Một số điều chỉnh chính sách nhập cư của liên minh châu âu

MdT Sd' DICU CHINH CHINH SACH NH$P CIJ CUn UCN MINH CHnU SU L e T h j Kim Oanh* Tdm tdt: Trong bdi cdnh cudc khung hodng nhdp cu dien ngdy cdng trdm trgng, EU dd tiin hdnh thdt chgt chinh sdch nhdp cu Cdc bign phdp thdt chdt nhdp cu da bdt ddu tir cuoi ndm 2015 Dieu ndy tgo dp luc budc EU cdn nhdc thgy ddi mgt sd ndi dung higp u&c lien quan din vi^c tie di lgi, cutruvd kiim sodt bien gi&i tren lanh thd cdc qudc gia thdnh viin khu vire Schengen Cdc nhd ldnh dgo chdu Au dd td chirc nhiiu cugc hgp thugng dinh di tim l&i gidi cho bdi todn ngu&i nhgp cu Bai viet tap trung phdn tich vd ddnh gid nhirng dieu chinh chinh sdch nhdp cu cUa EUhign Tft khda: diiu chinh, chinh sdch, nhgp cu Lien minh Chdu Au Nhung nhSn t l tdc dfng din sy dilu chinh chfnh sdch nhdp cu cua EU Ll Nh&n tS quic ti - Thir nhdt, khdng hodng kinh ti, chinh tri, xd hdi a cdc nu&c khu vuc Bdc Phi Trung Dong dugc coi Id nguyen nhdn fryc tilp ddn din khung hodng nhdp cu chdu Au khiln EU phdi dieu chinh chinh sdch nhdp cu Phong frdo "Mua xuan Arab" thang 3/2011 da kfch hogt cac cufic bilu tinh d Syria ddi chdp dut gdn thap ky cam quyln cfta Ddng Baath, cung nhu yfiu cdu Ting thong Bashar al - Assad tu chuc Tuy nhifin ' Vifn Nghien curu C h a u Au Chinh phu Syria khong chdp nhdn thdt bgi nhu cdc quic gia Trung Dfing vd Bdc Phi khdc Syria dd friln khai qudn dfi de dap tdt cdc cufic nli ddy, binh sT dugc lfinh n l sftng vao thudng dan Cdc cufc bilu tinh culi cQng phdt ttiln thdnh mft cugc nli dfy bao dfng, lyc Iugng dli lap cdng cd vu frang va cd t l chdc hg thing nhdt thdnh cdc nhdm Idn hon dong thdi nhdn dugc vifn frg quan sy td mdt so quoc gia bfin ngodi TQ cho bdt dau nhu mft phong frdo cdi each vd dan chu, cugc khftng hodng Syria da mang mft chilu hudng todn cdu Bgo lyc leo thang, ddt nudc rai vdo mft cufc nfi chien Theo Lifin hgp quic, cd ban 250.000 ngudi dd thift mgng frong cufc xung dft Syria Nhgn bdl ngdy 20/3//2017 Phdn bign xong: 2/6/2017 Chdp nhgn ddng bdi: 15/6/2017 Cufc xung dfit bdy gid khfing chi Id mgt frdn chien gifta Tong thing Assad vd cdc nhdm noi d§y; chiln su xdy d khdp nai, ttfin mgi 69 MM L^dieMM ehinh mdt trdn, gifta mgi phe phdi' Bgo lyc, xung ddn chu" cUng Id nguyen nhdn sdu xa ddn dft cflng diln d nhilu nudc thufc khu vyc t&i khiing hodng Thyc tien cho thdy, cdc Trung Ddng - Bdc Phi, khien ngudi dan phdi bien dfng chinh fri - xa hgi mang ten "Miia rfii bd nha cda di ldnh ngn, tgo thdnh Idn xudn Arab" Id hdu qud vifc thyc hien chiln sfing di cu d gt sang chau Au vd nhieu quoc lugc "De an Tnmg Dfing lfin" cfta My* gia khdc ttfin the gidi Nhu hdu qud cfta han Trudc My vd chdu Au can thifp vdo cufc ndm chiln franh, hon trifiu ngufii dd ttin xung dft nfi bf cda the gidi Arab ndm 2011, khdi Syria kl tu bdt ddu cufc xung ddt, Syria da d frong tuih ttgng tdt hon cd vfi kinh phdn ldn Id phu nft vd tre em, din tru dn d tl va xa hfi, khien nudc ndy ttd thdnh mdt cdc ttgi tj nan (ttong s l nhthig ngudi tj nan nai ehdo ddn nhilu ngudi tj ngn nhdt Tuy cd tdi frifiu frfi em) cdc nudc ldng gilng nhifin, chl dfi Alawite dd khfing thl doi phd nhu Thl NhT Ky, Iraq, Liban, Jordan vd Ai vdi sy gia tdng cda cdc nhdm noi day Vdo Cgp Cdc quoc gia thugc khoi Vung Vjnh ndm 2012, My dd chinh thdc thQa nhdn ung gidu mgnh khong he tilp nhgn du chi ngudi tj ngn Tning tam Nghien cdu Chinh sach Syria cho rdng nin kinh t l cua Syria da "tan vd vd phan mdnh"^ Cudc khftng hodng ngudi di cu Syria dd tgo mft cufc khftng hodng nhdn dgo mdi tgi chau Au, udc tinh cd 12,2 trieu ngudi cdn frg giup nhan dgo d Syria, bao gom 5,6 frifu trfi em^ hf phe dli l§p Syria, Phdp cung Qng hg cho phe dli Idp tgi nudc va dong thdi thuc ddy Lifin minh Chau Au thong nhdt lap trudng chung dil vdi vdn dl Syria Bao Iyc, xung dflt da diln d nhilu nudc khu vyc Bdc Phi - Trung Ddng khiln ngudi dan noi ddy phdi rdi bd nhd cda, ddt nufifc di ldnh nan, tao Ian sdng di cu I gt sang chau Au va nhilu quoc gia khdc trfin thl gidi - Thu hai, sijr can thigp cua cdc nu&c phuang Tdy nup du&i chiiu bdi "cdi cdch - Thie ba, cdc to chuc khiing bo lgi dung trd trdn vdo ddng ngu&i di cu di t&i khung ' Muriel Asseburg and Heiko Wimmen, "The Civil War in Syria and the Impotence of International Politics", SWP https://www.swpberlin.org/fileadmin/contents/product s/fachpubiikationen/Friedenspjtachten_engBeitragAs seburg.pd^ accessed January 3,2016 ^ Syrian Cenfre for Policy Research (SCPR), "Syria: Cor^onting Fragmentation! Impact of Syrian Crisis Report," February 2016, http://www.ara.cat/2016/02/ll/1520927894.pdf7hash =3al86be3bc9bfbc70dllfD241fd49d847f7fl)042, p.6, accessed April 1,2016 ' United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Af&irs, Syrian Arab Republic, http://www.unocha.org/syria, accessed Januaiy 15, 2016 bd chdu Au Hien chau Au dang phdi doi mdt vdi mft cufc khung hodng nhgp cu nghifim ttgng, chft yeu xudt phdt tQ cdc nudc Trung Dong vd Bdc Phi Ldn sdng ndy da va dang ldm tdng thfim ganh ndng kmh t l vd tiem dn nguy ca an ninh cho EU Lan sdng ngudi nhdp cu dd bj tfi pham vd khung b l http://tapchiqptd.vn/vi/binh-luan-phe-phan/cuockhung-hoang-di-cu-o-chau-au-can-nguyen-va-giaiphap/8240.html, tdi ngdy 20/12/2015 70 NGHIEN COU CHAU AU - EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N'»6(2011.2017 ttd trfn nhdm tiln vdo chdu Au Chau Au quan tam xem xfit EU phdi dli mdt vdi hdng khdng cdn dugc coi Id mdnh ddt binh yfin tft logt cdc cugc khdng bo tgi Phdp, Bl vd DQc sau loat vy tdn cfing vdo Phap md dinh dilm ttong nhftng ndm vfta qua Vi vdy, cdc quic Id vy tan cdng dim mau d Paris gia khdc cung kfiu ggi chia se thfing tin rfng 13/11/2015, cufip di sinh mgng cua 130 rai ban vl dQ lieu hdnh khdch di mdy bay vd ngudi Logt vu ddnh bom lilu chit tgi cdc dia thdnh lgp mfit ca quan quy md chdu Au dl diem ddng nguoi d Brussels cfta Bi vdo gidm sdt bien gidi ben ngoai khli Schengen thdng 3/2016, logt vy vifc mdi xdy d Phdp Cd rat nhieu tranh cai chung quanh vdn dl vd Ddc lai ldm ddy lfin m l i lo nggi ve nhQng cho thdy sy rgn nut khli Schengen hmh thuc tdn cong kilu mdi, khd dli phd vd Id khdng thl trdnh khdi khd ngdn chdn hon Thd phgm cac vu tan cflng deu Id ngudi goc nhap cu, dang xin ti ngn vd da phdn dugc cdc phdn td Hli giao cyc doan kfch dgng NhQng nguy ca ve an ninh de dga ldm vd k l hoach nhdt thl hda chau Au khiln nhilu ddng ddn tfc cyc doan cd tilng ndi lfin hon frong chfnh quyen cdc nudc Dilu mgt ldn nua thoi bimg nhQng ttanh cai gay gdt ve nhftng van de von da gay chia rfi ldu ttong ngi bfi Lien minh Chau Au, gidng lfin hli chufing cdnh bao cap thifit nhftng nguy ca de dga an ninh tu cdc phdn td cyc doan thufc cdc td chdc khung b l kilu Nha nudc Hoi gido (IS) 1.2 Nhdn t6 tdc dpng ben ti-ong cda EU - Thu nhdt, viic m& rdng "biin gi&r se tgo 16 hdng vigc kiim sodt bien giai ldm gia tdng hogt ddng tdi phgm gdy nhieu hi luy vi tdi phgm xuyin qudc gia Hifp udc Schengen da tgo dieu kifn cho bgn khung b l vdo chdu Au mgt cdch dl ddng, nhfhig cam kit hgp tdc an ninh xuyfin bifin gidi bdt ddu dugc chinh quyln cdc nudc - Thu hai, vdn di kiim sodt bien gi&i, viec bdo vg biin gi&i ben ngodi khu vuc Schengen phu thugc vdo cdc nu&c thdnh vien Tgi khu vyc Schengen, mft sl quoc gia bdt lyc ttong viec bdo ve bien gidi bfin ngodi bdi thieu ndng lyc qudn ly hdnh chinh vd tdi chmh (Hy Lap dang phdi dli phfi vdi cufc khung hodng kinh t l trdm trgng, ItaHa thilu nang lyc qudn ly bifin gifii), cQng vfii nhftng khd khdn v l dja ly nhu dudng bd biln ddi va hiem ttd da Idm xdi mdn niim tin viec duong ddu vdi cufc khung hodng ngudi di cu^ Bdt chap cac quy dtnh ty di iai cfta Hifip udc Schengen, mft sfi nudc thdnh vifin frong khoi EU da don phuang dp d^t cdc quy dinh thdt ch^t kilm sodt bifin gidi nhdm ngan chJin Ian sdng ngudi di cu Bi, Ao cQng gia nhgp nhdm cdc nudc don phuang kilm ' Daniel Gros, "Schengen and European Security", Project Syndicate, 12/2015, https://www.projectsyndicate.org/conimentaiy/schengen-open-bordersheIp-security-by-daniel-gros-201512?barrier=accessreg, tdi ng^y 4/7/2017; http://nghiencuuquocte.oig/2015/12^7/hiep-uocschengen-an-ninh-chau-au/, tdi ngdy 4/7/2017 jnjpt AJO- ai£u 71 ettinit sodt bien gldi sau tuyfin bfi tgm thoi viec gidi quyet vdn de ngu&i nhdp cu Sy ngirng dp dung cdc quy djnh cua Hifp udc chia re gifta cdc nudc thdnh vifin d Tdy Au Schengen dfing thfii tang cudng sy hifn difn va cdc nudc Ddng Au dang lam phdc tap nd cua lyc Iugng cdnh sdt kifim sodt duong bien lyc giai quyet cufc khftng hodng di cu gioi cua hg cang ttam frgng Trong mgt sfi nudc Tay - Thir ba, sue ep kinh ti cua khiing hodng nhgp cu dol v&i EU, nhdt Id ttong bdi cdnh cugc khftng hodng ng cflng Khu vyc Dong tien chung Chau Au (Eiuozone) chua dugc hda gidi Bac Au da ddng gdp rat ldn giup ngudi nhdp cu thi cdc qudc gia EU thugc khu vyc Ddng Au va XHCN cu nhu Cgng hoa Czech, Rumani, Hungary, Ba Lan lgi phdn dfii kfi hoach cua EU, khflng dflng y tiep nhgn nguoi nhap cu va tham chi khflng mufln cac nudc Ganh nang giai quylt van de ngufii nhap EU khdc tifip nhan ngudi nhdp cu Viec phan cu ttai phep Idm gia tang chi phi ngan sach bfi han nggch tilp nhan ngudi tj nan cho cac cua EU da sd cac qudc gia thdnh vien cung nhu bifn phdp cu thfi xu ly vien cua tfi chuc nay, dgc bift Id nhiing nudc cufic khung hoang khien ndi bfl'EU chi trich d vung bien gidi, cua ngo (Hy Lap, Bungary, lan Sip, Italia ) dang dli difn vdi rdt nhieu kho khan vfi kinh te Tie tang tiTifing kinh te nam 2016 cfta Eurozone Id 0,3% va cua EU la 0,4% Ti If thdt nghiep frong thang 4/2017 cfta EU19 d mdc 9,3%, giam so voi muc 9,4% hfli thang vd 10,2% hli thang nam 2016 Ddy la muc thdp nhdt dugc ghi nhan ttong Eurozone kfi tu thdng nam 2009 Ti If thdt nghifp d EU28 Id 7,8% vdo thang nam 2017, gidm tu 7,9% vao thdng ndm 2017 va tu 8,7% vdo thang nam 2016 Day Id ti If thdp nhdt dugc ghi nhdn d EU28 kl tu thdng 12 nam 2008^ Chau Au chua co chinh sach thfing nhdt ve giai quyet nguoi tj nan, mac du viec gia tang nguoi di cu vdo chdu Au da dien td ba nam va nhifiu nudc cfta chau luc da tham gia Cfing udc qudc tfi vfi ngudi tj nan; tham chi mdt sfi nudc ttong EU tham gia Hiep udc Dublin ve quy dinh ttdch nhifm cua cac qudc gia vien ttong viec thyc hien cdc thu tuc dang ky tiep nhdn ngudi ti nan, nhung trudc dp lyc manh me cua ldn sdng nguoi di cu, cdc qudc gia chdu Au dfiu bi dgng vd cd quan diem, chinh sach xu ly rdt khdc Lan sdng ngudi nhgp cu - Thie tu su xung dgt lgi ich vd chia re vao chau Au da va dang tgo thdch thdc ngi bg EU lien quan t&i chinh sdch vd khdng nhd dli vdi EU, bugc Lifin minh phai de cac gidi phdp cap bach nham thao *Eurostat(2017), http://ec.eiiropa.eii/eurostat/documents/2995521/8054 122/3-31052017-AP-EN.pdf/4fZ21477-8be9-46a0a949-071b79490n8,tai ngdy 1/6/2017 gd nhirng nut that cda khftng hoang Theo danh gia cua cac nhd phan tich, mac du cd NGHIEN COU CHAU AU - EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N°6(2011.2017 72 nhung bdt dfing vl mft chinh sach chung ddi ngudi thifit mgng Nhu vdy, thieu mft voi ngudi ti nan, cac nhd lanh dgo cua EU chinh sach nhat quan ttong gidi quyet van de dang c l gdng xdy dyng mft ca chl phdn bfl ngudi di cu, cdc nudc chdu Au da lam cho ngudi ti nan cho cac nudc vifin Theo do, cdc nudc EU phai cung chia sfi trdch nhiem tifip nhgn ngudi nhdp cu tren ca sd dieu kien kinh tl cua moi nudc Tham chi, EU yfiu cau cac nudc chudn bj gia nhap Lifin minh ndy chia sfi ttach nhifim tiep nhan nguoi di cu vd coi nhu mgt difiu kien tien quyet dl gia nhdp ngfii nhd chung chau Au Do bau qud cua qud trinh gia hda dan cufic khung hodng vfin da phdc tap Iai cang phuc tgp han' Chinh sach nhap cu la cdng cu quan ttgng ttong viec dam bao an ninh mfii quic gia Trong bfii canh mdi, de dfii phfi vol khung hoang nguoi nhdp cu cang tang doi hfii EU vd cdc qudc gia vifin cung phai dieu chinh chinb sdch vd chiln Iugc qudn Iy nhdp cu cua minh nham ban chfi sd, mft s l nudc, trudc hfit la Due, sin sang dfing nguoi nhdp cu cang tang vdo EU tifip nhan ngudi tj nan, nham de ddng tuyen Van de nhap cu da ttd vdn de cua toan chgn nguon nhdn luc, dap ung yeu cdu phdt khu vyc, bufc cac nudc EU phai giai quyet d trifin kinh tl dat nudc Trong dfi, nhiing cd hai cap df: Hen minh va qufic gia EU da quoc gia khac nhu: Italia, Hy Lap va cdc thfing qua nhieu hiep udc quan ttgng nhu nudc Hungary, Hifp udc Schengen, Hiep udc Maastricht, vung Balkan (Serbia, Croatia) Iai khfing sin sang tiep nhgn Io Hifip udc Amsterdam Tuy vgy, cho toi nay, ngai ve an ninh va khd khan kinh te ttong EU van chua de dugc mgt chinh sdch nhap nudc Tuy nhifin, dfing ngudi nhap cu muon cu chung cac nudc vien van dfin dugc cac nudc^cd nhu cau tiep nhan (de nhieu bat ddng ve Igi ich va myc tifiu tang CO hfi cd vifc Iam vd dieu kifn phuc Igi cao ban) phai di qua nhung nudc phdn dli Mot so nfi dung dilu chinh chinh sach nhap cu cua Lien minh Chau Au chinh sach nhap cu Thay vi thyc hien cdc quy djnh ttong Hiep udc Dublin, cdc nudc Trudc Idn sfing nguoi nhap cu ngdy "tuyen dau" ndy da kien quyet ddng cua bifin cdng vugt tam kiem soat, 20/4/2015, gioi dan den hon logn va bdt dn cang cudc hgp chung cua Ngoai trudng vd Bf gia tang, tham chi nhieu noi da xay tinh trufing ttang bgo lyc Mat khac, vific cac nudc sd tai Luxembourg da dua mft ke hogch 10 ngan chdn frfin dudng bg giua Thfi NhT Ky diem vl cdc giai phap trudc mat ma EU thyc Ngi vy chau Au tfi chuc tai va Hy Lgp khien nguoi di cu vugt Dia Trung Hdi de den mien dat hda ddn den xdy nhilu diam cdnh tten biln, khiln hang nghin ' Le The Mau, "Cufc khung hoang di cu if chau Au can nguyen va giai phap", Tgp chi Quoc phong loan ddn,20\5 73 Jllbt iSSiiu ehlnh,, hifin dl ddi phd vdi cufc khdng hodng ngudi ngoai Chdu Au (EEAS); 10) Triln khai cdn nhgp cu d Dja Tnmg Hdi vdi myc dfch ngdn bfi xudt nhdp cdnh lifin lac (ILO) tgi cdc nudc chdn tinh frgng nhgp cu frdi phfip vdo chdu thd ba quan ttgng dl thu thdp thfing tin tinh Au gim: 1) Tdng cufing cdc hogt dfng chung bdo vfi cdc ludng di cu vd tdng cuong vai ttd d Dia Trung Hdi, cu thfi Id chifin djch tudn tra cua cdc phdi dodn EU Triton va Poseidon, bdng cdch tang nguon tai Cd thl ndi, K I hogch 10 dilm Id mdt chinh vd so Iugng tai san, md rgng pham vi cfing cu gidp cdc chi'nh phQ vd cac bfin lien hogt dgng, cho phep can thiep them, frong quan khdc kit hgp hdnh dfing bdo vfi ngudi ti nhifm vy cfta Frontex; 2) Tjch thu vd tifiu ngn Trgng tam cfta Ke hogch 10 dilm Id cdc hfty cdc tdu van chuyin nguoi nhdp cu ttdi hogt dfing d cdc nudc qua cdnh va difim din, phep; 3) Cdc to chQc Cdnh sdt Chau Au dya tren nen tang hgp tac vd chia se gdnh (EUROPOL), FRONTEX, Vdn phdng h i ttg ngng giQa cac quoc gia quan tdm vd cdc ben Di dan Chdu Au (EASO) va Don vi Hgp tdc Hfin quan khdc Nd kit hgp cd boat dgng bdo ttr phap EU (EUROJUST) sfi hgp thuong vf truyln thing cung nhu cdc de xudt cy the xuyen vd hgp tdc chat chfi dl thu thdp thdng de bao vf ngudi tj ngn vd nhQng ngufii xin tj tm vl cdc phuang thdc buon lau, de theo ddi ngn di du ljch Tuy nhien, kl hoach khdng yd h i ttg cho vifc dilu tta cQa hg; 4) Triln gidi quylt dugc nguyen nhan gic re cfta cufc khai cac dfi cda EASO din Italia vd Hy Lgp khdng hodng di cu d chdu Au hien dl xu ly cac don xin ti ngn; 5) Lien minh Chdu Au vd cdc nudc thdnh vien da tiln hdnh thuc hifn cdng tdc Idp h i sa vd qudn ly ch§t che ngufii nhdp cu bdng cdch lay ddu 2.1 Bieu chinh ki hogch ph&n bS hgn nggch bdt bupc diphan bS lgi nhiing ngu&i tf ngn tren todn EU vdn tay vd qudn Iy frfin hf thing vdi ngudi D I chia sfi s l lugng ngudi nhgp cu vdo nhgp cu hg din chdu Au; 6) Xem xet cdc cac nudc EU "tuyin dau" nhu Hy Lgp, lya chgn cho ca chl di chuyen khan cap; 7) Italia, EU da dua hgn nggch nhap cu cho Dy an thi dilm ty nguyfin cua EU ve tdi djnh moi nudc trfin sa sd dan s l vd GDP cua hg cu, cung cap mgt sd dja dilm cho nhftng vd nh|in dugc su nhdt fri cda cdc thdnh vifin ngudi cdn dugc bao vf; 8) Thilt lap mft Kfi hogch dugc chia Idm hai giai dogn chuang ttmh hodn trd mdi dl rJianh chdng Trong 120.000 ngudi di cu, 66.000 ngudi d dua ngudi nhgp cu bat hgp phdp ve ddt nudc Hy Lap vd Italia sfi dugc phan bd cho cdc hg Frontex dieu phli td cdc nudc nudc EU Ngudi nhdp cu phdn doi se bj dua vifin tuyfin ddu; 9) Cam kit vdi cdc Iang trd v l nudc sd tgi 54.000 ngudi cdn lgi gieng cQa Libya thdng qua no lyc phoi hgp (cung d Hy Lap vd Italia) sfi dugc phdn bo gifta ily ban vd Ca quan Hdnh dfng Dli sau EU sfi I§p cdc trung tdm ddng ky xin ti 74 NGHIEN COU C H A U AU - EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N°6(201).2017 ngn d Hy Lgp vd Italia, EU qudn Iy, de Mdc du ca chl phan chia thufing xuyfin ngudi nhgp cu dfi chia sfi vdi nhQng nudc phan Iogi ngufii di cu^ K I hoach phan bo ngudi di cu gim DQc: 17.036 ngudi, Phdp: 12.962, Tdy Ban Nha: "tuyfin ddu" Id can thiet, nhung sl Iugng ngudi ti nan d tung quoc gia dang Ifin tdi 8.113, Ba Lan: 5.082, Hd Lan: 3.900, s l vugt gidi ban djnh nam 2015, Rumani: 2.475, Bi: 2.448, Thuy Difin: 2.397, cung vdi dd Id chi phi phdt sinh qud Ion, Ao: 1.953, B I Ddo Nha: 1.642, Cfng hda khiln cd nen kinh te hang ddu EU Id Czech: 1.591, Phdn Lan: 1.286, Bungary: Ddc cung phdi dau hang Trong ndm 2015, 852, Slovakia: 802, Croatia: 568, Litva: 416, Ddc tilp nhdn din frifu ngudi tj ngn, gap Slovenia: 337, Latvia: 281, Luxembourg: 237, ldn so vdi so cua nam 2014 Estonia: 199, Cyprus: 147, Malta: 71 ngudi* Biiu do: Ke hogch hgn nggch tdi phan phoi cho ngtioi ti ngn 45000 4O0O0 30000 25000 20000 5000 ' '• '1 1' 1mA 1i •a I• l11 • • J=l at 'S P £ '5 h -^ I JiJ _ ^ — -, 1% Ngudn: European Commission 2015 2.2 Tdng cu&ng hgp tdc v&i cdc nir&c thu ba vi vdn di nh^p cu Tdng cudng hgp tdc quoc tl Id bifn phdp quan ttgng vd hftu hifu nhdt nhdm thuc ddy nhap cu hgp phdp, an todn; ngdn ngda nhap cu ttdi phep, bao vf quyln cfta ngudi nhap cu cung nhu giai quylt cdc vdn de ndy sinh frong qud ttinh di cu H ^ tdc vdi cdc nudc Idng gilng nhdm bdo vf bifin gidi bfin ngodi khu vyc Id mft uu tifin cua EU hifn EU da thdng qua Chuong frinh Hague vdo thdng 11/2004 vfii muc dfch hfi trg nudc thu ba, vdi dli tdc ddy dQ, su dung cdc quy hifn cd cfta Cfng ding nhdm qudn ly ddng ngudi nhdp cu, bao ve ngudi tj nan, ngdn http://europa.cu/rapid/press-releasc MEM0-I55698_en,htm, tSi ngjiy 6/7/2017 ' http://europa.eu/r^id/press-release_MEMO-155698_en.htm, tai ngdy 5/20/2016 chdn vd chong nhap cu bdt hgp phdp, thdng bdo s l lugng ngudi nhdp cu, gidi quyet mft cdch tot nhdt so ngudi tj ngn d EU, kiem sodt MBI ij^duu ehinh, 75 cd hifu qud dufing bifin gidi vd hoi huong Dilu kifn EU dua ddi vfii T h l Nhi ngudi tj ngn Chuong frhih dua chinh sdch Ky khd rd rdng: silt chdt ttidn tta bien gidi, uu tifin nhdm qudn ly ngudi nhgp cu nhu tdng tdng cufing hgp tdc vdi nha chdc ttdch Hy cudng hgp tdc vd hdnh dfng giQa cdc nudc Lgp vd Bulgary; thdt chdt hgn che visa ddi vifin ve vdn de nhap cu, ho frg tdi chinh, vdi nhftng ddm phdn vfii cdc nudc chdu Phi vd ldng Bangladesh qua Tho Nhi Ky dl tim cdch dfin gieng ve h3 frg qudn ly vd tj ngn, chong budn chau Au; cdi thien cho d cho nhung'Vigudi cong dan tQ Pakistan hay ngufii vd h5 ttg tdi chfnh ky thuat cho cdc Syria khflng d frong cdc trgi tj nan, nang cao nudc frong vdn dl qudn ly ngudi nhdp cu'" khd ndng tilp c|in thj trufing Iao dfng cho hg EU chQ frgng tdng cufing quan hf vdi Thl NhT Ky, mft doi tdc chfnh cua EU vd tgo dilu kifn dh em hg dugc din truong viec qudn ly ddng ngudi nhdp cu hifn nay'' EU muln T h l NhT Ky kilm soat tit han Quic gia ndy hifn dfin tilp mft s l lugng Ifin bifin gidi frfin biln cda nudc ndy vdi Hy Lgp ngudi tj ngn Syria vd rdt nhilu ngudi xin ti Ve phdn minh, Ankara cho rdng dl ngufii nan dang tgmtiTitgi T h l NhT Ky de vdo chau Syria cd thl d Igi Tho NhT Ky cung nhu hfi Au Thl NhT Ky dd dua nhilu dilu kifn nhdp d ddy, khfing chi cdn cd them "nai dn, frong vifc hgp tdc vdi EU, ddc bift Id khodn chin d" mdi, ma cdn cdn ndng cdp ca sd h i frg trj gid ti EUR dl qudn ly ngudi tj tdng tgi cdc vQng miln cd ngudi nhgp cu, ngn Hai ben nhdt frf thdng qua kl hogch v^y EU cdn cung cdp ho ttg lfin ban Thl hdnh dfng chung, theo dd T h l NhT Ky sfi NhT Ky dang muln tan dung cufc khdng thyc hien cdc cam kit giup kiem sodt ddng hoang dl gdy sQc ep huge EU tdng thfim ngudi ti nan Doi Igi, EU sdn sdng md rfng tiln vifn ttg va ddy nhanh tiln ttinh dam hgp tdc vdi T h l NhT Ky vd tdng cufing ho trg phdn kit nap nudc lam thdnh vifin vl mdt chfnh frj, tdi chfnh khudn da djnh Vdn dl ddt Id Tho NhT Ky khflng ding y tilp nhdn ngudi di cu Iau ddi vi T h l NhT Ky khdng phdi Id "trgi t$p trung" cho ngudi ti ngn '" £)$ng Minh Due, "Nh^ cu d Li£n minh Chdu Au van dl vd thdch thiic", Tqp chi hghien cuu Chdu Au, s6 (83), nam 2007, tr36-37 " Dinoj K Upadhyay, "Migrant Crisis in Europe: Causes, Responses and Complexities", 26 April, 2016 http://www.icwa.in/pdfe/guestcolumn/2014/MigrantC risisinEurope26042016.pdf, tdi ngiy 1/6/2017 Doi voi cdc nudc vung Tay Balkan nhu Serbia, Macedonia va Anbani, EU da khong dgt dugc sy thong nhat cao ttong thda thugn kiem sodt ddng ngudi di cu, nhdt Id Bungary, Rumani va Serbia 24/10/2015 cdnh bdo khong chap nhdn frd thdnh 'Vimg dfm" cho hdng chuc nghin ngudi di cu dang trdn vao chau Au 2.3 Biia chinh chinh sdch kiim sodt biin gi&i 76 NGHliN CCrU CHAU AU • EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N'>6(201).2017 Hifn nay, ndm nudc thdnh vifin frong Au kfiu ggi thdnh lap mflt ca quan tinh bdo khoi Schengen id Ddc, Ao, Thyy Diln, Na EU Cdc Bf trufing Chdu Au ding y tdng Uy, Dan Mgch d2 quyet djnh khoi phyc tgm cudng an nmh bifin gidi vd thdt chdt kilm thdi cdc bifin phdp kifim sodt bien gidi Tdt sodt bien gidi, ddm phdn khan cdp tgi cd cdc nudc thdnh vifin phdi xem xfit cdc dilu Brussels dl silt ch^t kilm tra tdt cd cdc du chinh phu hgp vdi cdc quy djnh cd lien quan khdch d bifin gidi cua khu vyc Schengen'^ cda Schengen - Due da kilm sodt bifin gifii ndi bf ti^ ngdy 13/9/2015 cho din ngdy 13/5/2016 , tap trung ddc bift d bifin gifii DQc - Ao - Ao dd kilm sodt kl tft ngdy r6/9/2015 Mft s l d u bdo Tinh ttang nhdp cu dang dien biln phftc tgp dd vd dang ddt cau hdi Hfu co nfin thdt chdt Hifp udc Schengen hay khfing ma viec ty di Igi khli Id quyen ca bdn din 16/5/2016 tgi bifin gidi nfi bd, vdi sy tdp cQa cfing ddn EU Khu vyc miln thi thyc trung ddc bifit ttfin ddt Ao - Slovenia vd Ao - gifta 22 quic gia vifin Lien minh Chdu Hungary Thyy Diln dd kiem sodt tQ ngdy Au (Schengen) dang dQng ttudc nguy ca qud 12/11/2015 din thdng 8/2016, Na Uy dd tdi bdi Ian sdng di cu van tilp tuc dl vdo cira kilm sodt kl tft 26/U/20I5 din 12/5/2016, ngo Hy Lgp, Italia, Thl NhT Ky, Bungaiy Dan Mgch da kilm sodt k l tft 04/I/20I6 cho Thu tufing DQc Angela Merkel da tuyen bl din 02/6/2016 tai tdt cd bifin gidi ndi bf cda cd hf thfing (Schengen) dang dQng trudc minh Vdn d l ti ngn vd nhdp cu dd budc cdc rui ro nlu EU khdng thl dgt dugc sy ding nudc ndy phdi bd lgi fch chung cda EU dl thugn ve chinh sdch cho ngudi ti ngn va nh$p ddm bdo lgi ich rifing cua nudc minh Cd thl ndi, cac nudc ndy cung mft so thdnh vifin khdc cd nhftng dfng thdi nhu vdy dl vfta bdo vf minh vfta tdng dp Iuc budc EU phdi nhanh chdng nhdt tti ve vifc dilu chinh chfnh sdch nhdp cu cua EU Vi vdy, EU se gdp nhilu khd khdn thdch thdc mdi xuat hifn han, bdt ding nfi bg sdu sdc vl djnh hudng chfnh sdch ldu ddi Ngodi ra, cdc bifn phap chinh ttj vd an ninh dd dugc, thyc hifn dl gidi quylt mli lo ngai vl an nmh d chdu Au sau cufc tdn cdng Paris vdo thdng 11 ndm 2015 Cy ban Chdu cu Trong chd dgi sy thing nhdt y kiln ve nhftng hddng cdi tiln Hifp udc Schengen, nhieu quic gia dang ty dfng tdng cufing kiem sodt an ninh bfin vd cdc true giao thdng vdi ben ngodi Nhilu nudc khdc, nhu tgi Bdc Au, sogn thdo dy lu|it khdt khe han cho di ddn - khdng cho nh|n ttg cdp xd hfi de khdi thu hut ngudi ti ngn vd trdnh cdc '^ Lizzie Dearden, "Paris Attacks: EU Ministers Consider Europe-wide CIA-Style Intelligence Agency and Increased Border Security Checks, the Independent", November 20, 2015 htto://www.independent.co.ukMews/world/europe/par is-attacks-euministers-consider-europe-wideintelligenceagenty-and-increased-border-securi^a674211 Lhtml, accessed November 22,2015 M&t i^dleu ehlnh 11 phdn td khftng b l frong thdnh phdn ndy quy cua EU ttiln khai tai ddy Lyc lugng Cd cdc bien phdp ban chl vifc dodn ty gia tudn tta Id cdng cy luih hogt dfi phdn b l dinh, gidm bdt thdi hgn vd cdt cdc lgi fch ve ngudn Iyc chflng Igi ngn di cu bdt hgp nhd d Cdnh sdt Dan Mgch dd dugc uy quyln phap Cdc thdnh vifin cua khoi Schengen tjch thu tien m^t vd d l v|t cd gid ttj tQ ngudi nhdn rdng, ly an ninh Id can nguyfin cfta tj ngn dl ddng gdp vdo chi phi cua hg Chinh vifc bdi bd bien gidi ngi dja Moi thdnh vifin phu Phdn Lan, v l phdn minh, dd phdn Iogi khoi Schengen vQa tri quyen ty Iraq, Afghanistan vd Somalia Id nudc xudt di lgi vQa bdo dam dugc an ninh va tuong xQ an todn Phdn Idn nhfing ngudi tj nan ho Cdc nudc ttong khli Schengen cdn thilt dugc chdp nhdn d Phdn Lan diu cd nguin ldp cdc hinh thQc kiem soat bien gioi hgp Iy goc tQ ba nudc ndy Nghi vifin Thuy Diln da ttong thdi gian sdm nhdt neu khdng muon thfing qua mft logt cdc bifin phap vdo thdng Hifp udc Schengen bj vd 6/2016, nhdm hgn chl quyln lgi, thdi gian cu trft vd gia dinh dodn ty, vd cho phfip trye xudt nhanh hon nhftng ddng ngufii nhap cu'^ Neu muln Schengen dugc bfin vftng, Cd thl ndi, cufc khftng hodng ngudi nhdp cu d chdu Au dua dfin nhilu hf qud ttong qud trinh dilu chinh chfnh sdch nhdp cu nhu: cdn phdi phdt triln nd theo hudng thilt ldp - Xet d cap chfnh sach gifta EU vd mft ca quan cd thdm quyln chung chju trdch gid trj quic gia, cd thl thay nhftng cdng nhifm bdo ddm vihig chdc bifin gidi bfin thdng, bdt dfing, thgm chf Id mdu thuan giua ngodi khu vyc, cung cdn cftng cd mdt bfin Id tu tucmg thong nhat chau Au vdi khudn an ninh ngi dja NhQng gi khu cdc gid ttj phi quat nhu tu di Igi theo vyc Schengen can Iuc ndy Id mft Iyc Iugng Hifp udc Schengen, chd nghTa nhdn dgo tudn tra bd biln di'ch thyc vdi nguon ngan nhdn van va mdt bfin Id gid tti quoc gia dugc sdch, tdu thuyin vd Iyc lugng rifing Vung td rd hon'^ Dja Trung Hdi dy dodn sfi tilp tuc chju nhieu thdch thQc v l an ninh bdi tinh frgng nhgp cu bdt hgp phdp vd vj trf dja ly gdn kl vdi cdc to chuc khung bo Do dd, sfi rdt hgp ly lyc lugng tuan tra bd biln mdi dugc ho trg ngan - Sy chia re gifta cac nudc thdnh vifin d Tay Au vd cdc nudc Dflng Au dang Iam phuc tap no lyc gidi quylt cugc khQng hodng di cu ngdy cdng ttam ttgng Cho din nay, cdc nhd lanh dgo chdu Au da tfl chQc nhilu cufc hgp thugng dinh dl tim ldi gidi cho bdi todn " Tobias Etzold, "Refugee Policy in Northern Europe Nordic Countries Grow Closer but Differences Remain", SWP Comments 1, January 2017, ht^s://www.swpberlin.org/fileadmin/contents/products/comments/201 7C01 etz.pdf, tdi ngdy 7/7/2017 '* Trjnh VSn Tung, H4 qua chinh sdch cita cdc nha nuoc chdu Au cupc khung hodng di ctt hien du&i gdc nhin xa hgi hoc, Ky yeu hfi thdo khoa h9c quic tl, H i NOi, 2015 78 NGHIEN COU CHAU AU - EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N°6{201}.2017 ngudi nhdp cu Tuy nhifin, EU chua thl dua Trjnh Vdn TQng, Hg qud chinh sdch mgt gidi phdp chung dl gidi quylt cugc cua cdc nhd nu&c chdu Au cugc khiing khftng hodng ngudi tj ngn Idn nhdt khu vyc hodng di cu hign du&i gdc nhin xa hgi sy mdu thuan qud Ifin Vufing mdc Idn hgc, Ky ylu hgi thdo khoa hgc quoc te, Hd nhdt hifin gifta cdc nudc Id kl hogch Nfi, 2015 phdn b l tiep n h ^ ngufii nhap cu nhdm the Lfi Thl Mau, "Cuflc khQng hodng di hifin tinh dodn kit vd chia sfi gdnh n§ng vdi cdc nudc tuyen ddu frong cufc khung hodng Cudc khftng hodng di cu dang ddn phd vd cu d chdu Au - cdn nguyfin vd gidi phdp", Tgp chi Qudc phong todn ddn, 2015 nhihig gid trj vd lgi ich ca bdn ciia chau Au Dinoj K Upadhyay, "Migrant Crisis cac nudc ttong khu vyc bdt ding xung in quanh vdn dl gidi phdp Va th$t sy, thdch Complexities", 26 April, 2016 Europe: Causes, Responses and thQc ddu tien ddt la Idm thl ndo dl EU tim http://www.icwa.in/pdfs/guestcolunin/2 dugc tilng ndi chung Khfing mdt cd nhdn hay quic gia ndo cd thl ty xQ ly dugc khftng hodng di cu ndy nlu thilu sy nhdt tri thyc 014/MigrantCrisisinEurope26042016.pdf, tdi ngdy 1/6/2017 hifn cdc ludt chung cfta chdu Au ve vlfc tilp EU - Turicey statement, 18March2016 nhdn vd tgo cflng dn vifc ldm cho ngufii tj ngn - EU vd Thd NhT Ky diu nhdn thQc rd vai frd cQa nudc ndy ttong gidi quylt khQng Elvan Immigration OZDEMlR, Policy and EU "EU's Turkey Relation", ixm&lQW hodng nh|p cu T h l NhT Ky dd dgt dugc thfia European Commission Press Release, thugn vdi EU ve vifc ngdn chgn ddng ngudi nhgp cu dang I gt d l vdo chdu Au Ah dli lay nhfhig uu ddi ve chinh ttj cung nhu tdi chinh "Back to Schengen: Commission Takes Next Steps Toward Lifting of Temporary Internal Border Controls," May 4, 2016 Tdi lifu tham khao D^ng Minh Ddc, "Nhap cu d Lien minh Chdu Au vdn ih vd thdch thftc", Tgp chi Nghiin cicu Chdu Au, so (83), ndm 2007 Crisis: Commission, "Refugee European Commission Takes Decisive Action - Questions and Answers,''' Strasbourg, September 9,2015 10 Nguyln An Hd, "Chinh sdch nhap cu cua Lien minh Chau Au vd cua mft s l nudc European European Commission, "Joint Foreign and Home Affairs Council: Ten thdnh vien mdi Dong Au", Tgp chi Nghien point cuu Chdu Au, sl (102), ndm 2009 Luxembourg, action plan 20 on April migration", 2015, MM MO- dSeu ehinh, 79 http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_IP-15- Humanitarian 4813_en.htm, tdi ngdy 5/7/2017 European Migration Law of the Umversity 11 Glossary, Statistics of Recommendations International on Migration, Law, Observatory on of Pisa, with the financial support of the Italian Ministry of Foreign Affaus International 58, United Nations, New York, 1998 accordmg to Article 2, Law No 948/1982), 12 Giuliana Scalia, European crisis, 26 April Cooperation and Revision 1, Statistical Papers, Series M, No 2017 (awarded http://www.iilil.org/wp- immigration, the final measures of the EU content/uploads/2017/05/IIHL-Policy-Brief- policies on migration University of Catania, UAP-2017.pdf, tdi ngdy 7/7/2017 4/3/2016 16 Syrian Cenfre for Policy Research 13 Lizzie Dearden, "Paris Attacks: EU Ministers Consider Europe-wide CIA-Style Intelligence Agency and Increased Border Security Checks, November the Independent" 20, 2015, (SCPR), "Syria: Fragmentation! Impact Confronting of Syrian Crisis Report" February 2016, http://www.ara.cat/2016/02/l 1/1520927 http://www.independent.co.Uk/news/world/e 894.pdf?hash=3al86be3bc9bfbc70dllfD241 urope/paris-attacks-euministers-consider- fd49d847f7f0042, p.6, accessed April 1, europe-wide-intelligence-agency-and- 2016 mcreased-border-security-a6742111.html, 17 Tobias Etzold, "Refiigee Policy in accessed, November 22, 2015 Northern Europe Nordic Countries Grow 14 Muriel Asseburg and Heiko Wimmen, "The Civil War in Syria and the Impotence of International Politics ", SWP, https://viww.swpberlin.org/fileadmin/co ntents/products/fachpublikationen/Friedensg utachten_engBeitragAsseburg.pdf, accessed Januaiy 3, 2016 Closer but Comments Differences 1, Remain", January SWP 2017, https://www.swpberlin.org/fileadinin/contents/products/conmi ents/2017C01_etz.pdf, tai 1/7/2011 18 UNHCR, "Refugee Protection and 15 Marcello Di Filippo, "The reform of Mixed Migration: A 10-Point of Action", a simple restyling: a possible http ://wviTv.refworld.org/pdfid/4d943 0ea2.pd negotiating strategy for Italy ", Intemational Institute of February Plan the Dublin system and the need to go beyond f, tdi 5/7/2017 2011, ... cu Iau ddi vi T h l NhT Ky khdng phdi Id "trgi t$p trung" cho ngudi ti ngn '" £)$ng Minh Due, "Nh^ cu d Li£n minh Chdu Au van dl vd thdch thiic", Tqp chi hghien cuu Chdu Au, s6 (83), nam 2007,... ngn va nh$p ddm bdo lgi ich rifing cua nudc minh Cd thl ndi, cac nudc ndy cung mft so thdnh vifin khdc cd nhftng dfng thdi nhu vdy dl vfta bdo vf minh vfta tdng dp Iuc budc EU phdi nhanh chdng... Lifting of Temporary Internal Border Controls," May 4, 2016 Tdi lifu tham khao D^ng Minh Ddc, "Nhap cu d Lien minh Chdu Au vdn ih vd thdch thftc", Tgp chi Nghiin cicu Chdu Au, so (83), ndm 2007