Khoa hpc Xa hpi, So (6/2017) tr - 16 DAN TQC MONG d VIET NAM VA MpT SO VAN BE VE N G N N G C Nguyen Trung Kien Tnr&ng Bai hgc TSy Bdc Tdm tdt: Ddn tgc Mdng Id mgt ddn tgc thiiu so & Viet Nam Co nhiiu vdn di ve ngon ngQ cUa ddn tgc Mong se dufrc gidi quyit tdt han niu co nhiing tri thirc vi vdn hoa tgc ngudi Chung toi tap trung nghiin dm ve Hch su ddn tgc gdn vdi nhiing van di cua ngon ngie va chir viit Qua thdy dugc moi quan he chdt che giUa ba thdnh Id id ddn t^c ngon ngie vd vdn hoa Kit qud nghien am gap phdn hien Ihifc hoa cdc chinh sdch ngon n^ dil v&i cdc ddn tgc thiiu so & Vi$t Nam Tit khda: Chinh sdch, ddn tgc, lich su, ngon ngu, thiiu so, vdn hoa Md dau Dan tdc, ngdn ngfi v i van hda la ba khii niem khic nhimg cd mdi quan hfi mat thiet vdi Ba khii niem niy d i hinh nfin cdc ngdnh khoa hgc nghien efiu ddc lap frong nhdm nganh Khoa hpc xa hgi vd nhin vin Hifin nay, dl lam ro nhieu van dl khoa hpc thudc mgt frong ba ITnh vyc kl tten, ngudi ta nhan thiy vific nghien cuu dgc lap, tdch rdi li mpt khd khan dl di din nhihig kit luin khoa hpc Vd, cung chinh Id li de hudng nghifin ciiu lien nginh xuit hifn nhu Id mdt "phuong cdch" &h li giii nlueu van de khoa hpc dya frfin mfit cii nhin da chilu, da dien ve cung mpt vin dfi Trong chuong frmh dao tao dai hpc cua Trudng Dai hpc Tay Bac liifin nay, doi vdi sinh vien ngdnh su ph£un NgQ van cd hpc phin "NgSn ngfi vd van hoa cac dan tdc thifiu sd khu vyc Tdy Bac" De gdp phan nang cao chat lugng dao tao doi vdi sinh vien nganh su p h ^ Ngfi van nfii rifing v i cdc nganh xa hgi va nhin van ndi chung Trong bdi vilt nay, chiing toi tip trung ban vfi vin dl "Dan tpc Mong d Vift Nam v i mdt sd van de quan yeu ve ngon ngfi" NSi dung 2.1 Lich sA ddn tgc Mdng & Viet Nam Trong dai gia dinh cac dan tdc d Viet Nam, dan tdc Mong Id mdt dan tdc thifiu sd cfi s6 dSn tuong dfii ddng Theo ket qua cua cudc Tdng difiu fra ddn so va nhi d nam 2009 thi dan tpc Mong cd 1.068.189 ngudi, diing hdng thfi ttong Bang danh sach cac din tdc d Viet Nam, cu tni tai 62 tten tfing sd 63 tinh, Ngudi Mfing cu trd tip trung tai cac tinh; H i Giang (231.464 ngudi, chilm 31,9% dan sfi toin tuih vd 21,7% tdng sd ngudi Mdng tai Viet Nam), Difin Bifin (170.648 ngudi, chiem 34,8% dan sd toin tinh vd 16,0% ting s6 ngudi Mdng tai Viet Nam), Son La (157.253 ngudi, chilm 14,6% dan so toan tinh va 14,7% ting sd ngudi Mong tai Viet Nam), Lio Cai (146.147 ngudi, chifim 23,8% dan sd toin tmh vi 13,7% tfing so ngudi Mdng tai Viet Nam), Lai Chau (83.324 ngudi) Yen Bai (81.921 ngudi), Cao Bing (51.373 ngudi), Nghe An (28.992 ngudi), Ngay nhgn bai: 04/10/2016 Ngay nhan ^ng: 15/6/2017 Lien lac: Nguyen Trung Kien, e - mail: kienvansl@gmail.com Die Lie (22.760 ngudi), Die Ndng (21.952 ngudi), Bic Kan (17.470 ngudi), Tuyen Quang (16.974 ngudi), Thanh Hda (14.799 ngudi) [10] Xet ve tgc danh (ethnic identity), ngudi Mfing cd nhifiu tfin ggi khic Nhihig tii lieu lich sfi tfi the ki thfi VII trade Cfing nguyfin d Trung Qudc d i xuat hifin cum tfi "tam mieu" d l chi mpt qudc gia cd bg Ific Trong dd cd bg l?c Suy Vuu d i dugc luu truyen ttong truyen thuyet Tfin ggi cfing chinh Id ten ggi ciia vi thd ITnh ciia ngudi Mdng tfi thud "khai thien lap dia" Tai lieu Kinh thir cua Khdng Tfi cung chep rdng: Vdo thifin nien ki thfi II trade Cong nguyen, d vdng hd Ddng Dinh, d i cd nhihig bg lac hgp nhat mang ten Id "Tam Mieu" (gfim cd Hong Mieu, Bach Mieu v i Thanh Mifin - dya vio mdu sac ciia trang phuc) Ten ggi "Mieu" theo Han ty gom cd hai bp phin la bp "thio" d phia trfin cd nghia Id "cay cd" vd chfi "dien" d phia dudi cd nghTa Id "raong dong" Khi phien dich chfi "Mifin" vdi nghia chi tfin gpi ciia mdt rp- d Tnmg Qufic tieng Viet, mgi ngudi quen dgc theo phifin am quoc tfi la Mieo, Mao, Meo, Trong chinh sich ve dan tdc cua Ding v i Nhi nudc Vift Nam, tfin ggi ciia dan tgc Mong ciing li mdt ciu chuyfin dugc ban bac nhieu trade di dfin thong nhat Tfi cuoi nhfing ndm 60 cua thfi ki truoc, tten cic sich bdo, cdng trinh nghifin efiu khoa hpc d Vift Nam vd mpt so nudc ttong khu vyc Ddng Nam A, xuat hien each ggi tgc danh H Mor^ hoac Ha Mdng Nam 1979, ttong Bing Danh muc cdc ddn tgc Vi?t Nam, Tfing cue Thong ke chpn each ghi la Hmfing Sd di xuat hien nhihig each gpi ten vd each ghi van ban nhu vay vi ttong bd chfi Mfing Vifit Nam (dugc ban hanh sfi dung tfi 1961) cd phy am diu (Hm), Ten ciia dan tdc Mdng dugc vilt bdng chfi Mdng la "Hmongz" Phy am diu (Hm) vdn Id mgt tien dm mui Am niy khdng hfi cd ttong tieng Vift Tuy nhifin ngudi ta dpc tfi "Hmongz" thi dai da sd lai dpc tu niy theo cich dpc cua tier^ Viet He qui la mfit cich vd tinh hp da "chia cat" am tiet "Hmdngz" hai bp phan l i (H) + (Mongz) Vd day ciing Id ket qud tat yeu tpc danh Mfing dugc dgc la Hd MSng hodc Ho Mong Cdn ten gpi dan tpc Meo ciing cd Ii tu yeu td xa hpi frong ngfin ngfi hgc Nhu chfing tfii d i trinh bay, ten phifin am theo Han Viet cua tpc ngudi Mong la "Mifiu" Day la mgt tfi dong am vdi cdc tu "Mao" hay "Meo" ttong tifing Viet Cdn cd mdt each gidi thich khac cho ten ggi "Meo" rat cd the lai xuat phdt tfi "thdi quen" su dung ngSn ngfi ciia ngudi Viet Nam (Vi phien am qufic tl ciia tpc ngudi Mdng la (Mean/ Mieo) Vfi tim ll tpc ngudi, dong bao Mdng td "di fing" dan tdc minh bi ggi l i Meo hoac Ho Mfing Hp khfing chi ghet bo ten gpi ndy md doi cdn cd nhiing phin ung dfi dpi Hg mudn dan tgc minh dugc ggi Id "MSng" Vi thl, tai Hpi nghi cSt cdn dan tpc Mdng ijy ban Din tdc cua Chinh phu chu tri nam 1978 da thong nhat gpi ten dan tpc niy la "MSng" Vd Hpi DSng Din tpc cua Qudc Hfii (khoi X) da co cdng van sd: 09 - CV/HDDT ngdy 04/12/2001 vl viec de nghi dgc diing ten vd khdi nifim ve dan tgc, cfing vin nfiu ro: "Ten gpi dan tpc MSng, nlu vilt bing chfi thfing la ngfin ngfi chinh thfic cua Nudc Cpng hda xd hdi chu nghTa Vift Nam thi vilt Id dan tgc Mdng" Theo chdng toi, da cd nhung quy dinh cu the ve mat chinh sdch, luit phap va phu hgp vdi tam li tpc ngudi thi mpi ngudi can cd y thuc tuan thd Chiing tdi su dung tieng Viet lim cong cy dfi md t i nhung npi dung cd hen quan den dan tdc Mdng nghien ciiu Cho nfin chdng tSi lua chgn each dgc v i vifit l i "Mfing" Ngudi Mong d Viet Nam cd Hch sfi tfi Trung Qudc Theo trayfin thuylt, td tien efia ngudi Mdng Id nhfing ngudi sdm bilt ttdng lua nudc d viing hS Dong Dinh v i Binh Hdi Hp di cu sudt hing chuc thl ki theo hudng Tay - Tay Nam va t|ip trung dong due d vung Ho Nam, Tu Xuyfin, Van Nam, Quing Dfing, Quing Tay v i ttung tim l i Qu^ Chau trade sang Vifit Nam Cung theo tijyen tiiuylt, xua dan tfie Mfing cfi mgt quSc gia rifing vdi bilu tugng ddi simg ttiu vd miu cd Din ngdy nay, diu in ay van cdn thfing qua mot s6 phong tyc nhu tim vai dd tteo d trudc nhi, ngudi chit khdng phan bift gid, tte, gdi, frai deu cd mieng vii dd che mifing Hinh bd sfing ttdu cdn dugc "luu gifi" qua hoa vdn ttang tri ttfin thfi cim, cdch vin tdc cua phy nfi d mpt sfi nhanh Mfing hay dugc sfi dyng de ldm chfit cda tren hai cinh cua chinh cua moi nha Theo tic gii Vuong Duy Quang frong cufin "Vdn hda tam Imh ciia ngudi Hmfing d Ha Giang, fruyin thong vd hifn t£u" thi F Savina la mfit ttong nhiing hgc gia phuang Tiy diu tien dua quan difim vl ngufin goc ciia ngirdi Mdng Savina viet cudn "Lich sfi ngudi Meo" dya tten nhung cu lifu lich sfi m i dng day cdng suru tim Ong cho ring: Qua khfi cd d?i cda ngudi Mfing li mfit frong nhfing bfi lac cu tni d mifin Siberia (Nga) Tfi dd, hg di xuong theo hudng Dfing Nam v i vio viing Hd Nam cua Trang Quoc khoing 2500 nam trade Cdng Nguyfin Mac du Savina "khiem tfin" cho ring moc thdi gian ong dua l i "chua dfi cu lifu dfi minh chiing" nhung dieu ndy van nhan dupc sy dfing tinh cua mgt sS nhi nghifin cuu sau Sng nhu K Quicy (1988), Fadiman, Anne (1997), Yang Dao Theo K Quicy frong cudn "Ngudi Mdng: Lich sfi mgt dan t0c" fing cho rang; Ngudi Mfing la mfit frong sd nhihig ngudi tu Siberia tien sau nhat ve phia Nam cho din gap khuc udn quanh cua song Hodng Ha Gioi sfi hgc cfi dai Tnmg Quic khing dinh: "Dan tfie Mdng d i frd thinh mdt bfi phin cda Iich sfi Trung Hoa khoang 3000 nam tmdc Cdng Nguyen [9] Theo tdc gid Yang Dao frong bii vilt "Ngudi Mdng: Nhihig trayin thong ben vihig" in frong cuon "Van hda cdc dan tpc d Lao" thi khing dinh: Ngudi Mdng dugc coi l i mfit frong nhihig dan tpc cfi nhat d chau A Hp da song d khu vyc sdng Hoing H i va d i cd to quoc d dd each day hon 4.000 ndm Hp Id chau ciia nguoi Tam Mieu (San Miao) Din the ki thfi XXVI trade Cfing Nguyfin, hp bit diu (fi xudng phia Nam v i din nhihig vimg nfii cua tinh Quy Chiu, Van Nam Tai Hgi nghi quoc te ldn thir nhdt vi ngudi Mong a Chdu A dugc td chfic tai thdnh Aix - en - Provence nudc Cpng hda P h ^ vio thang ndm 1998, da s6 gidi nghien cuu ve ngudi Mfing deu tan thinh quan dilm cho ring: Ngudi Mdng da ton tai d Iuu vyc sdng Hoang H i cich day hon 3000 nam Ngudi Mdng di cur vdo Viet Nam mudn so vdi cac din tpc khdc Ngudi Mdng den nudc ta c6 till gfim nhifiu dgt vdi quy mfi Idn nhd khdc Tfi Vin Nam sang Vift Nam, tfi Quy Chiu qua Van Nam sang Vifit Nam hodc tfi Quing Tdy sang cu tni d cic vfing bien gidi phia Bic cda Vifit Nanl Dya vio kit qui nghifin cuu diln da cua cdc nhi din tpc hgc d khu vyc Vift Bic va Tay Bic noi cd ngudi Mfing cu tni thi cd the ngudi Mdng dfin Viet Nam thdng qua dgt thien di ldn Dgt thien di tiiu nhat each ngdy tten 300 nam, ngudi Mfing tfi Qu:y Chau sang Dong Van Difiu ndy cdn dugc ghi Iai Dan Ca Mdng: "Ngudi Mfing ta d Quy Chiu dfin Vi ngudi Mdng ta khfing bifit chfi Thua kifin ngudi Han ta mdi di" "Thua kien ngudi Hin" la mdt Ii theo cich ndi bdng bay cua van hpc, cdn ttfin thyc te nguyen nhan ciia dgt thien di thu nhit niy xuat phdt tfi chinh sach "Cdi thfi quy luu" (bd che thfi quan, phii cdc quan lai tfi noi khic den cai fri trye tiep) cua nhi Minh Chinh sich ndy da dan dfin cac phong ttao dau franh manh me va quyet lift cua ngudi Mdng Nha Minh da diing bao lyc dfi bat ngudi Mdng quy phyc Trong Dan ca MSng cung cd ghi: "Vi dit nudc dai ttieu nha Han chin xeo khong chin ke Me cha ta gap budc loan li phai di luu lac Dai trifiu nhd Han long khfing tfit" Dgt thien di thfi hai cda ngudi MSng vio Viet Nam cich khoing 200 nam Sau thit bai cua phong frdo khoi nghia ngudi Mdng td chdc d Quy Chiu (1776 - 1820), nhilu ngudi MSng da chay theo dudng bifin gidi Trang - Viet den dinh cu rdi rdc d khu vyc thudc cac tinh Ldo Cai, Hd Giang Dpt thifin di thfi ba den Viet Nam cua ngudi Mdng each khoing 160 nam Khi cupc khdi nghia H i m Ddng (nam 1853) ciia Truong Minh Tu xuat phat tfi Ddng Nam Quy Chau, sau Ian rgng sang Ho Nam vd Van Nam thit bai Vuong trieu Man Thanh da tan sat vd hdy diet nhung ngudi tham gia khdi nghTa Do do, hdng van ngudi Mfing tu Quy Chiu cua Trang Qudc da di cu sang Ha Giang, Lio Cai, Yen Bdi v i mdt sfi tinh thudc bifin gidi phia Bic nudc ta Nhu vay cd thfi thiy din tpc Mong thifin di dfin lanh thfi Vift Nam sdm nhit I i khoing 300 nam vd mucin nhit l i khoang hon 100 nam Khi do, tten lanh tho ciia Vift Nam da hien dien nhieu cfing dfing tgc ngudi bin dia (ngudi Viet cd), ngudi Thai, Cie vvmg dit thip, bing phing, canh sdng sudi da cd "chu", c i nhihig noi khd khan hon cho canh tic Ii cic sudn ddi ddc ciing Ii noi sinh sdng cua mpt so tpc ngudi thupc nhdm X i (Kho Mii, Xinh Mun, La Ha, ) Ngudi Mdng mgt sy "lya chpn" cho minh tten viing lanh thfi da "phan chia" dd Ii chpn cac dinh nui cao hodc cic cao nguyen cdn hoang so lam dia ban cu tni ciia minh V i Cimg vdi thdi gian, hp da tao dung dugc mdt "lanh dia" mang dam bin sac cua din tpc minh Trong "Quam tS muang" (Idi kfi bin mudng) efia ngudi Thai d Tay Bac cd doan: "Tay kin nam Xa kin Phay Meo kin mp" (Thdi an (theo) nudc Xd an (theo) Ifia Meo in (theo) suong mu) "Suong mfi" la mpt dac difim phan dnh dia ban cu tni cua ngudi Mdng d Vift Nam Tuy kho khan frong vifc di Isii, frong canh tie nhung ngudi Mdng da cd dugc mgt viing "dit mdi" de tiep tyc bio tdn v i phat huy nhihig dac diem van hda cua dan tdc minh V i frong hinh trinh din Viet Nam hg da thyc hifin dugc cimg mgt lde hai vifc Id tim sy giii Ihoit cho sy tin vong cua dan tdc (trade sy tray sit cua ngudi Hin) vd tim dugc cho chiu hp mfit minh dat cua cufic song ty va hanh phuc Trong y thfic ciia ngudi Mdng cdn Iuu trayfin mpt cau chuyf n tfi xa xua rdng: Viet Nam Id noi ddt dai miu md dl lam in, noi cd qui bi to nhu cai vac m i lgn rimg cd thfi khoet Id chui vio dfi de, nd vfia Ii cii d, vfia Id thuc dn cho lgn Noi ttdng ciy luang thyc goc cd cd, thin cd bip, nggn tto bfing, chinh vi vay ma ngudi MSng ludn ty hio vfi que hucmg thu hai ciia minh: "Ca bai d dudi nudc Chim bay d tten ttdi Chiing ta sSng d vfing cao Vd chim cd tfi Ngudi MSng ta ciing cd que Que ta la Meo Vac" Ngudi Mdng d Vift Nam Ii mgt thinh vifin quan ttgng ttong cgng ddng cac din tpc Viet Nam Trai qua cac thdi ki lich sd, ngudi Mdng ludn cd y thfic ttong chiln ddu, bao vf vi xiy dyng dat nudc Hp da tao nfin mdt "net rifing" dpc ddo vl ban sic cic din tpc d khu vyc mien ndi cao phia Bic cda nudc ta Nghien efiu ngdn ngfi cua ngudi MSng nlu dugc bS ttp bdi nhfing kien thuc vfi tpc ngudi cda dan tfie sfi li thilt ylu dl di sau vdo tim hilu nhihig die sic vfi van hda duoc the hifn qua ngon ngu 2.2 Ngdn ngir cua ddn tpc Mdng & Viet Nam 2.2 L Tieng Mong a Vi$t Nam Tifing Mfing Ii tifing ndi cua khoing hon mgt tiieu ngudi d nudc ta Ten dan tgc Mong Ii ten ty gpi cua tpc ngudi {Mdng cd nghTa la ngudi) So vdi mpt sfi tgc ngudi tiiilu sfi d khu vyc mien nfii phia Bic efia nudc ta tiii tpc ngudi Mdng sSng tiiang ddi tap tiung Diy cimg la mfit die diem quan ttgng gidp cho tilng MSng co dilu kien tiiuan Igi dl phS bifin v i phit frien va frfin thyc tl, tilng Mfing da frd tilng phS thSng vfing d khu vyc Tiy Bic ciia nudc ta Vfi ngudn gSc, tilng MSng tiiugc ngfi he Mdng - Dao Viet Nam, ngfi he Mfing - Dao gSm CO cac ngfin ngil: Mong, Dao, Pa Then Ciu fruc cua am tilt tilng Mong hodn toan md, khfing cd nhfing am tifit tan cung bing phu dm khep mfii nhu "m", "p" va phu am tic xat nhu "n", "c", "ch" Trong d6 nhfing phu dm frong tilng Viet Iai xuit hien rit nhifiu Ching han xet am tiet "bud" (lgn) Am tifit ndy c6 ciu tao gim bf ph3n la phy im diu "b", am gifia "uo", tiianh dieu "thanh ngang" v i khfing cd am cufii chung ta mo hinh hoa am tilt "buS" ttong tieng MSng bang so dfi: ngang Tieng MSng gom cd 58 phy i m diu dugc xlp thd ty theo Bing sau; b bl c ch cx d dh dr f g kh r h hi hm hmn hn hnh kr m mn mf mfl n j nd nh nj tikh nkr nq nr nt nth nx ng ny nz P ts ph pl r s sh t th tx V q u X y z tr fl k Trong Bing phy i m diu kfi frfin cd 22 phu dm vd to hgp phy am diu cd tifin i m miii Day ciing la mdt diem khic bifit so vdi ngdn ngfi cda cdc din tpc thifiu sS khdc d Vift Nam: bl dr gr hi hm hmn hn hnh mn mf mfl nd nj nkh nkr nq nr nt nth nx ny nz Phy am cua tifing Mdng dugc chia bfin nhom vi tri phdt am id; Nhdm mdi - mdi, moi - rang; gSm cd 12 phy dm; f IJL I fl I mf I mn I V I ph Nhdm diu luoi, chdn rang gdm cd phy am; Nhdm cudng ludi - hdm mfim gSm cd 11 phy am: kr T ^ nkr Nhdm diu ludi, mat luoi - him Ich trfin gom 29 phu am: c ch d dh dr hi hm hmn hnh kh n g nd h hn ng nh Nr nt nth q r sh t th tr nq z ei di eng ong ei cru Tifing Mdng cd 11 nguyfin im Ii: Tifing Mdng cd 24 van Id: ifi ui ang inh ung ao oa ufi ang oai uenh au oang enh ut eu uo Tifing Mfing cd difiu Trong dd dong lunh sin gfim cd li: ngang (0), ruar (r), vuv (v), xix (x), tiianh zuz (z); dong thing ttim gfim cd tiianh Id kudk (k), lui (I) va sous (s) Nhu viy, tilng Mfing cd thfi xlp vao mpt ttong nhthig loai ngon ngfi da difiu Trong bp chfi Mfing Vift Nam hifin dang dupc Iuu hanh, cac dif u ciia tilng MSng sfi dung ki hieu Id cic chu r, v, x, s, z, k, Day cung CO thl xem li mfit khd khin dfii vdi ngudi hpc dgc cic van bdn chfi Mdng Bdi vi neu nhu khdng cd kiln thfic can bdn vl bg chfi niy thi se rit dfi nham vdi cdc phy am cuoi nhu ttong tifing Vift 2.2.2 Cha viet cita ddn tgc Mdng Ngudi Mfing rit ty hio ve ngfin ngu cua dan tdc minh Hg cho rang tifing Mong la mgt loai ngdn ngfi tinh tfi vfi ngfi am, phong phu va da dang ve tfi vyng, sau sac ve y nghia vd ngfi phdp Tuy nhien, tfi siu thim frong tim hon, ngudi MSng lai chat chfia mot "noi hSn ngan ddi" ve huyen tho^i "bd an mat chu" ttong qua khu cua ddn tgc minh Bdng chiing Ii frong din ca, ngudi MSng da khSng it ldn phdn dnh noi "cay cyc" ma hp phii chiu dyng chi vi khSng CO chfi vifit: "Vi ngudi MSng ta khfing bifit chfi Thua kien ngudi Hdn ta mdi di" Trong phong tyc cda ngudi MSng, hg thudng dimg nhfing frang giiy bin dl thd ciing tl tifin, thinh thin, vd dSt di cho ngudi chit Nhihig td giiy ban dugc dye 16 theo hinh dpc, gidng nhu cic dfing chfi Nho (theo each ghi van ty cua ngudi Hdn) Va ngudi MSng cho ring Id chft cua din tpc minh tfi xa xua d i bi liy cip v i mit di vi mpt Ii ndo dd Giiy bin due Io dugc dimg frong nhilu tip tuc sinh boat nhu tang ma, hSn nhan, Iim via, dSit ten Ldi khin thinh ciu cua thdy ciing cung ngudi sSng dugc dn vio frong giiy bin vd dugc dSt di dl theo vfi vdi coi dm [9] Nam 1961, tiieo Nghi dinh 206 /CP ngdy 27/11/1961 vfi viec phe chuin phuang an chfi Thii, Tdy, Nung, Meo vd dua vdo sd dyng tiling nhit cho ca nudc MSc tiidi gian ndy danh diu vific ngudi Mong d Vift Nam chinh thuc cd chu vilt ciia ddn tfie minh Bfi chfi Mfing Viet Nam dugc xay dyng dya frfin hf tiling ki ty Latin tiieo nguyfin Ii ghi i m frfin co sd liy nganh Mdng Lfinh (MSng Hoa) d khu vyc Sa Pa - Ldo Cai lam co sd Bfin canh dd, bfi chu MSng niy cung tiiam khdo tiiem mfit s6 am vi cua cdc ngdnh MSng khdc d miln Bic nudc ta Vift Nam, ngodi bfi chfi Mfing dugc Chinh phu ban hdnh tfi nam 1961 Trong ddi sfing cua ngudi dan tdc MSng cdn xuit hien mSt bfi chu Mong khic cd tfin gpi la chft Mfing Latin Chu Mfing Latin dugc ddi nam 1953 tai Lao Ndm 1997, dl gpi ten bg chfi nay, nhifiu ngudi dung tiiuat ngfi tilng Anh Id Romannized Populer Anphabet (RPA) d6 d i co khfing it ngudi ggi day Ii chit Mdng qudc ti Cic phong frio hgc chu Mfing Viet Nam da co tiidi ki phdt friln manh me Trong nam 1962, 1963 nhin dan xa ban Phfi, huyfin Bdc Hd d i xda xong nan mu chft v i dugc Chinh phu ting hudn chuang lao dgng hang ba vdo nam 1964 [10] Tuy nhifin, cic phong frio hgc chfi MSng Viet Nam sau Iai "ling xudng" Din nay, cd mgt tiiyc trang la d^ bfi phan ngudi dan tgc MSng khong bifit chfi ciia din tgc minh (bd chfi Chinh phu diy cfing xiy dyng) Nguyfin nhan cua thyc frang cd c i nhihig yeu tS chu quan va khach quan Chung tfii xin dugc trinh bdy kl hem ve van de ndy ttong mgt nghien cuu khac C) day, chung tSi chi xin dugc neu mpt sS thyc ttang ttong viec day chfi MSngVift Nam d khu vyc Tdy Bac Mac du chuang trinh day chfi Mdng (cung vdi chfi cua mgt so ddn tgc thieu sfi khic) da dugc ban hdnh kem theo Quyfit dinh Sd: 03/2006/QD - BGD&DT Tuy nhien hifu qui cua vific day chu MSng Viet Nam d mgt so tinh mifin nui cho den cdn chua dat dugc nhihig ket qua nhu mong muln Nhihig tSn tai han che cd thfi kfi li: Thfi nhit, vific thifiu giao vifin su pham dugc dao tao bii bin vfi ngfin ngu va chu viet dan tgc thieu sS tfie Id dang thifiu di cS may cai de san sinh cic miy Thfi hai, vific thieu gido ttinh vd sach gido khoa da khien cho sin pham dao tao khfing cd dugc khfii lugng kien thfic can thiet Thfi ba, dSi tugng ngudi hgc khong dfing deu, hoac chua tiing duoc tifip xuc vdi tieng MSng hoac co the biet tieng ma khfing biet chu Thfi tu, thoi gian dio tao ngin (tfi den thdng) vdi hinh thfic ddo tao khong lien mach (thudng hgc vio cac nghi) khd giup cho ngudi hpc cd luih hgi dugc nhfing kien ihuc can thifit Thd nam, ttong cdng tic dao tao thieu thon ve co sd v^-t chat, kT thuat, hpc lifu nhu bang, dTa dfi phyc vu cho vifc nghe, nhin frong qua ttinh hgc Ngodi ke den nhiing han chfi khic nhu sS lugng ngudi hpc it, thuong li mpt bp phan can bg, cfing chfic, vien chfic dang cdng tac d nhfing dia ban cd ngudi Mong cu tru Nhiing hpc vifin niy sau cic khoa hpc chua cd dieu kien de "truyen day" cho nhieu ngudi khic Trong do, mgt thyc te Ii ngudi Mong dang tiep xuc hang ngdy tham chi hang gid vdi bg chfi MSng Latin (chfing tSi ggi la chfi MSng khu vyc) thSng qua phim dnh, ca nhac frfin Intemet Dieu tat yeu dan den kfit qua la cd mot sS lugng khong nhd ngudi MSng co the nghe, ndi, dpc, viet dupc cac van bin bing chft MSng khu vyc m i khong the dgc hay viet bang chft MSng Viet Nam Tu thyc tfi ndy cho thiy nfiu nhu chung ta khfing sdm co nhihig chinh sach day chft Mfing Viet Nam kip thdi v i phu hgp frong giai doan hien thi rat co the sfi cd nhieu "phdc tap tiem an" frong mpt tuong Iai khdng xa nhat la ve van dfi chfi vifit cua din tgc niy K i t luan Mpt din tgc cd ngfin ngfi v i chft viet Id co dugc mgt cfing cu quan frpng de sinh tfin, phat ttiln ciing nhu gin gift nhihig gii fri van hoa cua dan tpc minh Co the khang dinh, nhfing chinh sich ve ngon ngft va chu viet ddi vdi dan tpc thieu sS cua Ding va Nhd nudc ta la diing din Nd thl hien quan dilm tfin frpng, binh dang, cfing phat ttien gifia cic din tpc tten lanh thfi Viet Nam Van de cfin Iai sau chinh sach la ldm thfi ndo de dua chinh sach ddng dan vdo cugc sfing mpt each cd hieu qui Lam dugc difiu khfing chi tifit kifm dugc ngin sdch cho qufic gia md hfit sue thiet thyc frong viec gin gifi vd phat ttifin van hoa ciia cic din tpc thieu so d Viet Nam TAI LIEU THAM KHAO [1] Bg Giao due Dio tao (2006) Tai lieu tap huan giao vien day tieng MSng cho can bp, cong chfic cdng tac tai vung dan tpc Mong, Hd Npi [2] Bg Gido due Dio tao (2006) Quyfit dinh vl vifc ban hanh chuang trinh tilng Mfinp dfing de ddo tao giao vifin day tieng MSng cho can bd, cfing chuc d viing din tpc, mien niii, HaNoi ' [3] Phan Hihi Dit (2014) Mdt so vin dl vl din tpc hpc Viet Nam Nhi xuit ban Dai hpc Quflc gia H i Nfii [4] Tran Tri Doi (2016) Ngon ngfi cic din tpc thifiu so d Vift Nam Nhi xuit ban Dai hpc Qufic gia H i Ngi [5] Vu Qufic Khdnh (2005) Ddn tpc Mong d Viet Nam Nhd xuit ban Thong tin [6] F Savina (1924) Lich sfi ngudi Meo, Bdn dich Traong Thi Thp v i D Trpng Quang, Phong tu lifu - Thu vien Din tpc hgc, Hd Ngi [7] Vuong Duy Quang (2005) Van hoa tam linh cda ngudi Mdng d Vift Nam, trayen thing va hifn tat Nhd xuat bin Van hoa thfing tin [8] Thio Seo Smh, Phan Thanh (2003) Sach hpc tieng MSng Nhd xuat bdn Vdn hoa Dan tpc [9] Nguyen Kifin Thp (2014) Tho ca dan tpc Mong tfi trayen thSng den hien dai Nhi xuit ban Dai hpc Thdi Nguyen [10] Tong cue thfing kfi (2010) Ting difiu fra dan s l v i nhi d Viet Nam nam 2009 HMONG IN VIETNAM AND SOME MAJOR ISSUES OF LANGUAGE Nguyen Trung Kien Tay Bac University Abstract: The Hmong is an ethnic minority in Vietnam, which owns a typical language The issues of this ethnic language will be belter addressed with certain knowledge of ethnic culture Our research interest focuses on national history tied to the problems of language and script Thereby we try lo show the very tight relationship between the three elements namely, ethnicity, language and culture The research results contribute to buildup language policies for ethnic mmorities in Vietnam Keywords: Culture, ethnicity, history, minority, language, policy ... ba den Viet Nam cua ngudi Mdng each khoing 160 nam Khi cupc khdi nghia H i m Ddng (nam 1853) ciia Truong Minh Tu xuat phat tfi Ddng Nam Quy Chau, sau Ian rgng sang Ho Nam vd Van Nam thit bai... 3000 nam Ngudi Mdng di cur vdo Viet Nam mudn so vdi cac din tpc khdc Ngudi Mdng den nudc ta c6 till gfim nhifiu dgt vdi quy mfi Idn nhd khdc Tfi Vin Nam sang Vift Nam, tfi Quy Chiu qua Van Nam. .. nghifin efiu khoa hpc d Vift Nam vd mpt so nudc ttong khu vyc Ddng Nam A, xuat hien each ggi tgc danh H Mor^ hoac Ha Mdng Nam 1979, ttong Bing Danh muc cdc ddn tgc Vi?t Nam, Tfing cue Thong ke chpn