ạnh phúc trong quan niệm của một số tôn giáo

Nghi§n c>Ju Gia d i n h va G i i S^ - r Hanh phuc quan niem cua mot sfi'tdn gido Ho ST Quy Vi^n Thfing tin Khoa hoc xa hOi Tom tAi: H^nh phuc la lo^i gia tri ma th^ gifli vkt ch^t d^ nen van minh nao cung clii cung c^p dUdc mot p h ^ ra't be nho so v6i nhflng gi cao ca, thiSng lieng, nhan ban va vinh hiing ma th^ gifli tinh th^n c6 th^ dem lai cho ngUcfi Va dieu dang ndi hOn, Ichi ton tai xa hoi vdi tinh each la cac gia tri dinh hudng dcfi sdng cac gia tri ton giao da trb cai quy dinh hanh vi ngUcfi, dem su c6ng hay tha't bai, sU cao ca hay th^p h6n cua moi ngudi Bai viet diem qua nhflng n^t chi'nh quan niSm h^nh phuc eiia m6t sd t6n giao 16n cua nhSn loaiO) Tijf khoa: Hanh phuc; Su hki long; Ton giao NSu hanh phuc, d nhimg n6t chung nhit, duoc quan niem la trang thai thoa man ciia nguM vffi di4u Icien sSng, vdi y nghia cu6c sSng va vdi muc di'ch s6ng ciia minh, thi cai mk nguM nhSm duoc hoat dflng xa h6i thucmg co Idioang each rit xa so vdi ley vong Su thifiu can bang, Ithdng mong dung, khdng dip Ung duoc giOa mong mufin chii quan vk thuc ti dM stfng, du khoa hoc hien dai bang thudc nao, cung d4u cho ket qua la mdt dai lugng day thifu hut NghTa la hanh phuc thdi nao cung la thii rft khan hiSm Ho SI Quy 29 Nhimg "eon ngudi la mdt cay sdy biet tu duy" (L'homme n'esl un roseau pensant- B PascaF)- Su vT dai cua ngudi lai chfnh la d kha nang nhdn thflc dugc sflc manh v6 bien va vi the'gidi ban cua minh Ton giao thuc la su sang tao d tdm tinh te' nhu vdy Ton giao gdp phdn dem lai cho ngudi su dap flng ve mat tdm ly - tinh than, cai ma ngudi chua duge dap ung hodc khdng the kiem n6i ne'u chi thuSn dua vao sflc manh ly va khoa hoc Con dudng tim kiC'm hanh phuc la san ph^m gia tri nhdt ma ngudi cd the nhdn dugc nhieu hay ft tU cac t6n giao "La tieng thd dai eua chung sinh bi dp bUc" (Die Rehgion ist das Opium des Voikc - K Marx'")^ ton gido di nhien mdi chi cung cdp cho ngudi lieu thudc giam dau, chfl khdng the xoa he't ndi dau co thuc, cai ma cac nha phe phan vdn goi la hanh phuc hu ao Nhung ne'u coi ddi sd'ng eon ngudi ve co ban hay phan Idn la sdng the gidi cac gia tri chfl khdng phai chi sd'ng the gidi cac vat thi iinh chdt hu ao cua hanh phuc cd the cdn phai suy ngdm sdu han Hanh phuc la loai gia tri ma the gidi v^t chat dii d nen van minh nao cung chi cung cap dugc mot phan rat be nho so vdi nhung gi cao ca, thieng lieng, nhan ban va vTnh hdng ma the' gidi tinh thdn co the dem lai cho ngudi Va dieu dang noi hon, Ion tai xa hdi vdi tfnh each la cac gia tri dinh hudng ddi sdng, cac gia tri t6n giao da trd cai quy dinh hanh vi ngudi, de'm su c6ng hay that bai, su cao ca hay thd'p hen cua m6i ngudi Trong khudn khd bai viet nay, chiing toi chi mdi die'm qua dugc nhung net chinh quan niem hanh phiic cua mot sd ton giao Idn cua nhan loai Hanh phuc quan niem Kito giao 1.1 Ngudi hanh phuc nhdt tren ddi la ngudi tin rang minh dugc Chiia yeu ihuong, dugc lien he vdi Chiia thudng xuyen, sudt ca euoc ddi va moi tinh hudng Tu tudng dugc ghi nhieu van ban kinh dien; dugc ran day, dugc thuc hanh, duoc ihieng lieng hda dugc trai nghiem va dugc nhieu thchS cac tu sy truyen thu d khdp cac khdng gian Kito giao Cach cam nhdn thuc hanh d mdi cong ddng ducmg nhien khac Nhung chfnh su khac dd da tiep them sue sdng manh licl cho cam nhdn dugc lien he vdi Chiia''" Ngay ca su xud't hi^n eiia Kit6 giao cung da dugc giao hud'n la mang lai hanh phuc cho ngudi Thien Chiia tao nen ngudi, dugc quan niem la de ngudi dugc hanh phuc Theo quan niem Kito giao, hanh phiic khong phai la cai ma ngudi dai dugc, ma la cai da sSn co, Chiia ban Chi ddi sdng xa hgi, hanh phuc mdi bi tha't lac, bi mai mot, bi chon \'ui.- khien ngudi phai di tim lai no Hanh phuc cd sdn Chiia ban dugc quan niem gidng nhu 30 Nghien cihi Gia dinh va Gidi Quyen 27, so 2, tr 28-38 trang thai hdn nhien ciia tre tho "Nude Chua", trudc bi phdi pha di bdi nhimg anh hudng van hda va xa hsi'^' 1.2 Cac tu sy va tri thflc Kitd giao thudng ran day hanh phuc la m6i trang thai nam chfnh tdm hdn cua ngudi; cai ma ngudi dat duoc bdng sd huu hay md'i di bdi tai hoa khdng nen va khSng the' coi la hanh phuc Hanh phuc thudc vi mdt binh dien sau sdc va cao hon cua ddi sd'ng ngudi, la thudc tfnh cua chinh tdm hdn ngudi Khi ngudi cam nhdn sdu sdc ve Chiia, ve su lien he vdi Chua, tam hdn dugc loc khdi moi toi Idi Khi dy hanh phuc Ihudc vi the gidi ngudi Day ro rang la quan niem da ft nhieu dugc the tuc hda va cung la quan niem the hien sir nhan van sdu sdc cua cae chi ddn thuc hanh Kitd giao Ndi chung, giao ly va ni6m tin Kitd giao khdng khuyen khfch tam ly sd huu hay chiem hihi the gidi xung quanh Td'i ca nhimg gidi ludl deu la rao can dao due di canh bao ngudi trudc sir qua da v^ ham mudn, them khai, iham lam, ao tudng Su lam lac hay xao trdn tdm hdn, Iheo Kit6 giao, khdng each nao mang lai hanh phuc cho ngudi 1.3 Trong ddi sdng xa hdi, Kitd giao khuyen day ngudi hanh xu iheo each mang lai hanh phuc cho ngudi khac Thuc ra, cac tdn giao deu gidng d diem Tuy nhien, dieu sau sdc d Kil6 giao la d chd, chfnh hanh vi mang lai hanh phuc cho Iha nhan se ban tdng cho ngudi niem vui cua ph^m chdt vj iha, su cao cua tam hdn sach Sflc manh linh thdn Ian tda tfl ben tam hdn, qua su se chia vdi ngudi khac, chfl khong phai la mot ihfl gi dd eiia ke khac tir ben ngoai di vao - dd chinh la hanh phuc dich thuc theo Kii6 giao Tu lap trudng ciia nhung li'n huu Kii6 giao cd the hieu duoc ring, thai Kit6 giao khdng de'n ndi qua tic tudng hay lu lira ddi minh ihua nhan long vi ky chde chan la nguyen nhan cua su ba't hanh, cung nhu hanh phflc chde chdn khdng the cd dugc ngudi ta chicm doai hanh phuc cua ke khac, chiem doat cai khong phai cua minh, Luang tam theo quan niem Kilo giao la phAm chal duoc dac biet quy Irong 1.4 Quan niem sd'ng phai yeu thuoiig, hda hgp, cdi md vdi moi ngudi va vdi chfnh minh, phai biet lua chon mot thai sdng xud't phat tU dieu ma Kilo giao goi la chan tdm gifla nhung ngdn ngang va phflc tap cua ddi sdng xa hoi doi hdi ngudi huu tfn phai lu luyen Ddy la yeu cdu khdng don gian cua Kilo giao ddi vdi m6i ngudi ca d tu tudng, thai den hanh vi va Idi sdng Kilo giao phu nhdn Idi sdng dl dai buOng iha Hanh phuc du gian di va licm dn d moi tfn dd nhung nd van la pham chat cao quy nen nd ehi cd the xuat hien d nhung tin dd tam tu luyen Day la mdt yeu cdu khd cao cua quan nicm Kuo giao v6 hanh phuc 1.5 Vtra CO mau sdc sicu nhicn nhung hu cung rdt thuc 16', KilO guio Ho SI Quy 31 khuyen ngucri chdp nhdn khd dau d^ flm ki6n hanh phuc Hanh phuc quan niSm cfia moi tdn gido d^u khdng phai Id tim de'n trang thdi khdng cd kh6 dau, hay th^ gian cd chd khdng cd khd dau Chinh vi ttr ddu da thfla nhdn ddi sdng xa hdi Id dSy rdy nhfing di^u x^u xa, bdt hanh nSn tdn giao ndo cung cd g ^ g tim hanh phflc cho ngudi chfnh cai trdt tu khd chdp nhdn dy vd Kitd hOu cdn chfl ddng cd thai dd vdi nhfltig cdm dd tiia th^ Cdc U'n dd Kitd gido thudng vien ddn Thanh Phaold vi su "trdn ngdp hdn hoan gifla nhflng hoan nan" di hudng ngudi bifft ch^ngu kh6 dau, cam nhdn dugc hanh phflc cAa nunh m£^ lien he thidng lieng vdi Oiiia 1.6 Thuc quan nidm chi cd Chfla mdi thuc su hi^u hanh phuc dich thuc, chi cd Ngdi mt^ cd th^ ban hanh phflc vd hanh phiic dich thuc bao gift cung la qud tdng ciia Thien Chfla, Id quan nidm khd \riia tugng vd khdng phai moi tin dd Kitd gido dIu hi^u dugc Tuy nhien dilu ndy khdng ngdn trd ngudi khdt khao va muu cdu hanh phflc Qifla mang d€h six thda man khdt vong hanh phflc cho tdm hdn ngudi, tren thuc t^ dilu dd cd nghia r ^ g , n^u nhflng vugt qua dugc cdm dd cua giau sang vd ngheo khd, n6i ti€hg vd vd danh, thdnh dat va thdt bai, ban ^udng vd hy sinh thi tdm hdn ngudi dd se dat t(^ trang thdi sach thidng lidng, gidng nhu dang Nude Chfla Vd nhu vdy, cd thi ndi Chfla da dem d^n hanh phuc, la hidn thdn cua hanh phuc Xet tfl ly thuyet bang gid tri xa hdi thi dilu ndy khdng h i ao tudng ma khd thuc t^ Su hy sinh, viec thuc hien trdch nhiem cd nhdn, Idng vi tha vdi khdt vgng dem de'n hanh phuc cho ngudi khac d xa hdi ndo cung dugc ddnh gia cao, n ^ d thang bdc cao ciia bang gid tri Tdm lai, quan niem Kitd gido dfl ngudi ta khdng tim thdy mdt he thdng ly thuygt hodn chinh vl hanh phuc, nhung vdi Cuu l/dc va Tdn l/dc, ngoai nhflng Idi rdn day vl hanh phue thdng qua nhflng cdu chuyen lich sii Kitd giao ddy sdng ddng vd thieng lieng, hanh phflc da dugc thi hien va xde dinh ba ludn dilm: (1) Hanh phflc vdn tilm in tdm hdn ngudi; (2) Hanh phflc khdng phu thudc vao sd hflu hay chilm hflu; (3) Hanh phflc dat dugc d nhung cd dflc tin, chu tdm tu luyen thuc te' dl lam sach tdm hdn Bao trflm len td't ca la "cd lien he thudng xuyen vdi Chfla", "dugc Chfla yeu thucmg" Hanh phOc quan niem Phat giao 2.1 Cung tuong tu nhu nhilu quan niem 1^ thuyet khde, hanh phflc theo quan niem Phdt giao, vi co ban cd ngudn gdc kinh nghiem, xudt hien tfl cam giac (Sense Pleasures) va tfl nilm vui vl tinh thdn (Mental Happiness) Trong ddi sd'ng eon ngudi, viec mim cdu hanh phflc la le duong nhien nen Phdt gido tu coi sfl menh cua minh la xudt hiln dl giup 32 Nghien cflu Gia dinh va Gidi Quyen 27, so 2, tr 28-38 ngudi tim thd'y hanh phtic Toan bd quan dilm, quan niem, thai dd va hanh vi kiem tim hanh phflc ciia ngudi theo each tiep cdn Phdt giao, gan lien vdi ly thuyet vl "Khd de" Tfl Dieu de (Khd dd, Tdp de' Diet de va Dao de) Tfl dieu de la ly thuyet vl quan he "Nhdn - Duyen - Qua" tren co sd lien de (gan nhu chan ly tuyet ddi eua Dao Phat) - "Ddi la be khd" Nguyen nhan eudi cung khien ngudi thd'y ddi la "be khd" chfnh la su ham mudn (Tham Sdn Si) Do dd mudn "thoat khd" ihi chi cd each la ngudi phai tfl bd moi tham, sdn, si tflc la tU bd moi due vgng Con dudng thoal kho la Bat chfnh dao, tfl bd tham san si bang each ren luyen, lu luyen ca nhan thflc, thai dd va hanh vi 2.2 Khd (Dukkha) la mdt khai niem quan trgng cua Phat gido, dung dl chi mot ba tfnh chd't co ban cua su vdt, hien tugng Khd khong phai chi la nhimg cam thu gay cam xuc ba't an, bd't hanh Xuat phat tfl Ngu uan, khd vdn cd tat ca moi hien tugng vat chat va tdm thflc, chiu su tac dong cua quy luat ve su thay ddi va chuyen hda Ngay ca dieu hanh lac, chilm nghiem sSu xa cung chfla nd sukhov\ ft nha't chdng dieu hanh lac nao khong bj diet vong hay huy hoai Chdn ly Khd de dugc quan niem gdm bdn sukhd nguyen phat: Sinh kho, Lao kho, Binh kho, Tukho Cac ndi khd thfl phat gdm At biet ly kho, Odn tang hgi kho, Sd cdu bdt ddc kho, Ngii udn xi khd Khd xua't phat tir (gdm ca tham, san si) va dudng thoal khd la Bat chi'nh dao Sinh khd phan anh moi ndi vd't va ma ngudi phai chiu dung tu luc cdn la bao thai bung me, cd mat tren ddi va cho tdi luc di Cuoc sdng vdi td't ca muu cdu tfl binh thudng den cao ea hay thdp hen deu dugc coi la khd Lao khd la phan anh cai khd cua gia nua tudi tac, benh tat va su bat luc ca nhdn Benh khdva TdkhdVa su phan dnh nhiitig chiem nghiem ddi thudng cua bat ky ai, dilu gian don vl nhan thuc nhung cd sflc nang vl xuc cam, tdm ly Thu biei ly khd phkn anh ndi khd nhan ban hcfn, ndi khd vl tinh thdn Khai quat ndi khd phai biet ly cai ma ngudi men yeu, thdn thiet - ma cao nhdt la sinh ly, tu biet - ro rang la mOi su quy nap rdt sau sdc cua hoc thuyet Phat gido so sanh vdi cac hoc thuyet triet hoc nhdn hoc khac Sd cdu hdi ddc khd lai la triet ly vl ndi dau tinh thdn cua viee nhu cau khong dugc dap flng - nguyen udc, ham mudn khat vong "khdng duoc dap flng chac chdn la ndi dau ddy am anh cd kinh nghiem ciia moi ngudi Odn lang hgi kho- ndi dau khd ngudi phai chung sd'ng voi ke CO oan thu, vdi dilu ddy oan ghei - ro rang la dilu ma Phat giao da dl truac chu nghTa Hien sinh tdi may ngan nam Mai tdi ddu the ky XX nhung triet gia Hien sinh chu nghTa mdi thdu hieu va de nhflng ly thuyll Ho SI Quy 33 vl ndi kho ctia ngudi 2.3 NgU uan khd la ndi kho dau cua eon ngucri qua nhung xung dot ciia ngu uSn, ndm loai udn khuc - Sdc, Thu, Tudng, Hanh vd Thuc - phdn lam ngudi NghTa la, ma udc, hy vgng, tudng tugng (Tudng) dii thuc hien dugc hay khdng, ciing dIu khd, eon ne'u qua ngudng den mfle hoang tudng thi cue khd Thitc (thflc tinh, nhan thflc, hieu biS't ,) cung khOng phai chi toan dem lai cho ngudi niem vui, su thda man, ma kem theo dd cdn la su "lao tam khd tfl" Hon the nua, ddi sd'ng xa hgi ddi su hieu biet qua sdu sdc, vuot qua xa so vdi nhdn thflc ddi thudng thi d thdi nao cung cd nhimg ngudi phai chiu su dd ky, th|m chf phai nhan hinh phat tan khde cua the quyln - su sach xua da ghi lai khdng it nhiing bi thuong nhu vay Thuc chdt cua quan diem nha Phdt vl hanh phue la phai vug[ len trtn tdt ca nhiing dilu gdy dau kho tren, nghia la phai tU bd tham san si Rii bd duge tham vong, ham mudn, muu cau thi cai khd se bi loai bd Thuc Phat giao va cac ion giao khac ndi chung dIu khong cue doan den mUc khuyen ngudi gia vd hay nhdm mdt trudc khd dau, ma la che ngu cha'p nhan khd dau Cha'p nhan, che ngu, lam chii dugc kho dau la da vugt len tren khd dau Mudn lam dugc dieu ay, Phat gido khuyfin ngudi khong chi suy ngdm, nhdn thflc don thudn md phai tu luyen - ren luyen tu duong ca ve tam tudng va the xac theo nhung phuang thuc ciia dao Phat Bdt chinh dao la phuong thflc ca ban ciia su tu luyen nhu vay 2.4 Bat chi'nh dao la dudng tam nhanh dl giai thoat khdi Khd (Con dudng tam nhanh chfl khOng phai tam dudng) Theo quan niem Phat giao, ddy la dudng ddc dao de giai thoat mang lai hanh phiic cho kiep ngudi Bat chinh dao gdm Chinh kien Chinh lu duy, Chinh ngu, Chinh nghiep Chinh mang, Chinh linh tdn, Chinh niem vd Chinh dinh Ly luan vl nhanh cua dudng giai thoat ddi duge cac tu sy Phat giao giai thfch kha phflc tap Nhung thuc tfnh hgp ly cua dudng ma giao ly vach cho ngudi cung khong den noi qua khd tu luyen Cai kho ndm d chd khac, d tfnh kien tfi va Idng tm vao su tu luyen cua ngudi Md'i quan he cua tam nhanh tren dudng ay, vl dai the', la mdi quan he quy dinh !dn cua cae nang luc ngudi Chinh hen, chinh ii( - pham chat ngudi ca ban dugc tao bdi nang luc tinh than va trf tue sc tao dieu kien cho ngudi cd chinh ngii, chinh nghiep \d chinh mang Trong ddi sdng xa hgi, cac pham chdt tn tue cd duac ren luyen, hoc tap bai ban se lao cho ngudi cac pham chdt gan vdi dao due, \i thlca nhan - uy tfn va vi the phat ngon, lam viec va ddi sdng la nhimg pham chat tucfng duong vdi chinh ngir, chfnh nghiep va chinh mang Khi cac pham chat gdn vdi dao due vi ihe'ca nhdn duac khang dmh thi duang nhien tu va hoat ddng ciia ngudi se cd dugc cac pham 34 Nghign cl}u Gia drnh va Gidi Quyen 27, so 2, tr 28.38 chaft chinh tinh tdn, chinh niem vd chinh dinh Chinh tinh tSh v^ dai th^ la su m^m d6o, tinh tu&ng vk co nSng luc d^ ndm bdt ban chaft cua moi ddi tuong ma ngu6i dang tu va hanh ddng Chinh niem thuc chSt la c6 mdt th^ gidi quan vihig vang Con chinh dinh la ludn tim phuong pliap luan va phuong thiic, phuong phap hanh ddng tdi uu, hop ly Nhiing quan niem niy tuong ddi phiic tap v^ mat 1^ thuyA, bdi vay thuc ti, su giang day truyen hi ddi cd the lam sinh cSc cdch hi^u, each giai tliieh khdng gidng Tinh ch^t nhan ban va thuc t^ ciia quan nidm Phat gido v^ hanh phiie la chd, tu tirctng Bdt chinh dao gitip ngudi hi^u rdng, hanh phtie hay toan bd sd phan ciia eon ngudi khdng phai la thii thidng hfing ndm dau dd ngoai nguM, khdng phai la thii may riii ngju nhien, cung khdng phai la cai da quy dinh sSn ki^u ti^n dinh, ma thudc v^ su tu luydn, su cd gang cia chinh ngudi Bi^u khdng phai suy dien, md chi'nh giao IJi Phat giao da ghi lai nhiSu vSn ban Ngucd ta vin thudng tranh cai Phat giao cd phai la tdn gido hay chi la mdt loai tri^t 1^, cung xudt phdt t& nhiing chi ddn vd cdch giai thich ly thuyft tuong tu 2.5 D^ cd hanh phuc that su, vi hanh vi th^tuc, Phat gido eon ydu cdu tin dd vd khuyen nhii ngudi thuc hien "ngu gidi" - khdng sdt sinh, khdng ttdm cdp, khdng td ddm, khdng ddi ud vd khdng nghien ngdp Nhu vay, triet If vi hanh philc cOa Phat gido la cdi dat dugc qua tjiuc hdnh Bdt chinh dao vd Ngu gidi DI nhien, quan niem v^ hanh phiie ciia Phdt gido Id nhitag chi ddn khdng de thuc hien vd ddi no kha udi nguoc vdi nhiing cam nhdn th^T tijc cua ddi sdng ngudd Nhung mdy nghin nam nay, quan niem van ludn eudn hdt duge ddng dao tin dd va ca nhung ngudi khdng phai la tin hihi Albert Einstein Id mdt ngudi nhu vdy 6ng khdng theo mdt tdn gido ndo nhung ndi v^ dao Phat, dug da khdng dinh: "Phdt gido ed nhOng ddc di^m cua nhiing gi dugc mong dgi mdt tdn gido tuong lai la tdn gido cua vu Uu Nd vugt Kn uen mdt ddiig thieng lieng cd nhdn, udnh duge nhitag tin di^u va quan niem thin hgc; nd bao gdm cd cdi thudc vi tu nhien vd tinh thdn; vd nd dua tren mdt y thiic tdn giao sinh tit'kinh nghiem ciia tdt ea moi thii, tu nhien va tinh thdn, nhu mdt th^ thd'ng nhdt cd y nghia"™ Nhdn xet eua Albert Einstein vd Phat gido rdt ddng phai suy ngdm ban ve hanh phiic Hanh phiic quan niem Nho giao 3.1 Nho giao khdng cd hgc thuySt ridng vi hanh phdc Trong tu tudng cd dai Trung Hoa rdt ft van ban noi ve hanh phuc "Phiie", "Hy" vd "Lac" Ho SI Quy 35 thi dugc nhdc tdi nhilu hon, nhung cac khai niem Phuc, Hy hay Lac tu tudng triet hgc Trung Hoa eflng khdng hoan loan trung vdi hanh phuc Ve dai the, Phuc dugc hieu la dilu may mdn, td't lanh, thudn Igi dugc mang de'n cho ngudi Nhung thuc quan niem vl Phflc ciia phuong Ddng tinh te'vd ham sflc hon Phflc Id ke'l qua ciia Nhdn, Dflc Nhung ddng thdi Phuc cung la thfl duge "ban", thudng chfl khdng phai la cai ma ngudi cd thi gianh dugc Phue va Dflc la cac gia tri lu6n gdn liln nhau, cd quan he tuang hd, nhdn qua Theo chung toi, hanh phflc quan niem hien dai gdn gidng vdi su tong hda ciia Phue, Hy va Lae quan niem Nho giao 3.2 Nen luu y rdng, mac du cae tfl dien Idn deu coi Nho giao la mdt nhung t6n giao the'gidi, nhung gdn nhu it lai ihfla nhdn linh chdt tdn giao cua hoc Ihuye't Trfin thuc te, Nho giao trudc he't la mdt hoc thuyet chi'nh tri - xa hdi, khdng cd mau sdc thdn quyen Hanh phuc quan niem ciia Nho giao, vdy, khac vdi Kitd giao va Phat giao, khdng thudn Id nhiJng chi ddn thdn hgc cho hoat dOng cua ngudi ddi sdng xa hdi DT nhien, vdi tfnh each la mot kilu van hda tinh thdn da tdn tai hang nghin nam mdt sd xa hOi phuang DSng, anh hucmg eua Nho giao den viec ngudi truy tim hanh phflc, tren thuc te la Idn va ro NhiJng pham tru co ban ciia Khdng hoc nhu Nhdn, NghTa, LI, Tri, Tfn; nhflng nguyen lie Nho giao Irong nhimg quan he rudng cdt cua xa hdi nhu Quan - Than, Phu - Tir, Phu - Phu; nhiJng chuan muc Nho giao dugc coi la bin vimg nhu Quan tu: - Tilu nhan; Tam tdng, Tfl dflc, v.v ludn dugc xem la nhung nguyen tdc, nhung cdn cfl rdt ca ban de ngudi tim kie'm hanh phuc va danh gia hanh phuc ciia minh 3.3 Vl phuang dien ehinh in, Nho giao coi ke cam quyen cd vai trd nhu cha me ciia dan He thdng cdm quyln thuc thi trach nhiem khdng gidng nhu quan niem vl quan ly xa hoi hien dai ma la cai tri dan chflng Tuy vay, vdi tu tudng vl Nhan, Dflc va Phuc, Khdng Tir khong ft Idn khuyen tdng Idp cai tri phai hieu dugc chfl Dflc, phai lam cho dan dugc sd'ng binh, an lac Coi phuc - mdt xa hdi cd hanh phuc, quan niem Khdng giao la xa hdi ly tudng tuang tu nhu xa hgi ihdi Nghieu Thudn Dd la noi "Can gia duyet, viln gia lai (Luan ngfl - ngudi d gdn thi yen vui, cdn ke d xa thi tim den) Dd la xa hdi cd phuc, tuang duang vdi hanh phiic Nai dd, nha cdm quyln dting dflc hanh va 11 lie't dl tri ddn Ddn dugc cam hda bdi dflc dd ciia nha cdm quyln va cang trd nen tdt lanh Khdng Tu chi ring tri dan ma dung chfnh tri, phap che, hinh phat, dan cd the khOng dam lam dilu pham phap; nhimg tri dan ma dung dflc, diing 11 se lam dan bie't liem si, cam hoa duac dan (Dao chi dT chfnh, tl 36 Nghien cflu Gia dinh va Gi6i Quyen 27, so 2, tr 28-38 chi di Mnh ddn mien nhi vd si Dao chi di dflc, t l chi di Ig, hflu si tha cdch) 3.4 D l cd dugc Phflc, Nho giao khuyfin mgi ngudi, k l cS ddn vd tSng Idp cai hi, cu xfl vdi ngudi khde, dilu minh khdng mudn, dflng ldm vdi ngudi (Ky s6 bdt due, vdt thi u nhdn) Ngudi cd nhdn dflc, neSu mudn "Idp dat" (gdy dung, thdnh dat) cho minh thi cung lo gdy dung, thdnh dat cho ngudi; cu xii vdi minh th€nao thi cung xiJr vdi ngudi nhu th^(Phil nhdn gia ky due Idp nhi Idp nhdn, ky due dat nhi dat nhdn Ndng cdn thii thi, khd vi nhdn chi phuang da di) Nhflng Idi giao hudh ndy xua ludn dugc coi Id tuyet deTi sdng sudt, cd y nghia chdn ly d6i vdi mgi then dai Gdn ddy, cdc x5 hdi cdng nghiep hda chdu A (NICs) cdng, nhflng chi d ^ Nho gido mdt Idn nite lai dugc ca ngd rdt nhilu 3.5 Vdi tinh each Id hgc thuydt chmh tri - xa hdi, ban thdn cac I^ thuye't Nho giao qua nhilu thi ky da thdm nhdp vao ddi sdng vd biln thdnh vdn hda ldm co sd cho cdc tdng Idp xa hdi tim kilm hanh phflc Ca d Trung Hoa va cdc xa hdi Nho gido ngoai Trung Hoa, ddi sdng xa hdi phong phu, da dang va thdng trdm da khilh vdn hda Nho giao khdng nhdt thilt phai trung thdnh vdi kinh diln Nho giao Viet Nam cung nhu d Nhdt Ban hay Hdn Qudc, cac nha Nho giai thfch Nho giao theo th^ gidi quan vd nhdn sinh quan cua minh, cdn tdng Idp hi tri thi hilu vd thuc hanh Nho gido theo nhan quan cfla ^ thflc thdng thudng Va d ddy, quan niem vl hanh phflc theo quan dilm Nho giao xudt hien nhilu sdc thai vd cung bdc rdt cd f nghaa Trong vdn hda Viet Nam, vdi xu hudng Ian tda tfl t h i gidi quan Nho gido, quan niem vl hanh phuc da tfl Idu tdn tai nhflng dflc kit md ngdy nay, cung cam thdy rdt gdn vdi chdn ly: Trong hoa cd phflc; hga phuc cd lien quan mdt thilt v6i nhau; hit hga la dih phue, tdn cung cua dau khd se !d niem vui; hga khdng di mdt minh, phuc ch^ng bao gid !dp lai, v.v ("Hga tmng hflu phflc", "Hga phue huu mdi", "Hga tdn phflc dao", "Kh6 tdn cam lai", "Hga vd dan chf, phflc bdt trung lai" ) Id nhflng quan niem nhu vdy Thdt su ddy la nhung quan niem khd bien chflng, vi phan dnh dugc su van dOng cua nhflng xu hudng xa hdi da gdn nhu thdnh quy ludt vl hanh phuc ldm ngucri 3.6 "Hga trung hiru phuc", "Hga phflc hflu mdi" la Idi canh tinh vl thdi dd ddi vdi hga vd phflc Trong hga cd thi c6 phflc va ngugc lai phuc cd thi cd hga Phflc chua chde da phai Id su thdng thltuydt ddi, chua chde da khie'n ngudi khdng roi vao hga Va ngugc lai hga cung chua chde da phai la dilm kit thuc cua nhung tinh hudng bdt hanh, nlu ngudi lang quen lien he hflu mdi tinh t l ed thi la nhdn qua eOa Kinh nghiem sdng eua cdc thi he di Uude uai qua nhflng xa hdi ddy thien tai, nhdn hga da dua nhung Idi canh bdo ddy gid tri ddi v6i cac t h i he sau: Ho Si Quy 37 Nen s5n sang ddn nhdn, phuc chi din cd mdt Idn, nhung hga lai "vd don chi" 3.7 VI hga phflc ndi chung vd vl hga phflc gdn liln vdi sd menh cua ngudi vd cfla ddn tdc Viet Nam thi lich sit cd le khdng dng vdn chuong nao cd thi sanh dugc vdi "Quan hai" cfla Nguyln Trai Nam 1406 nha Mmh xdm luge Viet Nam, trilu H6 dfl cd cao, hdo sdu, qudn nhilu, luong du nhung "long ddn khdng yen" nln chdng khdng ndi ("Nhdn hg H6 chinh su philn hd i>i nude long ddn can hdn" Nguyln Tnii Dai cdo Binh Ngd) Hai muoi ndm dd hd vdo loai tan khde nhdt cua nhd Minh ddi vdi Viet Nam da xay Nam 1407, Nguyln Rii Khanh bi gidc bdt, dem vl Trung Qudc Nguyln Trai vi chfl hieu da theo chdn cha d^n tdn Nam Quan Khi nghe Idi cha phdi trd vl chdng gidc ngoai xdm vi "Dai hilu" chfl khdng chi vi "chfl hilu tdm thudng" - dieo cha chia se cudc sdng tfl ddy, Nguyln Trai da khde vdng menh cha ma quay lai Ngang qua ciia Bach Ddng, noi xua dng cha da ba Idn dai thing qudn xdm luge phucmg Bdc">, Nguyln Trai vilt bdi "Quan hai", suy nglim vl sd phdn vong cfla ddn tdc, vl phflc hga ciia H6 Qu^ Ly Cdu tha "Ldt ihuyin mdi bilt ddn nhu nude" Id d bai ndy Qua nhilu thi ky, bai tha da dugc ddnh gid la mdt kiet tdc ca vl tu tudng, chf khf vd nghe thudt vdn chuong"' Lidn quan din phuc hga dugc ndi bai Quan hai la cdu tho Nguyln Trai binh vl sd phdn ciia Hd Qu^ Ly "Hga phflc hflu mdi phi nhSt nhdt Anh hilng di hdn ky thiln nien" (Nghia Id, "chuyen hga phflc khdng phdi la chuyen cua mdt ngdy; ndi hdn ciia ngudi anh cdn mai din nghin ndm sau") Khd cd thi ndi gi them vl trilt ly sdu sdc va dau ddn cua md'i quan he phuc - hga ma Nguyln Trai da vilt nhdn trudng hgp Hd Qu^J Ly Ngdy nay, dgc lai cdu tho thd'ng thilt cfla dng, soi vdo tinh hudng hien thdi cua ddt nude, khdng thi khdng nhdn cdu tho vdn cd tfnh thdi su nhu gdn 700 ndm uudc Kel luan Cho den hdm nay, tdn gido vdn la mdt san phdm td't nhien cua xa hdi lodi ngudi Sfl menh Idn lao ma cac tdn giao tu nhdn va vl co ban eflng da dugc thfla nhdn Id chi cho ngudi dudng tim kilm hanh phflc Va qua thuc, md'y nghin ndm qua tdn gido da cd y nghia khdng nhd viec thuc hien sfl menh nay, dii hanh phue ma tdn giao mang lai vdn thudng xuyen bi chi trich la hanh phflc hu ao.B 36 Nghien cflu Gia dinh va Gidi Quyen 27, so 2, tr 28-38 Chu thich '" Bai vie't Irong khuon khd de tai khoa hoc doc lap cS'p Qudc gia Hanh phuc CLia ngudi Viet Nam: Quan niem thuc trang va chi s6 danh gia" (ma sd DTDLXH-03/15) '-' Pascal: L'homme est un roseau pensant hrtp://la-philosophic.com/hommeroseau-pensant *" K Marx F Engels 2004 Toan tap, t.l Sdd Ir 570 '•" Xem: Auberl, Jean-Marie (1992) La Morale Pub Editions Paulines (ISBN-13: 978-2227301566) http://ni-ka.com.ua/index.php?Lev=schaslyc '" Con dugc goi la "Nude Trcri " Trong Kinh Hianh Nu6c Chiia ducc hieu nhu mot thiet che chinh phu hoan thien va tot dep Quia thie't lap "" Was Einslein a Buddhist? hltps://responsiveunivcrse.me/2014/0I/l8/waseinslcin-a-bucidhist/ "' Tren s6ng Bach Dang, nam 938, Ngo Quy^n dai ihAng quSn Nam Han nam 981, Le Dai Hanh pha tan quSn Tong xkm luuc; nam 1288, Hung dao vucfng Trfin Qudc Tuan dai thang Nguyen Mong cupc khang chien chdng quan Nguyen 1& ihfl "' Quan hai Thung moc triing triing hai lang lien Tr^m giang thiet to diec dd nhien Phuc chu thuy tin dan Ihuy, Thi hi^m nan bang menh lai thien Hoa phtic hull mdi phi nha't nhat Anh di han ki thien men Kien khdn kim c6 vd ciing y Khifdc lai Thucing Lang y'lin thu yen Quan hai Coc go triing triing trUdc song khcfi, Ngang sdng khoa sat uong ma thdi Lat thuyen mdi biei dan la nude, CSy hi6m khdn xoay menh tai Irdi Hoa phuc cd ngudn dau mdt budi, Anh t\6 han may nghin ddi Can khdn trade v6 ciing y, Lai d khoi xa cay khdi vdi Tai lieu trich ddn Aubert Jean-Marie 1992 La Morale Pub Editions Paulines (ISBN-13: 9782227301566), Dang Nghiem Van (Chii bien) 1998 Nhung va'n de If luan va ihuc tidn Idn giao d Viet Nam Nxb KHXH Ha Noi Dat Lai Lai Ma va Howard Cuter 2003 Nghe thuat tao Hanh phiic (The Art of Happiness) Chixa Tam Bo, Fresno, Califomia • K Marx & F Engels 2004 Toan tSp, t I Nxb CTQG Ha Ndi K Marx & F Engels 1994 Toan iSp, l 20 Nxb CTQG Ha Ndi Pnnsloo Johan 2013 Department of Cnmmology & Secunty Science UNISA) "Happiness is the meaning and purpose of life", an analysis of offenders suffering from menial disorders in a South African prison population", Phronimon, Volume 14(1) ... theo th^ gidi quan vd nhdn sinh quan cua minh, cdn tdng Idp hi tri thi hilu vd thuc hanh Nho gido theo nhan quan cfla ^ thflc thdng thudng Va d ddy, quan niem vl hanh phflc theo quan dilm Nho... nghaa Trong vdn hda Viet Nam, vdi xu hudng Ian tda tfl t h i gidi quan Nho gido, quan niem vl hanh phuc da tfl Idu tdn tai nhflng dflc kit md ngdy nay, cung cam thdy rdt gdn vdi chdn ly: Trong. .. cac gia tri lu6n gdn liln nhau, cd quan he tuang hd, nhdn qua Theo chung toi, hanh phflc quan niem hien dai gdn gidng vdi su tong hda ciia Phue, Hy va Lae quan niem Nho giao 3.2 Nen luu y rdng,