Tuổi kết hôn lần đầu và các yếu tố tác động qua một số kết quả khảo sát

Nghi§n cftru Gia dinh v^ Gi6i S^ -2017 Ttioi ket hfin ian i i u vd cdc yra tO'tic dgng qua mot sO' k^ qud Miao sA Tran Thj Cam Nhung Vien Nghidn cCm Gia dlnli va Gidi Tdm tat: Hon nhan Id m6t thilt chi quan trpng d6i vdi cac cd nhan, gia dinh va ca xa hpi nhftng quo'c gia ma viec sinh chi xua't hien hon nhan thi tuoi ket hon Idn ddu la m$t chi so du bao vl viec sinh de, la thdi dilm md v i ^ cd quan h | tinh due vd mang thai dupc xa hpi chdp nhan Tft kit qua nghien cftu cua mpt so* cupc khao sat quoc t l vd cl Viet Nam ve tuoi ket hon Idn ddu, bdi viet t&p trung tim hi^u m$t sS'phUdng phap tlnh tu^i kit hon Idn ddu, thuc tr^ng, xu hUdng tu^i kit hfln Idn ddu mfit so' nUdc cung nhU d ViSt Nam vd ylu to tac dpng Tii khda; Hfln nhan - Gia dinh; Kit h6n; Tu^i kit h5n Idn ddu; Ylu tfl'tdc dflng; Hdn nhdn Id mdt thilt chi quan ttgng ddi vdi cdc ed nhdn, gia dinh vd ca xa hdi ndi chung Ddi vdi cdc ed nhdn, dd Id mdt su kifin ddng nhd vd ed $ nghia Idn lao cfia cudc d64 Id nin tang cho qud ttinh hinh thdnh va xdy dung gia dinh D6i vdi xa hdi, hdn nhdn kit ndi cdc cd nhdn tft cdc gia dinh khde va hinh thdnh nfin "tibdo" cua xa hdi, nhftng qudc gia md viec sinh chi xudt hifin ttong hdn nhdn thi tudi kit hdn Idn ddu la mdt chi sd du bdo vl vific sinh de, id thdi dilm md vific cd quan hfi tinh due vd mang thai dugc xa hdi chdp nhdn Tran Th) c&n Nhung 27 Tudi kit hdn Idn ddu Id dd tudi md cdc cd nhdn Idy vg/ehdng Idn ddu tifin Chi bdo vl tudi kit hdn Idn ddu eho bilt thdng tin vl thuc trang va xu hudng vl dd tudi ma ngudi phu nft vd nam gidi bdt ddu budc vdo hdn nhan Vi thi, tim hilu vl tudi kit hdn Idn ddu va cae ylu td kinh tl, vkn hda, xa hdi cfia tudi kit hdn Idn ddu dugc cdc nha nghifin cftu quan tdm Mot so phiftmg phaptinhtuoi ket hon Ilin diu Cd nhilu cdch tinh tudi kit hdn Idn ddu, ed thi tinh theo trung binh hodc trung vi, U'nh true tilp hoac gidn tilp phu thudc vao cdc cudc khao sdt hoac cdch thu thdp thdng tin Hifin nay, tuli kit hdn Idn ddu trung binh thudng chft ylu dugc tinh theo cdc cdch sau: 1) Tudi kfi't hdn trung binh idn ddu (SMAM - Singulate Mean Age at Marriage) cfia dan sd dugc tinh bdng sd nam trung binh ma mdi ngudi se sdng ddc thdn ttong sudt cudc ddi cfia minh, Cdch tinh ndy dugc dftng dl ludng tinh ttang hdn nhdn cua nhutig ngudi dd mdi tft 15 din 49 ttong cac cudc tdng dieu tta hoac khao sat Cach tinh ndy khdng bi anh hudng bdi vific tdi hdn hay cdu tnic tudi cua ddn sd nhung bi anh hudng bdi ddng di cu va ty lfi tft vong Hifin nay, tinh SMAM dang Id mdt nhihig each tinh mdi kit hdn dugc sft dung phd biln nhdt ttong cdc cudc khao sal qudc gia trfin thi gidi (Mattias Lindgren, 2009) 2) Tinh tudi kit hdn tning binh cua nhftng ngudi da tftng kit hdn cdn eft vao thdng tin vl Idn kit hdn ddu tifin Cdch tfnh ndy phu thudc nhieu vao edu trftc tudi cua dan sd tai thdi diem tfnh todn Viet Nam SMAM thudng dugc Tdng cue thdng kfi dp dung tfnh tudi kit hdn trung binh Idn ddu ttong tdng dilu tra ddn sd va nhd d cdc k>' 1979, 1989, 1999, 2009; dilu tra ddn sd vd nha d gifta ky,v.v Tfnh tudi trung binh Idn ddu cfia nhftng ngudi da tftng kit hdn thudng phd biln ttong cdc nghifin cftu vi xa hdi nhu Dilu tta Gia dinh Vifit Nam 2006 Thi^ trang, xu hudng tuoi kei hon lan dau cac nudc va Vl$t Nam Trong nhftng thdp ky gdn ddy, tudi kit hdn if hdu hit cdc nudc ttfin thi gidi cd xu hudng gia tdng Kit qua nghifin cftu cfia Narumon Saardchom & Jean Lemau« (2005) d 156 nudc cho thdy tudi kit hdn ttung binh tdng Ifin d hdu hit cdc khu vuc trfin thi gidi (Narumon Saardchom, Jean Lemaire, 2005) Tiidi kit hdn Idn ddu (SMAM) tdng nhanh nhdt d cdc nudc cdng nghifip phat triln d Chdu Au vd My, nhu Dftc (34,1 ddi vdi nam vd 31,7 ddi vdi nft, ndm 2011), Italy (34 tudi ddi vdi nam vd 30,6 tudi ddi v ^ nft, nam C8 Nghien cdu Gia dinh va Gidi Quy^n 27, so 4, b: 26-37 Bang T u l i kfit hon Idn ddu trung blnh (SMAM) theo gidi d m o t sd qudc gia (Don vi tfnh: Nam) My Ntt Nam DlJtc Nii Nam Nliat Ban Nii Nam H&n Quoc Ntt Nam TYii«(^ Nii Nam Thai Lan Nil Nam Malaysia Nfi Nam An Do NB Nam Bangladesh Ntt Nam Italy Nii Nam Anil Ntt Nam 1970 1980 1990 2000 21,5 23,5 23,3 25,2 25,4 27,6 26,0 27,8 2010 26,1 29,8 2011 MiJrc Ung* 26,9 28,8 5,4 5,3 31,7 34,1 5,6 4,3 24,7 27,5 25,1 28.7 26,9 30,4 28,6 30,8 29,7 31,2 5,0 3.7 23,3 27,2 24,1 27,3 25.5 28,5 27,1 30,3 30,1 32,9 6,8 5,7 22,4 25.1 22,1 23,8 23,3 25,1 24,7 26,5 2,3 1.4 22,0 24,7 22,8 24,9 23,5 26,0 24,1 27,4 24,7 28,2 2,7 3,5 22,1 25,6 23,5 26,6 24,6 27,9 24,9 28,5 25,7 27,8 3,6 2,2 17,7 22,7 18,7 23,4 19,3 23,9 20,2 24,8 22,0 25,9 4,3 3,2 16,8 24.0 16,9 23,9 18,1 25,0 18,7 25,3 19,4 25,0 2,6 1,0 1971 1981 1991 2001 2009 22,6 27,2 23,2 27,1 26,1 29.9 28,9 32.0 23,1 24,2 23,0 25,4 26,4 28,4 26,3 28,1 31,8 33,2 2010 Mdrc t&ng 30,6 34,0 8,0 6,8 8,7 9,0 Ngu6n: Din theo Quandl: hltps://www.quandl.com/collections/cJemography/age-at-firstmaniage-female-by-country * Ghi chti: Miic tdng duoc ti'nh dua trfin cic s6 li^u c6 theo nim dugc MD bang nCn miic t ^ g n^y cka cdc qudc gia c6 th^ khde v^ khoang Ihin gian Tran Thi Cam Nhung 29 2010, My (28 tudi ddi vdi nam vd 26 tudi ddi vdi nft vdo nam 2010) (Lehrer, Chen 2012) Kit hdn mudn cung da ttd thdnh mdt xu hudng phd biln d nhilu nude chdu A ttong nfta thi ky qua (Gavin Jones, Wei-Jun Jean Yeung, 2014 Trong thdi k j 1970-2010, d Hdn Qudc, tudi kit hdn ttung binh tdng 6,8 tudi ddi vdi nft va 5,7 tudi d^i vdi nam sd ndy d Nhdt Ban Idn lugt Id va 3,7 tudi So vdi cac nude Ddng A va Ddng Nam A, tudi kit hdn trung binh is cdc nudc Nam A ed mftc tdng chdm hon An £)d tft 1970 din 2000, mdi kit hdn Idn ddu ttung binh tdng 2,5 tudi va is Iran tdng 3.5 tudi tft 1990-2005 (Gavui Jones, 2010) Cftng vdi su gia tdng tudi kit hdn, khoang cdch gidi ttong tudi kit hdn cd xu hudng rdt ngdn (Bang 1) Xu hudng tang tudi kit hdn Idn ddu khdng diin d tdt ca mgi qudc gia Trong khoang thdp ky gdn ddy, d Bangladesh, tudi kit hdn Idn ddu trung binh cfia nam g i ^ giam tft 25,3 ndm 2000 xudng 25 tudi ndm 2010 (xem Bang 1) Ngodi ra, d mdt sd nude khde nhu Indonesia hay Sri Lanka, tudi kit hdn Idn ddu trung binh cung cd xu hudng giam (Gavin Jones, 2010) Tai Vifit Nam, tuli kit hdn trung binh Idn ddu cd xu hudng tdng Ifin ddi vdi nam ttong giai doan 1989-2015, nhifin Iai giam ddi vdi nft ttong giai doan 1989-1999 tft 23,2 xudng cdn 22,8 tudi, sau dd gift dn dinh d mftc 22,8-22,9 tudi giai doan 1999-2014 (xem Bang 2) Dilu ndy da ldm gia tdng thfim khac bifit gidi cua SMAM Chfinh lech SMAM cfta nam vd nu la 3,9 ndm vao nam 2014 vd 4,1 ndm vdo nam 2015 (Tdng cue Thdng ke, 2016) C d d ^ lilu trfin cho thdy mftc tang SMAM ehung chfi ylu dua ydo viec tdng S M A M cua nam gidi^ Vl co cd^u tudi kit hdn cua nam vd nft theo ncrt cu trft, xu hudng kit hdn mudn cfia phu nft is dd thj thi hien khd rd Ndm Bang Tuoi kit hdn trung blnh idn ddu (SMAM) chia theo gidi tfnh, thdi k^ 1989-2015ftVifit Nam (Don vj tfnh: Nam) Nflm 1989 1999 2009 2014 2015 Chung 23^8 24.1 24,5 24,9 24,9 Naiii 24A 25,4 26,2 26,8 26.9 Nilr 23^2 22,8 22.8 22,9 22.8 Ch^nh lech SMAM (Nam-Ntt) T^ 2,6 3,4 3,9 4^1 Ngu6n: T6ng cue Thdng ke, 2016 Bi^u 2.3, trang 37 30 Nghien cthj Gia dinh va Gidi Quyen 27, so 4, tr 26-37 2015, SMAM cua nft is thdnh thi cao hon d ndng thdn 2,4 ndm (24,3 so vdi 21,9) sd lifiu d nam chi Id 1,6 nam (28,0 so vdi 26,4) Chfinh Ifich SMAM gifta nam va nft d khu vuc thi thdp hon khu vuc ndng thdn, tuong ftng la 3,7 nam vd 4,5 nam (Ting cue Thdng kfi, 2016) So sanh vdi cdc nudc khu vuc cd thi thdy ring, ddn sd nam Vifit Nam cd xu hudng kit hdn sdm hon so vdi mdt sd nude khde is Ddng Nam A Mdt phdn tfch cua Tdng cue Thdng ke va UNFPA (2010) cho bilt dd tudi kit hdn trung binh Idn ddu (SMAM) cfia Vifit Nam ndm 2009 ehi tuong duong vdi SMAM cfta Indonesia nhung thdp hon eua Thai Lan va Malaysia vao ndm 2000 Nhin chung, m6i kit hdn d Vifit Nam ed xu hudng tang Ifin nhung mftc tdng khdng cao, kit hdn van Id hien tugng phd biln va la mdt gid tri dl danh gid ddu mdc trucmg thdnh cfia ngudi, ddc biet Id ngudi phu nft Cftng vdi qud ttinh cdng nghifip hda, hien dai hda, gid tri truyin thdng cfia hdn nhan dudng nhu vdn dang dugc bao tdn va quan trgng ddi vdi ngudi Viet Nam Cac yeu to tac dong den tuoi ket hdn lan d^u Cae nghifin cftu nudc vd qudc tfi' da chi mdi quan hfi gifta tu6i kit hdn Idn ddu va cdc ylu td' kinh tfi'-xa hdi O cdp qudc gia, vific tang tudi kit hdn Idn ddu cd thi tdc ddng cfia nhilu nhdn td nhu tdng GDP, tdng ty Ifi phu nft nhdp hgc, eac chfnh sdch nhd nude, tdc dd dd thi hda hay tinh ttang tham gia qudn ddi vd chiln tranh C) cdp dd ea nhdn va gia dinh, cdc ylu td nhu hgc vdn, noi cu trft, ddc dilm gia dinh, nghi nghifip, su tham gia cua phu nft vao luc lugng lao ddng vd su ddc Idp vl kinh tl, cdc chudn muc va mong dgi ddi vdi phu nft vd nam gii^ dugc coi la cd tdc ddng tiln tudi kit hdn Idn ddu Dudi ddy trinh bay vai ttd eua mdt sd ylu td cd quan he vdi tudi kfi't hdn Idn ddu 3.1 Cac yeu td nhdn kh^u - xa hdi cua ca nhdn Hgc vdn Nhieu nghifin cftu khang dmh tdm quan ttgng cfia ttinh dd hoc vdn din tudi kfi't hdn Idn ddu, nhifin d cac mftc dd tdc ddng khde Theo nghifin cftu cfia Wenzhen Ye (1992) vd Mohammad Naanul Hoq (2013), nhftng ngudi mu chu cd xu h u ^ g kit hdn s