34 LyCdmJi^ I T N G P H O v o l BIEN D I KHI HAU TRONG CHAN NUOI CilA N G U d l KINH VA KHO-ME d XA KHANH HUTVG, HUYEN TRAN VAN THdl VA XA KHANH HOI, HUYEN U MINH, TINH CA MAU' ThS Ly cam Tii Vien Dan toe hoc Tdm tdt: Tru&c dnh hu&ng ciia hien doi hdu, hogt dong chdn nudi & tinh Cd M dd vd dang chiu nhimg tdc ddng ro ret Cu&ng do, so luang cdc dot dich binh vd vgt nudi chet thien tai gia tdng, chi phi ddu vdo ngdy cdng cao dd gdy thiit hgi khdng nhd cho ngu&i ddn Bd img phd vcri tinh hinh do, ngu&i Kinh vd ngu&i Kha-me & tinh Cd Mau dd chon nhirng cdch thirc da dgng, cd nhimg rieng biet Bd Id viic thay ddi vai tro c chdn nudi sinh ki, thuc hien nhiing phuang phdp m&i phdng chdng dich benli ciing nhu tim kiem su tra giup tir ngu&i thdn, bgn be, Qua phdn tich cdch thirc img phd c timg tQc ngu&i vd ddnh gid bu&c ddu ve tinh hiiu qud, noi dung bdi viet nhdm gdp phdn c cdp ludn cir khoa hoc cho vice xdy dung nhirng gidi phdp phii hap giiip ngu&i ddn phdt tri hogt ddng sinh ke ndy Tir khoa: Chdn nudi, img v&i bien ddi hdu, ngu&i Kha-me, nguai Kinh, Cd Ngdy nhdn bdi: 8/5/2018; ngdy giri phdn bien: 2/7/2018; ngdy duyit ddng: 8/8/2018 Mo-dau Ca Mau la mdt nhirng tinh bi de dpa nhidu nhit bdi bidn ddi hau Theo kk qua thdng ke, phan tich ciia Dai tuong thuy van tinh Ca Mau, nhiet dp toan tinh dang co xu hudng tang len rd ret Nhiet dp trung binh nam 2015 tang 0,3°C so vdi nam 2014; sd gia njng ndng gay gSt (tren 35°C) tang til 2.018,5 gid nam 2001 len 2.373,4 gid nam 2015 Lucmg mua bien ddi thit thudng, vi du tdng lupng mua trung binh nam d tram Vien An Ddng (thi trin U Minh) nam 2004 la 1.603mm, nam 2006 tang len 3.936,8mm va giam xudng 2.113,8mm nam 2015 (Dai tupng thiiy van Ca Mau, 2016) Han ban, 10 lut, bao cudng dp manh xuat hien nhidu hon, kdt thiic mudn hon vdi dudng di chuydn cang khd doan Dac biet, muc nudc biin dang len khoang 3mm/nam, thudc hang cao nhit tren ca nudc Cac nganh thiiy san, lam nghidp, ndng nghiep, cd chan nudi dupe du bao thudng xuyen chiu tdn thit tit thien tai (Trung tam Ky thuat mdi trudng, Cdng ty Tai nguyen Bai Viet la ket qua cua di tai cip Bo (2017-2018) "7>( thirc dia phuang viec ung vdi bien dot hfju cm nguai Kinh vi Kho-me a tinh Cd Mau" TS Nguyin Cong Thao lam Chi nhifni Tgp chi Ddn tgc hgc so - 2018 21 va Mdi trudng midn Nam, 2015) Didu dat nhidu thach thiie ddi vdi cae boat dgng san xuat ciia ngudi dan frong viec dam bao tinh hieu qua, ben vung Huyen U Minh nSm gAn bd bidn phia Tay B4C tinh Ca Mau, nam 2014 ed dan sd 103.876 ngudi, dong nhat la ngudi KJnh chidm 94,31%; ngudi Kho-rae, ngudi Hoa va cac dan tdc khac chi chidm 5,69% (Uy ban nhan dan huyen U Minh, 2016) Huyen Tran Van Thdi nam d phia Tay tinh Ca Mau, nam 2016 toan huyen cd 193.140 ngudi,frongdo ngudi Kha-me chiem 4,89% (Uy ban nhan dan huyen Tr4n Van Thdi, 2016) Do dac diera dia ly ciing nhu dan cu tuong ddi da dang, hai huyen da dugc lira chgn de thuc hien nghien cuu Cu thd hon, d huyen Tran Van Thdi, chung tdi tidn hanh khao sat tai xa Khanh Hung, noi cd 4.015 hg ngudi Kinh, 410 hg ngudi Kho-rae va 17 hg dan tdc khac; d huyen U Minh, chung tdi chgn xa Khanh Hdi, ed tdng sd 2.632 hd dan (nara 2016),frongdd hon 100 hd la ngudi Kha-me, cdn lai la ngudi Kinh Nghien cihi tim hidu each thiic iing phd vdi tinh hinh bien doi hau cang that thudng frong ehan nudi cua hai tdc ngudi ndi tren, so sanh tinh bieu qua va de xuat radt sd kien nghi nhara phat trien chan nudi tai dia ban nghien cuu Anh hudng cua bien dhi h^u d^n chan nuoi Sinh kd cua ngudi dan d Ca Mau la radt td hgp da dang vdi eac hinh thiic chinh nhu trdng trgt, chan nudi, thuong mai dich vu, Trong dd, chan nudi dugc cae nganh chiic nang quan tam ehi dao nhung ket qua thuc hidn cdn han che, chu yeu chi dung lai d quy rad nhd Id, hidu qua chua cao Theo bao cao hang nam cua UBND xa Khanh Hung va xa Khanh Hdi, ty le hg cd dan vat nudi (gia siic, gia cam) d ca hai xa deu dat ban 70%, nhung khdng ed frang frai quy md ldn Hau het cac hg deu nudi ket hgp sd lugng nhd gia siie va gia cam vudn nha Iam thue phara hoae dera ban vdi sd lugng khdng dang kd Cae loai vat nudi phd bien d hai xa la Ign, ga, vit, ngan, Ngoai ra, cd khoang 10% sd hd nudi fran, de, ga ac budc dau cho thu nhap kha dn dinh Nam 2011, khu tai dinh cu vam kenh Lung Ranh dugc xay dung ttdn dia phan xa Khanh Hdi dd thuc hien di ddi khoang 100 hg ddng bao Kha-me thudc khu vuc quy hoach xay dung rung phdng hd ven bien phia Tay cua huyen U Minh Hidn tai da ed fren dudi 90 hd dan ddn dinh eu nhung ddi sdng het siie khd khan Ban d4u, radi hd tai dinh cu chi duge hd trg 20 trieu ddng xay nha va 300m dat san xuat nhung khdng dam bao ngudn nudc canh tac (Uy ban nhan dan huyen U Minh, 2016) Ddi vdi nhiing hg nay, ehan nudi va di Iam thud ttd boat dgng sinh kd chinh tham chi nhat cua hg - frai nguge han vdi cac hd khdng thudc khu tai dinh cu Dieu dd cho thay sir khac biet rd ret ve thu nhap giiia cac nhdm dan cu cung mdt dia ban eu tni hep, dan den each ung phd khae ddi vdi sir tac ddng ciia bidn ddi hau dien fren dia ban 36 LyCdmn^ Anh hudng trudc hdt ciia bidn ddi hau ddn chan nudi d hai xa Khanh Hung va Khanh Hdi la su gia tang sd lupng va cudng dp cac dot dich benh Theo cac hp Kha-me dupe phdng vin, eiim gia d m mtdc chi xay vao miia gid ndm thang Gieng am lich, diln rai rae ca nam, luc nap cting cd nguy co bung phat Dich tieu chay d Ion truac chi xuit hien vao miia ndng, da lan sang cudi thu, diu ddng va keo dai den dau mua xuan - nhung thoi didm ngudi dan vdn cho ring "an toan" Diln bidn khd Iudng cua thdi tidt lam hp khdng kip ling phd, cdng them each chan nudi, it chii trpng ky thuat thu y da lam tinh hinh dich benh cang khd kidm spat hon Trai vdi ngudi Kha-me, cac hd ngudi Kinh cho ring, ndu du phong thudng xuyen bing thudc dang trdn vao thitc an va vd sinh chudng trai bang each dung voi bdt, thudc sat khuIn mua tir ttam thii y thi thiet hai khdng qua nghiem trpng Sd lln biing phat dich cd tang so vdi trudc nhung da sd chi la cac loai benh thdng thudng, neu vat nudi co sdc de khang tdt se chdng chju dupe Anh hudng thir hai ddn chan nudi d cac diem nghien ciru ttr bien dpi hau la viec gia tiing sd lupng vat nudi chet thien tai Mua to, gid bao manh bat thudng xiiy cang nhidu thang tu thang - lam dd chudng trai, chdt ga, vit con, gay thiet hai cho chan nudi gia cim, dac biet vdi cac hd nudi theo hinh thitc tha rdng Cudi he nam 2015 den diu nam 2016, mdt tran han ban lich sir keo dai den - thang xay tren xa Khanh Hung da giiy thiet hai dang ke cho chan nudi vii san xuat ndng nghiep cua ba Mpt hd ngudi Kinh d ap Nha may A, xa Khanh Hung cho biet, gia dinh bi mat trang dan gia cam gan 200 vi tran ban ldn dd va hidn gia dmh da bd ban viec chan nudi Han nang budc ho phai cho gia sue, gia cam udng nudc gieng (ngudn nudc an va sinh hoat); nang ndng ciing khien chuoi phat trien tran lan, ehiing khdng chi pha lua ma cdn can ga con, vit eon ndu ngudi dan quen khdng ddng cira chudng vao ban dem Nhirng nguyen nhan kd tren cdng vdi Id md Ion tai thi tran Sdng Ddc, huyen Tran Van Thdi ngimg boat ddng, lam cho san phim mit diu khiSt nhieu hd phai bd chan nudi de chuyen sang sinh kd khac De phdng ttanh, nhidu hd kha gia ngudi Kinh da gia cd chudng trai, lip thdm mai che, bdng den sudi hoac di chuydn chudng ddn vi tri khac Trong dd, mpt vai hd Kho-me ngheo tam su: "Nhd minh & bi dot thi Idy tien ddu de sira chira chudng trgi", tham chi c hd cdn ndi: "Nhdn tien dot bdo Idm hong chuong thi dimg chdn nudi di di Idm thue ludn" (Tu lieu phdng van sau, 2017) Nhu vay, vin dd thidu ngudn vdn tai chinh Cling dat nhi& thach thiic cho ngudi dan vide ling phd vdi bidn ddi hau, tri boat ddng chiin nudi trudc tmh hinh gia ban cang bit dn Khdng chi gia tang dich benh, bidn ddi hau cdn tac ddng gian tidp ddn boat dgng chan nudi cua ba gay anh hudng tdi cac phin khac ttong td hop sinh thai ndng nghiep Thdi tiet thiit thudng lam giam san lupng ttdng trpt, dan ddn tang gia cac loai thirc an chan nudi tit ndng san nhu cam gao, thdc, Theo phan anh cua ngudi dan xa Khanh Hgi, Tgp chi Ddn tgc hgc sti'4 - 2018 vao thdi diem mat miia, gia thdc ed thd tang g4p nidi, gap ddi keo theo chi phi nudi ga tang len ro ret Su khan hiem cam gao budc ddng bao phai tim den cam cdng nghiep - ngudn thiie an cd chi phi eao hon nhidu l4n Trong dd, diu san pham lai giam vi dich benh lien mien, gia ca len xudng that thudng, thuang lai ddn tan ap ep gia, mua chiu, Hieu qua kinh te ttong chan nudi cang th4p da anh hudng ldn ddn ngudi dan, trude het la nhiing hg ngheo khdng ed dat lam rugng, khdng cd lua chgn sinh ke va ngudn thu nhap khac thay thd Nhieu hd da bd han ehan nudi dd chuydn sang lara thud, ban tap hda , radt sd khac tiep tuc chan nudi cara chung ehua tim dugc viec lam thay the Mdt chu hg ngudi Kho-me d khu tai dinh eu Lung Ranh da ndi that long: "Dd ngheo, nuoi gi vdo lgi cdng ngheo thim" Qua that, chan nudi tung duge coi la "loi thoat" nhat cho ngudi dan thi Iai thua Id, dan den tam trang be tac, thit vgng, chan nan Cach thiic ihig phd vdi bien ddi h^u chan nudi Trudc tinh binh bien ddi hau cang phiic tap, cae hd chan nudi d dia ban nghien ciiu da tim eho minh nhung each iing phd rieng vdi hidu qua khae biet nham tri va dn dinh sinh ke Trong dd, ndi bat len la sir khac biet giiia ngudi Kinh va Kha-me ca ve lua chgn gidng vat nudi va each thiic chan nudi Neu ngudi Kinh td nam bat tdt han nhiing tri thiic hien dai thi ngudi Kho-rae lai nghieng ve vdn kinh nghiera truyen thdng Dieu dan den nhiing ket qua dat dugc khac raa ehiing tdi se dd cap d dudi day 2.L Thay doiloai vat nuoi Nhu da dd cap,frendja ban hai xa Khanh Hung va Khanh Hdi chi cd khoang 10% sd hg chan nudi gidng mdi (fran, de, ga chgi, ga ac ) va da cho thay hieu qua kinh te rd ret Siic chdng chiu ddi vdi thdi tidt bat thudng, thien tai, benh dich eua eac gidng mdi so vdi nhiing gidng truyen thdng tdt hem rat nhidu Ga thudng bi dich cd the chet hang loat nhung ga ac Cling mgt phuang phap chan nudi thi chi thidt hai vai eon; ga chgi gap bao se tu tim chd tni an, ty Id tning nd ban 90%, ga ldn cham nhung khde manh;fransdng tdt qua nhirng nang ndng, chi bd an, cham Idn Do dd, mdtfronghai hg nudi fran cu tni d xa Khanh Hdi da ndi rang: "Moi eon trdn nhd toi la song duac qua dot hgn hdn lich sie ndm 2016" Tuong tu ddi vdi dd, theo ldi ke cua nhiing hd da va dang chan nudi thi loai vat rat khde, phara an, ldn nhanh, hidra xay benh dich xa Khanh Hung va Khanh Hgi, nhung hd cdng vdi cac gidng vat nudi mdi deu la ngudi Kinh Phdng van mgt sd gia dinh ngudi Kha-me kha gia tai dia phuang thi hg tra ldi rang ngudn thu nhap chinh cua gia dinh la budn ban, nudi trdng thuy san, lam thud, nhat la dugc ehau di lam an xa gui tien ve Trong "bi lam thi mai phdi chdn nuoi, vira vdt vd viea bdp benh Minh nuoi no chet da ddnh, ddng ndy no l&n roi ngu&i ta khong mua " - mgt nu ehu hd d xa Khanh Hung cho biet Phdng van eae hd ngheo d khu tai dinh i-y c-am jii 38 cu Lung Ranh cho thiy, ngudi Kho-me rit thu ddng viec chpn gidng Hp cho rang, nlu dan gia sue, gia cim nha nao it benh, niing suit cao tuc la gidng nha tdt, it quan tam ddn vin dd kytiiuat(con gidng da tiem phdng chua, kich thudc theo tadi ) Do ngn6n gidng ban hep, chi liy ni cac gia dinh khac Ip, ngudi quen gidi thieu hoac mua tir thuong lai nen vat nudi it cd kha nang chdng chiu benh dich, gap hau thit thudng thi dj xay tinh trang chet hang loat, thua Id nang Ngupc lai, hoat ddng chan nudi d ngudi Kinh da dang ban Ben canh cac gidng ttuySn thdng, hp cdn manh dan diu ttt, thir nghidm nhiing gidng mdi Mpt chii bp ngudi Kinh d xa Khanh Hung ndi: "Ti ngu&i quen ke rdng tren Tien Giang nudi gd choi ldi qud nen tdi phai di tim cho bang duac" Khi thua Id, hp tiiudng chuyen sang gidng khae, bd han gidng cu, khdng tilp tuc diu ttt them nira Mdt didn hinh cdng la hd nudi ga ac d Ap 3, xa Khanh Hdi Phdng vin sau cho bidt,ttoidckia gia dinh anh nudi ga tau vang nhimg thudng xuyen xay dich benh, chit nhieu ttdi nSng ndng Sau dot ban han lich sit nam 2016, anh chuyin ddi sang gidng mdi, hien gia dinh anh da thoat nghdo nhd nudi ga ac, xiiy dupe nla cao tang va dang phat trien gidng de ban eho cac hd lang gieng Mdt phin quan ttpng ttong he sinh thai ndng nghiep d xa Khanh Hung va Khanh Hdi la ao ca - md hinh VAC vdn rit phd bien d nhieu tinh phia Nam Ao giup tan dung chat thai tir he thdng chan nudi, vira tidu thu hiru co thira va tham gia vao qua trinh tuan hoan vat chit Cling nhu bao ve mdi trudng, vira dem lai mdt ngudn thuc phiim phu cho gia dinh Ao cd dien tich da dang, nhd tit ban 20m^ den ldn ban la lOOm^, ca nudi chu yeu la cac Ioai ca bun sdng khde nhu ca rd, ca tte, ca tta, Quan nidm ciia ngudi Kinh va ngudi Kha-me doi vdi hinh thirc chan nudi nhin chung ttai ngupc Ngudi Kha-me cho rang, ao nha nao cung cd, ca nha nao ciing nudi, gia thiip chiing mua ndn riit it dem ban, chi dimg lam thuc pham hoac thuc iin cho gia sue, gia cam Ngupc lai, ngudi Kinh chp rang, tiem nang kmh te cua ao la rat ldn, hpan toan cd thd phat triin dupe Ci xa Khanh Hdi cd hg da chu dpng md rdng dien tich ao len hon 200m^ de kit hpp nudi ca, tdm thuang mai dem lai hieu qua dang ke Nhirng hd ngudi Kinh khac dupe hpi vl ao diu mong mudn cai thien quy md nhu mdt hinh thirc tan dung cac ngudn vdn cd san dd cai thien sinh ke Dieu cho thay, su nhay ben han cua ngudi Kinh ttong nim bit cac co hdi, lot ich lai dupe thd Men to rang htm 2.2 Thay ddi each thirc chdm soc Do tinh da dang ve chiing loai vat nudi nen d xa Khanh Hung va Khanh Hdi xuit hien nhieu hinh thiic chan tha, cham sdc, keo thep ap luc chi phi diu vap khac Nhuttenda de cap, bien ddi hau tac ddng khdng nhd ddn ngudn thilc an chan nudi, khidn ndng san cang khan hilm Trudc tinh hinh dd, ba ngudi Kinh va BCho-me da tim cho minh nhimg each thich ilng da dang Nhidu hp vao vu thu hoach Ilia da tich tru cam gao, phoi kho Tgp chi Ddn tgc hgc so - 2018 cat vao bao tai de danh cho gia siie, gia dm an d^n Hg cung trdn cam gao vdi thiic an ban sin theo ti le 1-1 nham giam gia cdn mdt mia hoac mdt phan ba so vdi trudc Ddi vdi gia cam, hinh thiic chan nudi cdng nghiep chua xu4t hien, ba van eho an chu yeu bang thdc, tdm ca nhd bat td ao, tha rdng vudn nen chi phi khdng qua cao Vdi ttan, hg thudng bat chudt hoac lay ludn ga vit chdt dich benh lam thiic an Nudi tran vi vay dugc danh gia la it ton kem, it benh dich, hieu qua kinh te eao nhat nhung khdng nhidu hd dam nudi vi sg nguy hiem den tinh mang Tuy nhien, nhiing each iing phd chi mang tmh chat tinh the, cam chung, ngudi dan chua thue su tim dugc giai phap ben vung Vd ky thuat thu y hien dai, ngudi Kinh d ea hai xa quan tam ban, tidp can tdt ban Khi dugc hdi, phan ldn cac hd Kinh ddu tta ldi rjng, hg chu yeu hgc hdi kinh nghiem tu ban be, ngudi than, dae biet tham gia rat day du nhung dot tap huan cua can bd thii y td chuc d Uy ban nhan dan xa Tram y te xa Dan vat nudi dugc cham sdc theo quy trinh hudng dan, ngoai hg cdn du phdng trudc bang thudc ttdn thiic an, thudng xuyen sat khuan chudng trai, Chi phi cho thude phdng ngiia dich benh tang cao, cd the gap ddi song bu lai dan vat nudi it bi benh dich hon ban Vdi nhiing ehung loai mdi, hg cung hgc hdi rat can than ky thuat tu ban bd, ngudi quen da cdng trude nhu tiera phdng the nao, sii dung thude gi de phdng benh va ehua benh tu bat dau mua gidng Ngugc lai, ngudi KJio-me hau nhu chua quan tara nhieu den ky thuat thii y Hg thudng chgn nhiing phuang phap truyen thdng dd phdng benh, chiia benh cho vat nudi vi cho rang ky thuat thii y hien dai ed chi phi qua cao so vdi tdng thu nhap eua gia dinh Dd la cac chi phi cho gia cara udng mat ong ngam rugu du phdng cum, udng Ampixilin va Vitamin C hi eiim de ehua benh; cho Ign udng bd sung nudc pha mudi loang vao mua he chdng tieu chay; eho tran udng mat ong chiia den (benh tua luoi); ve sinh chudng, ddi rua mang an thudng xuydn raua he; thay ddi thdi gian nudi ttanh mua gid thang - am lich, Do it dugc cham sdc dung ky thuat nen sue chdng chiu cua dan vat nudi d ngudi Kha-me thdi tidt bit thudng td kem ban ban Nhiing nam gan day, benh dich thudng xuyen biing phat, dac bidt la dieh trdn ga va vit, khien nhieu hd bi thiet hai nang, tham chi mat frang ca von Nguyen nhan chii yeu la ngudi Kho-me chu yeu ap dung cac bien phap phdng, chiia tri truydn thdng bang nhirng thuc pham, thiic an thdng thudng, dugc tinh rat nhe Neu ed dich Idn xay ra, tdc lay lan nhanh giira nhung gia dinh cung ap thi phuang phap truyen thdng trd ndn bi ddng Ndu su khac biet chgn gidng vat nudi lien quan ehu ydu den suy nghT, quan niem eua ngudi dan thi each thuc cham sdc vat nudi Iai the hien ret siic ep tir cac ngudn vdn sinh kd iing phd vdi benh dich, thien tai Rd rang gia cho viec phdng, chiia benh d vat nudi bSng tri thiic truyen thdng thap ban rat nhieu so vdi ky thuat thii y hien dai, nhung hoan canh khd khan cua da sd ngudi Kho-me d xa Khanh Hung va Khanh Hdi chua cho 40 I^_CmiTi^ phep hp tidp can vai thudc khang sinh dac tri vi gia qua cao Do dd, chung tdi khong thi danh gia tinh hieu qua cua tri thiic dia phuang so vdi tri thirc mdi, ma chi dua so sanh chung vl each thuc khac biet giita hai tpc ngudi Cac chinh sach ho ttp vi vay nen hudng tdi viec cung cip thudc, phd biln cho ngudi dan vd quy trinh chan nudi, dac biet la thay ddi tam ly "cue doan", "budng xudi" va "bl tic" cua nhihig bp ngheo gap khd khan, that bai 2.3 Su trff giiip tit vdn xd hoi Trudc nhiing khd khan ttt biln ddi hau, my hiu hit cac hd tta ldi phdng vin din cho ring bdn thdn minh phdi tu doi mat Id chinh song su trp giup tit ban be, hp hang vin rit dang kl Cac gidng vat nudi mdi nhu ga ac, ga chpi, de va tran deu dp ban be cua chii hp gidi thieu noi mua Ddi vdi ngudi Kinh, su tto giilp tir vdn xa hdi ddi ttd "chia khoa" thoat ngheo cua gia dinh Hp thudng hd trp bang gidng, ky thuat, kinh nghiem chan nudi, hoac don gian hon la gpi md nhimg y tudng, dinh hudng va ca hdi Cach ttp giiip cd thi khdng qua hiru ieh d thdi didm hien tai, nhung lai thidt thuc va hieu qua hrong lai, mang tinh lau dai, ben virng So vdi ngudi Kinh, ngudi Kha-me lai cd each img phd khac, thiet thuc ban nham giai quyet cac nhu ciiu ngan ban, chii yeu biing hien vat Hp trp giup vupt qua khd khiin ttiidc mat thay vi chuiin bi cho tuong lai xa Qua ket qua phdng van, khdng cd hd nao timg dupe lang gieng, ban be, ngudi than hd trp ve gidng hay ky thuat nudi, nhimg lai rat hay dupe cho ndng siin, thuc phiim ddi kem, miit mua Tinh dpan ket, ctru mang, diim hoc thdn ap cua ngudi Kha-me d dia ban nghien ctru rat chat che theo hinh thtrc "chia se san pham", "chia sd qua", khac hoan toan vdi "chia sd kinh nghiem va thdng tin" nhu ngudi Kinh Theo hp, hd ttp gidng va ky thuat ciing hay nhimg kem hidu qua vi nlu ho qua ngheo, khdng du vdn tai chinh de diiu tu thi su trp giiip dd ttd nen vd ich Day la mpt diem khac biet dang ke nhan thuc giCta ngudi Kinh va ngudi Kho-me tai dia ban khao sat Dieu khdng nham danh gia tu cua "xa ban" hay "tien bo hon", ma moi each thuc the hien van hda iing xu vdi hoan canh ctia timg cdng ddng NSu ngudi Kinh phin nhidu la nhiing hd kha gia thi ngudi Kha-me lai ngheo hon, cupc sdng cdn bap benh chua cho phep hp tilp can vdi cac hinh thitc chan nudi mdi, phat diln lam an quy md ldn Do dd, hp cho ring giup da bing hien vat se thuc tl hem, phii hpp hon 2.4 Cdch thiirc ling v&i riii ro Ddi vdi ngudi Kho-me, dac biet nhirng hd nghdo thi chan nudi gin nhu la hinh thitc sinh ke dupe uu tien lua chpn Hp chp ring, lam rupng cin cd dit, nudi trdng thuy san hoac dl budn can vdn dau ttt ldn, cdn chan nudi va danh bit hai san la hai boat ddng smh kl dS ttep can hon Ndu nghe danh bit hai san chi danh cho dan dng tinh chit vit va, nguy hilm ciing mdt sd kieng ky khac cua dan di biln, thi chan nudi lai nhan nha phii hop vdi phu nii, Tgp chi Ddn tdc hgc sd'4 - 2018 ngudi gia, siic khde ydu, Day la ngudn nhan lire chiem sd ddng d cac hd ngheo Ndi each khac, hg tham gia boat dgng chan nudi rk\ thu ddng, da s6 hoan canh bat huge nen he sinh thai ndng nghiep cung cae ngudn vdn sinh kd khdng dugc dam bao Do tinh chat khdng ben viing ma bien doi hau da va dang anh hudng tdi hg r4t ro ret, nghiem frgng hon nhieu so vdi cac hg kha gia Ddn thiet hai vugt ngudng chiu dung thi cac gia dinh thudng bd bSn hoac tiep tuc chan nudi cim chiing nhiim cung cap thuc phim ttong gia dinh la ehinh Ngugc lai, ngudi Kinh thudng co each tidp can ehu dgng hon ttong ehan nudi Hg dau tu nhin thay co hdi kinh td ro rang, ndu khdng thi ehi hoat ddng d miic tri nham tan dung ndng san thiia, dem lai ngudn thuc ph4m bd sung cho gia dinh Khao sat eho thay, hiem cd hd ngudi Kinh nao hoan toan dua vao chan nudi, kd ca hai hd nudi ttan va ga ac, cho du lgi nhuan tir chung da kha cao Hg thudng kdt hgp chan nudi vdi frdng trgt, di bien hoac budn ban nhd, Khi mdt hinh thiic td kem hieu qua, hg rat nhanh chdng giam vdn, ban thao chdng Id, rdi ehuyen sang hudng khac an toan ban Vdi gidng vat nudi hoan toan mdi, ban dau hg thudng dau tu rit it d miic tdi thieu, rdi nudi thu vdng mdt vai vu Neu lgi nhuan cao se phat trien tiep, khdng cd lai thi lai ehuyen ddi Mdt hd ngudi Kinh nudi de dan Idn d xa Khanh Hdi khang dinh van tiep tue nudi, nhung sau tich du vdn se rad cua hang budn ban nhd chua biet de ed that su hieu qua lau dai frong tuong lai hay khdng Dieu tao ndn sir linh boat sir dung cac ngudn vdn eua ngudi Kinh, giiip hg iing phd tdt ban vdi nhiing rui ro Song, each iing phd ciing cd han chd la gia san pham sut giara bat ngd thi ngudi dan phai ban thao ndn chiu thidt hai rat nang Ben canh nhiing hg tiep tuc chan nudi, sd lugng gia dinh da hoae dang cd y dinh chuyen ddi sinh ke cang gia tang Tu cua hg, dae biet la ngudi Kha-me dan dan thay ddi Ndu trudc chan nudi la "loi thodt cho nguai ngheo" thi hien khdng edn hieu qua nua, thara ehi bap benh hem so vdi nhieu nganh nghe khac " toi nhd Idm nong nghiep, nuoi heo md lgi ngheo han cd di vgn Id sao?" (Phdng van mdt nara chu hd ngudi Kho-rae d khu tai dinh eu vam kenh Lung Ranh) Budn ban nhd la hinh thirc dugc nhieu hd gia dinh lua chgn nhit Trong dd, hg thudng md tap hda, quan nudc tai nha dd tiet kiera tdi da chi phi phat sinh Qua phdng van radt hd Kho-rae va mdt hd Kinh cho thay, thu nhap tir budn ban nhd ban dau chua bang, nhung sau dan dan fro ndn dn dinh hon chan nudi Day la xu hudng mdi xu4t hien tir khoang nam trd lai day, hidn tai sd lugng hd budn ban nhu thd edn it nen hiu nhu khdng ed canh ttanh Ngoai ra, mdt sd ngudi dan tai dia ban nghien ciiu ndi rieng va tinh Ca Mau ndi chung lira chgn di lam edng nhan d nhimg khu cdng nghiep Ty Id ngudi Iam an xa cang gia tang, dae bidt ttong tudi 20 - 35 Di lam an xa mang lai eho hg mdt ngudn thu nhap dn dinh, khoang - trieu ddng/thang Phan Idn ngudi di lam an xa d xa Khanh Hung va 42 I£CmTi_ Khanh Hdi diu mong mudn d lai phd, khdng thich ttd vl Day la khac bidt dang kl so vdi ngudi dan d miln nui phia BIC, thudng chi kiim mpt sd vdn nhit djnh rdi vd que nha lap nghiep Hoat ddng ttiy dem lai thu nhap dn dinh ban nhung mpt sd ngudi ldnttidicho ring, di lam an xa rit dl bi ldi keo tham gia vao eac td nan xa hdi, nhit la nam gidi Theo do, cac gia tti van hda ttuyln thdng ciing cang mai mdt, mdi quan he cua nhiing ngudi di lam an xa vdi gia dudi, cdng ddng d que huong cd phan md nhat ban trade Kit luan hai xa Khanh Hung va Khanh Hdi, tac dpng cua biln ddi hau din ngudi Kinh va ngudi Kha-me ttong chan nudi duoc thd hien rd rang qua ba bieu Men chinh: su gia tang si lupng va cudng dp cac dot dich benh, sd lupng vat nudi chet thien tai cang tang, giam san luang ttong trpt din ddn tang gia cac Ipai thitc an chan nudi ttl ndng san Dac biet, doi vdi cac hd Kha-me ngheo khu tai dinh cu vam kdnh Lung Ranh, nhiing anh hudng cua biln ddi hau tdi chan nudi thdi gian qua da lam dao ldn cupc song cua hp, chu yeu la thua lo din din khd khan chong chit Trudc tinh hinh dd, ngudi dan d tinh Ca Mau da tim chp minh nhiing each ung rieng vl chan nudi vdi hieu qua khac biet nham tri va dn dinh smh ke Su khac biet giiia ngudi Kinh va Kho-me ndi bat len ca vl lua chpn gidng Ipai vat nudi, ky thuat thii y, tto giup tit vdn xii hdi, ttm kiim co hdi vide lam khac Neu ngucri Kho-me nghieng ve vdn kinh nghiem, tu truyin thdng thi ngudi Kinh lai td nam bat tdt hon nhiing tri thitc hien dai, da dang hda sinh ke, tan dung eac co hdi phat tridn Mdt sd hd ngudi Kinh dien hinh d dja phuang chp thay, chan nudi khdng phai la "sinh ke danh cho ngudi ngheo" hay "lira chon cudi ciing" nhu da sd ba vin nghT, ma chua dung nhieu tiem nang kinh te chua dupe khai thac het Do dd, phat tridn chiin nudi gdp phan giam ngheo cho cac dan tdc d Ca Mau ttong bdi canh kbi hau bien ddi that thudng la vide cd the thuc hien dupe, phu thudc rat nhieu vao tri thirc cung nhu su lua chpn phii hop cua mdi tpc ngudi, moi hd gia dtnh Ket qua nghien cilu cho thiiy, dl img phd vdi su gia tiing anh hudng tich cue cua bien ddi hau va thoat ngheo ben vimg, Nha nudc, cac cip, cac nganh d dia phuong can sdm cd giai phap eu thi va thiit thuc dl: 1) Hd ttp gidng chp ngudi dan, dac biet nhung gidng mdi cd kha nang khang benh, chdng chiu tdt vdi thay ddi thdi tilt; 2) Khuyin khich ngudi dan tim tdi, thu nghiem gidng vat nudi mdi phit hpp; 3) Hd ttp ky thuat,fliudcfliiiy tai nha thay vi tap huan d Uy ban nhan dan xa; 4) Cd bien phap phii hop dl nang cao nhan thiic cho ngutri dan ve quy trinh chan nudi va ngan ngita dich benh Tai lidu tham khao Dai hrpng thuy van Ca Mau (2016), So' lieu tu(mg thtiy vdn ddc trung thing tgi cdc diem tinh Cd Mau, Tai lieu luu tai Van phdng UBND tinh CJ Mau Tgp chi Ddn tdc hgc sti'4 - 2018 43 Trung tam Ky thu^t Mdi trudng - Cdng ty Tai nguyen va Mdi trudng midn Nam (2015), Xdy dung ki hoach hdnh dong ung v&i biin doi hdu vd nu&c biin ddng cua tinh Cd Mau, Tai lieu luu tai Van phdng UBND tinh Ca Mau Uy ban nhan dan huyen Trin Van Thdi (2016), Bdo cdo Cong tdc qudn ly Nhd nu&c vi ddn tgc vd kit qud trien khai thuc hien chinh sdch ddn tgc trin dia bdn huyin Trdn Vdn Th&i ndm 2016, Tai lieu luu tai Van phdng UBND huyen Trin Van Thdi Uy ban nhan dan huyen U Minh (2016), Quy hoach su dung ddt den ndm 2020 vd ke hogch sie dung ddt 05 ndm (2011 - 2015) huyen U Minh - tinh Cd Mau, Tai lieu luu tai Van phdng UBND huyen U Minh Uy ban nhan dan xa Khanh Hgi (2012 - 2016), Bdo cdo Tinh hinh thue hien Nghi quyet Hgi dong nhdn ddn xa ve nhiim vu phdt triin kinh te - xa hgi vd ke hogch phdt trien kinh ti - xd hgi qua cac nam tir 2012 den 2016, Tai lieu luu tai Van phdng UBND xa Khanh Hdi Uy ban nhan dan xa Khanh Hung (2012 - 2016), Bdo cdo Tinh hinh thuc hiin Nghi quyet Hgi dong nhdn ddn xd vi nhiem vu phdt trien kinh ti - xd hgi vd ke hogch phdt trien kin te - xd hgi qua eac nam tir 2012 den 2016, Tai lieu luu tai Van phdng UBND xa Khanh Hung Chan nudi Ign cua ngudi Kho-me d huyen U Minh, tinh Ca Mau Anh: Pham Thi Cam Van, chup nam 2017 ... ky thuat tu ban bd, ngudi quen da cdng trude nhu tiera phdng the nao, sii dung thude gi de phdng benh va ehua benh tu bat dau mua gidng Ngugc lai, ngudi KJio -me hau nhu chua quan tara nhieu den... tiep tue nudi, nhung sau tich du vdn se rad cua hang budn ban nhd chua biet de ed that su hieu qua lau dai frong tuong lai hay khdng Dieu tao ndn sir linh boat sir dung cac ngudn vdn eua ngudi Kinh, ... (benh tua luoi); ve sinh chudng, ddi rua mang an thudng xuydn raua he; thay ddi thdi gian nudi ttanh mua gid thang - am lich, Do it dugc cham sdc dung ky thuat nen sue chdng chiu cua dan vat nudi