Quan niệm của một số nhà tâm lý học trên thế giới về trí tuệ xúc cảm

QUAN NIEM CUA MOT SO NHA TAM LY HOC TREN THE G l d l VE TRI TUE XUC CAM DINH Dtrc Hor Tim tdt: Tri tuf xuc cdm ti mit loai tri tue co d tdt cd mpi ngudi vi ddng vai tri rdt quan trpng trin budc dudng thinh dng cia mdi ngudi Tri tuf xuc cdm thiidng dUdc hiiu ti ndng l^tc Atgu ri xuc cdm cia bdn thdn, hiiu dupc xuc cdm cia ngudi khac, phdn biit diidc nhiing kiiu xuc cdm dd vd BUdl^ngnhOng thing tin di hudng ddn suy nghi vi hdnh dpng cia minh Bdi viit dd dicdp tdi cdc hiidng nghifn cUu chinh cia cdc nha tim It hpe trin the gidi vi tri tuf xuc cdm Ttt khia: Tri tuf; xdc cdm; tri tuf cdm xuc; ndng i i a Muc tigu eua n i n giio due Vijt Nam l i ngfl n i y da thu hut dUde nhilu su chfl J cua giio due v i p h i t triln n h i n cich toan dign cac nha nghien cflu T i m IJ hgc, Giio due cho ngfldi Vijt Nam Mat nhflng hgc, X i faai hoe, L u i t hoc dilu kijn cin thilt de faoin t h i n h muc tieu Trong linh vUc Tam IJ hoc, bing efaflng dd l i fall dudng dugc ning lflc tu cho v l ly thuyg't "Tri tue xuc cam" da d tfl t»n ngfldi, dd d tri tuJ xflc cam Tren ngudi ta b i t d i u ludng tri thdng minh the gidi, tri tuJ xflc cam dugc pfaat faijn v i eua ngudi Tfl n i m 20 cua t h i ki XX nghiJn Cflu tfl nhflng t h i p nien cu8i t h i k i E.L Thomdike da l i ngfldi khdi nguIn XX Ke tfl day, tri tuJ xuc cam duge n h i n khai nijm "Tri tuJ xuc cim" vi cho d6 l i diJn nhu mJt loai tri tuJ djc bigt cila "ning lflc h i l u v i k i l m soat m i mdt ngudi ngUdi i^p phin quan trgng chiln d i n dng, d i n bi, eon trai, eon gii, hinh luge phat toin eon ngufli mdi - eon ngudi dgng m8t cich kh8n ngoan cac ml, tajn ip-^Trong pham vi bii vilt n i y chung quan hJ ctia ngudi" v i n i n g life niy t6i xin de cJP Wi cic hUflng nghien cflu n i m ci'u triic cua "Tri tuJ xa hji" chhih cua cae n h i t i m H hgc trgn t h i gidi m8t khai nijm mdi dUfle Thomdike dua mliToW^- ^ ^ ' i , ^ Tiy tiuge g ^ V • - d?ng sfl,ton tai md, quan hJ ri^ tu hfln 2500 n i m trudc ring, mJt nhijm vu quan trgng cila d e n h i S v tilti ^ t i l t f " ^ i r ' ^ • ? ' * " " lim ngn tang, phai J tfaflc dflgc cam xuc ctia minh chting vfla xuit hijn"' _ Tuy nhign, pfaai vio cu6i' nhflng n i m 80 cua the ki 20 ngfldi ta mdi biJt d i n t h u j t ngfl T r i tuJ xuc cam" (Emotional hiteffigeneeEa), v i nhflng d n g bo nghign cflu d i u tign ve tri tuJ xuc cam xuit hign vio diu nfaflng nim 90 cflng t h i ki XX Ngay sau dd, thujt Q MdNiw: KHOA HOC I i HOI " - T h e o eng, d d i i mgt tigng n i n g Ivlc, mi cJng vijc c i a ngudi y t i , nguM gac c l n ^ hing , song nd cung d nhflng t l l u kijn phong thi nghijm™ ^ * ' ' - ^ ^ - B n i m 80 cfla t h i ki 20, sau " TS Tam If hoc Tntting D^i hpc BU pham - Dai hpc Thfti Nguygn »' DSn thfm; Djo Thj Oanh (2010) Nghiin ciiu Irl tut «uc com vi vifc giio dpc tri tuf xiic cdm cho hfc sinh IMCS gia dinh vi nhd tnidng hiin nav Di tii ctfpBa, tr "Theo: Duong TliJ Hoing Yen (2010) TH tuf cdm xiic Oia gido vien Tiiu hpc tr 30 Luin i n tiSn » Tim IJ bpc Vilfn Tim If hpc - Vifn Kho hpc l i hfi Yiji Nam 14 Vi?n H i n l i m Khoa hpc x» hji Vijt Nam s03-ait DINH DTJTC HOI tri tug (Multiple Intelligent) vdi l o ^ fainh tri tue, co "Tri tui vi bdn thdn" (Xntrapersonal Intelligent) va "Tri tuS ve ngubi khdtT (Interpersonal Intelligent) dUdc xem la nhflng to cSii tnic cua tri tue xuc cam theo each goi hi§n H Gardner cho r ^ g , day Ik nhiing lo^i tri tue quan d6i v6i hoat dong song cua ngucti v^ co the giao due de phat trien n g da xay diing m6t so chuong trinh rdn luy?n phat t r i l n cac loai tri thdng minh khac theo quan niem cua minh d^nh cho ca tre em va ngiidi 16n Hi§n nay, mot s6 chKdng trinh diidc ttanh gia cao, diidc phat triln d nhiiu niidc vi da the hien ro hi§u qua cua no trinh n g h i ^ ctiu thiic tien thuoc cac linh viic hoat dong khac cua ngUdi da k h i i ^ dinh tri thong minh han lam khdng chuaii bi cho ngUdi eo du siic dUdng dau vdi nhiing thfi thach thiic tg" cudc song bien doi k h o i ^ ngCtog Hay c6 the noi, IQ eao chiia du d l dam bao sU thSnh cdng va cuoc song thinh vUdng, hanh phiic neii thieii nhiing xiic cam thdng minh Vk r i n g , deli song xiic cam Cling la mot Enh viic ngudi c6 the chting to nang liic cua minh vii no Cling doi hoi mdt tap hdp nhiing sii am hieu chuyen biet Cac nghien ciiu thiic nghidm ciing chi m ^ quan h$ gifla chi so tri tue xiic cam vdi cac dang tri tue khac (IQ, CQ), v^ vai tro cua nd viec dli doan th^nh cdng cua ca nhfin M6t nha tSm ly hoc khac la R Sternberg da diia khai m§m "Tri tue cong" (Successful InteUigent), theo do, 1^ kha Trong Knh viic giao due, v ^ de nky da nang ca nhan thich nghi, phat trien v^ liia vk dang thu hiit nhieu chUdng trinh nghien chon cac dieu kien ho^n canh nhSm hoSn ciiu vdi quy md khac nhau, ca tr&i binh th&nh nhiing muc dich d i a ban than v^ dien ly lufin Ifin trdn binh dien thiic nghidm, cua xa h6i cung nen v&n h6a ndi ca nh§n thiic hidn tren ca hoc sinh d cac ckp b|ic hpc d6 sinh song** Chung ta c6 t h i thSTy rdng, khac (tfl tre mfiu giao den hoc sinh quan dilm n^y da co m6t sfTth^nh to trung hoe); tfl cac giao vien dang Ifim vi$c thu6c tri tue xiic cam theo each hieu chung tai trUdng thdr^ ddn giang vidn dtd hoc hien Tuy nhien, ciing giong nhii cac Cac chUdng trinh i^hien ctiu bao gom tfl hoc gia tren, ban chat cua cai goi la "tri tue ngfin han (tfl Infim din nfim); dfii h ^ (tfl xuc cam" chiia dii^c di sau nghidn ciiu nfim deh nfim hofie 10 nfim, thfim ehi Danh gia cua cac nh& tam ly ve cac hdn 20 nfim) Ket qua nghidn cflu da cho hu6ng nghien ctiu tri tu6 xiic cam n§u tr§n thify quy tfie c h ^ doan ve sU thfinh cdng Ik r^t khac b trinh d6 hoc thuM, cd tfldng lai cua mdt ngUdi dfla trdn cH B3 khoa hoc cua cl^u tnic diia ra, tinh doc so IQ truyen t h ^ i ^ eo nhieu ngoai le Mdt so' l$p cua n&ng liic tri tue xiic cam so vdi cac nha i^hien cflu ve tam ly hoc (Daniel nftng luc tri tue khac Song, c6 mot dilm Goleman, Howard Gardner ) cho rfing, chung de nhAn thSy, d6 la sy khSng dinh nhieu trUdng hdp, vi tri mfi ca nhan c6 vi t i m quan cua tri tue xiic cam va dfldc xa hdi lfi nhilu nhan td'khac cua viec nghien ciiu, ting dung phat trien ngofii IQ quydt dinh Tri tue xuc cam lfi nhdn td'dit bdo tdt cho sU thfinh cdng hofie tri tuS xuc cam ngiicfi hien dai thfi't bai bx)ng pham vi mot cdng vide, mpt Cho den nay, cac cu6c tranh hikn ve tri nghe n g h i ^ co tmh xa h§i cu thi Cfic nhfin t u i xiic cam v i n dang ti§p tuc nh^m hoito t^ dfin tdi sii thfinh cong cua mdt ngUdi rfit thi^n khai niem nhy Bdi day la mot linh da dang, bao g6m: viic m6i me, phiic tap, kh6 tach bsidi khoi nhiing v£h d l nghien ciiu da c6 truyS'n - Sii dong cam vdi ngfldi khfic; thong nhu: Nhlin each, Tri tu§, Xiic cam, - Kha nfing tu thiic diy; d l dtStng d6c Iflip vdi tu each lii m6t nSng life cua Mn ngUdi G i n day, nhieu c6ng ' Xem: da din nhu tren, tr 31 Sli3-2fiU NIUNLVCKHOAKQCXIHOI QUAN NIEM CdA MOT SO ffflA TAM LY HOC - StJ kien tiri tiong kho k h i n , bi't hanfa, gian lao; - Kfaa n i n g ta l i m cfaii nhihig xung ning ciia ban than; - Su n h i n nai tii h o i n nhiSng dkp ctng ham mudn ctia ban t h i n ; - Kha n i n g luon tiuy tri tiuoc trang t h i i lac quan hy vong; - Kha n i n g giii titidc cin bang chi't kh6ng tie cho xtic cam chi pfaoi ban t h i n tien miic kfaong the suy nghi dUOc gi Nghien cflu ctia Walter Mischel tren nhiing tre em cuoc "thti nghiem keo tleo" b trticfng m i m non Stanfortl vio nfaflng n&m 60 thS' ki XX da cfao t h i y ro sti anh hfldng tich ctic cua kha n i n g idem ch^ cic xung n i n g den sil t h i n h cong hoc t i p v i CU9C sd'ng cila c i nhan Tfaeo doi tig'p tlic cic tre sudt 12 n i m dSn 14 n i m sau d6, cic em d6 tib t h i n h nhQng thieu nidn, r6i tdt nghiep trung hoc, ngUcS ta thiy, p h i n Ifln nhfliig dfla tre Sn k?o l i p tflc dd, thi dl bi cing t h i n g hon, d l ndng giin v i hay danh nfaau fadn, ft kha n i n g theo dudi di'n ciing mijc dicfa ctia minh hdn so vdi nhflng tre cho dai d l i n hai chide keo"' mill ctia cac giio vidn hdn Mdt so nghidn ctiu k h i c ciing d i cho tfaay mdl hen hd c h i t che gifla mflc dg thieu kha n i n g k i l m soat xtic cam vdi cac bieu hien rdi loan hanh vi k h i c d hoc sinh p h i thdng nhfl: khuynh hudng sdiig thu minh lai; lo h i i v i t r i m cam; thidu t i p trung v i o nhflng 'viii d l g i n Uln vdi vide s i diing t u duy; pham tdi v i giy hin Trong do, nhflng bieu hidn t r i m cam tMi/c nghidn cflu iihieu va dfldc p h i n tich sau sic bdi siJ gia t i n g ciia hign tUdng niy i nhilu nOi tren t h ^ gidi nhiing nim g i n day Theo do, nhiing v i n de vl quan hd thudng l i nguIn gdc cila sil t r i m cam, m i nguyen n h i n cd ban l i thilu hut mdt sdyg'u td'trong tri tud xtic cam D6 li: khdng cd kha n i n g ke't nfii, tri nhflng mdi quan hg tich ctic vdi moi ngfldi xung quanh v i cd each ly giai bi quan v l nhflng t h i t bai ctia ban than Ben canh cic nghidn cflu tien h i n h trdn hoc sinh, nhilu cdng tnxih danfa gia vi thflc nghidm n i n g cao n i n g lflc tri tud xuc cam d i duoc tiln h i n h tren giao vidn d cic bic hoc k h i c n h i trfldng phi tfadng, dd diic bigt quan t i m din cac giio vidn tre Kd't qua thu dfldc ri't thfl vi v i k h i n g djnh rkng cd t h i n i n g cao tri tud xtic cam vi nd cd tudng quan c h i t cfae vdi kinh nghigm sd'ng, ho^t dong cua ngudi Cic nghien cflu cung d i dit nhilu vi'n d l cho cdng tac dio t£to bii dudng giao vidn hign nay, ddng thdi cung dtia nhflng chuong trinh chuydn bigt de giio due n i n g cao tri tud xflc cam d giio vien Tren thilc te, nhilu giao vidn da tham gia_ vio cac chuang trinh r i n luygn dd v i kfaing djnh t i c dung ctia chung ddi vdi higu qua ho^t dong n g h i nghigp cua ban than.^ G i n diy, cic nghien cflu cdn md rdng ca d cic giang vien dfti hi^ Mdt so chflong trinh rdn luygn tri tug xuc cam Ngfaien cilu ctia Stephen Nowicki & Marshall Duke v l kha n i n g ding cam, dfldc tien h i n h trdn hoc sinh tieu hoc da xic n h i n tinh ddc lip cua sU ding cam doi vdi tri tug h i n l i m thdng qua mdi tuong quan gifla kdt qua ctia t r i e nghidm PONS (do R Rosenthal phic thao) vdi ket qua thu dU(?c tfl cac t r i e nghidm tri thdng minfa, faay k i t qua cua cac ki tfai tnidng Cac faoc sinfa tfai hign n i n g Itlc hieu cic xuc cam nhd vio nhOng tin hidu khdng ldi l i nhflng em dfldc ydu thich nhit trudng, d'n dinh iihit v l m«it tiin Ijt Dd cung l i nhflng em dat duoc kd't qua hoc t i p td't nhit, mic dii mtic IQ trung bmh khong cao hdn so vdi nfaflng em hidu tfadng didp khdng ldi kdm hon Kdt qua niy lim ngfldi ta ngfai r i n g vigc l i m chu ning Itjc ding cam l i m cho vide faoc Theo: Lewkowicz, Adina Bioom (2007) Teaching t4p dd ding ban, hoic d l thu htit su ydu Emotional Intelligence (iiecoiid eiiiUon) Corwiii Pre«, USA, p,5 B] NHM LOC KHO* HOC U H O l S03-2>14 DINH DlJC HQl d i n h cho giang vidn d ^ hoc da x u i t faidn v i thu hut dfldc nhilu ngudi tham gia Vi t h i , mdt llnh vtle quan trgng khac nghidn ctiu tri tug xuc cam l i x i y dung, t r i l n khai mdt so' chfldng t i m h giio diic hiju qua v l nfaflng ki n i n g cua tri tug xflc cam cho cic ddi tflOng khac Trong nhflng n i m cu& the H XX, vili d l tri tud xflc cam v i n i n g cao tri tug xuc cam da n g i y c i n g dUOc quan t i m d nhieu nfldc tren tfad gidi, die bigt ddi vdi cac trudng hoc Cic chuang trinh dd duoc dinh gia la kha higu qua vi dtla tren nfaflng CO sd khoa hcic thiJc su, cd Khoa hpc T h i n kinh Nhieu chudng trinh chuydn bigt d i dfldc xiy dflng n h i m thay dd'i h i n h vi rdi nhieu d hoc sinh nhfl: tram cam; rdi loan " " ' ^ I n g ; bi ban bd bd rai; bd hoc; lam d i ^ g chi't ki'ch thich (ruou, ma ) Theo Hidp hdi Nghien cflu xuc cam va x i hdi tsti trUdng Dai htjc Illinois, hidn cd faon 150 chuang trinh rdn luydn tri tug xuc cam dang duac h i n g ngan trudng hoc d Mi sfl diing Tuang til, cd nhilu chuong trinfa rdn luydn trf tug xuc cam dang dUi3c giang d^y cac trudng d k h i p nai tren t h i gidi Kit qua cho thiy, nhilu cfauong trinh td ri't kha quan vide t i n g cudng cac xflc cam tich cilc v i faan chd' nfaflng bidu hidn xflc cam tieu ctic, tfl dd gdp p h i n lim giam thidu cac h i n h vi sai lech chuin mtic xa hoi d tre em, dd cd hoc sinh lfla tud'i hoc sinh Mot nghidn ctiu vi md Roger Weissberg tid'n h i n h kfai p h i n tfch hing t r i m cdng trinh thtic nghidm cac chfldng trinh ren luydn tri tug xflc cam xa h0i da cho thiy, trfldng hoc, b i u khdng kfai t i m \$ Idp hoc trd ndn tich cilc han cic giio vidn n i m viing cic kl n i n g xuc cam - xa hgi cd t h i tflOng t i c dl ding hon vdi hoc sinfa ctia minh Die bigt, nhiing "giio vien tuang t i c hidu qua" thudng md rOng vigc n i n g cao tri tug xflc cam - xa hgi sang ca ph^m vi tuang t i e cua ban t h i n hoc sinh vdi (quan hg hoc sinh - hoc smfa) tfaeo nghia l i ho cdn s03-2ai« quan tam ca ddii vide xay dilng "vin hda ban be" tiong hoc sinh Dilu cd y nghia thflc t i l n r a t ldn vi nd cd tinh lan tda manh me khdng chi pham vi Idp hoc m i cdn ca tixmg pham vi trudng htjc*^ KET LUAN Tri tug xuc cam dfldc thflc sfl quan t i m nghien cflu khoang g i n nfla the ki (sau nhiing n i m 1980 cua thd ki XX) Tri tug ban d i u dfldc cho la dan nhan td' v i mang tinh sinh hoc, mang tinh xa hoi cho din da n h i n t^ mang tinh x i hdi, mang tinh sang tao Tri tue xflc cam dfldc phat hien v i nghidn ctiu t h i n h cdng l i mot t h i n h tflu quan cua t i m ly hoc ndi ridng v i cua n h i n loai ndi chung Vigc p h i t hidn v i nghien cflu tfaanh cdng cic m i t cua tri tud cam xuc d i ggi md v i d i n tdi nhflng hfldng nghien cflu mdi q u i trinh kham p h i tidm n i n g bi't t i n cua txin ngUdi TAI LIEU THAM KHAO Dio Thi Oanh (2010), Nghidn cflu tri tug xflc cam v i tndc giao due tri tug xuc cam cho hgc sinh THCS gia dinh v i n h i trudng hign nay, D l t i i ci'p Bd Goleman _D (2002) Tri tue cam xuc iMm th^ndo de biih nhiing cdm xuc cua mmh (WnA Wfttc Nxb Kfaoa hoc x ifagi.H i Ndi >' Goleman D (2007) TH tue xiic cdm: ling dung cdng viic Nxb Tri iliflc H i Ngi Lewkotmcz, Adina Bloom (2007) Teaching Emotional Intelligence (second edifion) Corwin Press, USA Maurice J Ehas, Harriett Arnold (2006) Emotional Intelligence and Academic Achievement Corwin Press, USA Paula M Niedenthal, Silvia KrauthGruber, Francois Ric (2006) Psychology of Emotion Interpersonal, Experiential, and (Cognitive approaches Psycfaobgy Press USA _ DflOng Thi Hoing Yen (2010) Tri tui cdm xuc cua gido viin Tiiu hgc LATS Tim lyfagc.Vidn TLH - Vign KHXH Vigt Nam »> Xem: Golemiui D (2002) Tri (71^ cdm xic Lim thf nio di infn nhing cdm xdc cua minh thinh tri tuf Nxb Khoa hoc xa h§i, HS Noi NHM UlC KHOA HOC XiNOl Q ... lo^i tri tue quan d6i v6i hoat dong song cua ngucti v^ co the giao due de phat trien n g da xay diing m6t so chuong trinh rdn luy?n phat t r i l n cac loai tri thdng minh khac theo quan niem cua... de vl quan hd thudng l i nguIn gdc cila sil t r i m cam, m i nguyen n h i n cd ban l i thilu hut mdt sdyg'u td'trong tri tud xtic cam D6 li: khdng cd kha n i n g ke't nfii, tri nhflng mdi quan. .. khdng cd kha n i n g ke't nfii, tri nhflng mdi quan hg tich ctic vdi moi ngfldi xung quanh v i cd each ly giai bi quan v l nhflng t h i t bai ctia ban than Ben canh cic nghidn cflu tien h i n h trdn