc 42 dg muc sau ctta ngudi, cd nhung loai tuong ddng, va cd nhung loai khdng tueng ddng Ca Iai tigp tuc 4.2.3 Quy logi de muc vd ddt ten suy ngM vg nhung Ioai khdng tuong ddng gifta Sau kM hgp nhat va tinh giam thu dugc 42 dg kgt qua ctta minh va ciia ngudi cdn Iai, sau muc lign quan dgn gia tri quanfrongcdng •viec tigp tucfranhbien, ngu nhung quan digm dac thtt ctta bai ngMgn cttu tigp tuc vdi cdng bao ve each quy loai ctta minh va thong nhat viec quy loai cac dg muc va dat tgn Budc Iam each quy loai cudi cttng va tgn gpi cho timg chtt ygu dua theo each Iam ctta Farh, Zhong, loai Vdi nhiing dg muc ma ca ngudi khdng Organ (2004) Nguygn tac quy loai nhu sau: thdng nhat dugc each quy loai se khdng dua (1) Mdi dg muc chi dugc quy vao Ioai; vao loai nao (2) Khdng ban chg sd lugng dg muc frong Sau qua frinh ngMgn cttu va xtt ly kgt qua loai; nhufrgn,42 dg muc vg gia tri quanfrongcdng (3) Nhung dg muc khdng quy Ioai dugc frd viec ctta ngudi Viet Nam Men dugc phan Ioai Trong dd cd 16 dg muc ma ngudi tiianh Ioairigngbiet hoan toan khdng ddng thuan vdi cac each quy Dg kgt qua dugc khach quan, tac gia mdi thgm ban sinh vign tdt ngMep chuygn nganh loai ctta sau kM da franh Iuan bao ve va Quan fri ngudn nhan luc khda 49 tradng Dai dugc Ioai ngoai hpc Ngoai thuong tham gia vao cdng tac quy Cuoi cttng rttt dugc Ioai: mong mudn loai Sau dugc phd bign nhung khai niem, chtt quan, quan he xa hdi, phat trign Iau dai, kign thttc vg gia fri quanfrongcong viec dugc tray cau lgi ich, theo dudi sang tao nhac tdi d nhting phanfrgn,3 ban sinh vign ty 4.2.4 Xdc nhgn lgi quy logi minh phan loai mpt each dpc lap 42 dl muc lign quan dgn gia tri quanfrongcdng viec, sau Dg kigmfradp tin cay ctta kgt qua quy loai, dd bao cao va cMa se lai kgt qua, giai tMch tgn tac gia mdi thgm ban dang hpc thac sy MBA So 84 (08/2016) Tap chi KINH TE DOI NGOAI 119 QUANTR! KINH DOANH chia 42 dl muc lai vao tilng Ioai frong loai dugc rut d trgn Budc lam tham khao theo each lam cua ScMiesheim, Hmkin (1990) van dung phuang phap dinh lugng dg kiem fra dp tin cay ctta kit qua Nguygn tic lam ciing giong nhu each quy loai dg muc, moi dg muc chi dugc quy vao mdt loai, nhung de muc nao khdng quy loai dugc tM dg ngoai Kgt qua cho thay: Qua nghign cttn d fren, ta thu dugc nhan to ciu kit cau gia tri quan frong cong viec ctta mpt bd phan ngudi Viet Nam, bao gdm: Igi ich thtt lao, sd thich ndi tai, quan he hai hda, phat trien lau dai, theo duoi sang tao Ngi ham ctta tttng nhan td dugc giai tMch nhu sau: Lgi ich thtt lao: chi viec ngudi lao ddng chii frpng dgn lgi ich vat chat, ky vgng nhan dugc (1) Co 31 dl muc (cMlm 73,81%) la hoan sy tra cdng xttng dang cho stte Iao ddng minh toan gilng vdi each phan loai dfrgn,frongdo bd Viec hp quan tam dgn Igi ich thtt Iao the cd 19 dl muc cMa vao loai gidng kgt qua trade Men d nhung dac diem nhu: mudn noi mmh va 12 dl muc nam frong danh sach khdng thg lam viec cd he thdng Iuong - thudng tdt, dupc tang lueng dgu, xem frpng cdng stte bd va phan loai; Meu qua thu vg (theo dudi Igi ich toi da hoa (2) Cd dl muc (cMgm 16,66%) la cM cd cdng viec) ^ ngudi gidng vg each phan Ioai; Sd thich ndi tai: chi nhan thttc va y tMch (3) Co de myc (cMlm 9,52%) la ca bgn mdi ca nhan ddi vdi dac trung va ngudi dgu khac ve each phan loai npi dung ctta ban than cdng viec, thg hien Sau phan chia cac dg muc vao cac nhdm rd quan digm, mudn lam viec dugc tot va phan loai xong, ngudi tien hanh thao Man ve gan bd lau dai vdi cdng viec, can phai ygu 12 dg muc khdng phan loai dugc va dg muc thich cdng viec Chang ban nhu: cdng viec ca khac vg each phan Ioai Ket qua cudi phtt hgp vdi sd thich ctta ban than, cdng viec cimg, ca van khdng thdng nhat dugc viec quy cd nhigu nigm vui Digu day cho thay rang, cac dg muc mgt nhom mdi, ngn Ioai ngudi lao dpng Men nay, ngoai viec chu y bo Cdn lai 19 + = 26 (dg muc) quy vao loai dgn lgi ich thtt lao, cdn rat quan tam den viec cong viec dem lai cho hp y ngMa gi, lpi nhu kgt qua quy loai d frgn ich xa hgi Ttt dd, ciing khat khe hon Kgt hgp ca hai qua frinh quy loai xudi viec lya chgn cdng viec phtt hgp vdi y nghich, 42 dg muc dugc quy vao loai, nguyen va sd thich dgu CO 16 dg muc la khong quy vao loai nao Quan he hai hda: thg Men d viec ngudi lao hoac khdng thdng nhat dugc each quy loai, cd ddng mudn mdt mdi tradng Iam viec thoai mai, thg thay kgt qua cd dp tin cay chip nhan dugc cac ban - nhdmfrongcdng ty phdi hgp vdi Sau kM Ioai bd 16 hang muc khdng quy vao an y, lanh dao capfrenquan tam den nhan vign loai nao dugc, ta thu dugc Ioai, 26 dl myc Sau mdt thdi gian lam viec, md rdng dugc cac cho bang kgt cau co ban ctta giafriquan mli quan he chat lugng, phuc vu nhung muc cong viec ctta mdt bd phan ngudi Viet Nam tigu xa honfrongIdfrinhsy ngMep 4.2.5 Phdn tich npi hdm kit cdu gid tii Phat friln lau dai: cM dac dilm cua quantiongcdng viec cita mpt bp phdn nguai ngudi lao dpng coi frpng sy nghigp, vdi cdng Viet Nam viec In dinh, lau dai va cd tign phat friln 120 Tapchi KINH TE DOI NGOAI Sn S4 /no/-ini