Người lao động di cư vùng tây nam bộ và việc tiếp cận chính sách an sinh xã hội

CHUYEN MUC KINH T S H O C - XA HQI HOC NGUOI LAO DONG Dl CU" VUNG TAY NAM Bp VA VIEC TIEP CAN CHJNH SACH AN SINH XA HOI NGUYEN DJNH KHOA" Dwa tren each tiep can nghien ciru di cw til' nai goc, bai viet phan tich so lieu dieu tra mau dai dien cua 100 ho tai 21 xa cua tinh Tay Nam Bo nam 2016 ve ngwol lao dong di cw va tlep can chinh sach an sinh xa hoi Ket qua cho thay dac diem ciia ngwoi lao dong dl cw c6 sw phan hda ro ret theo khu vwc kinh te va khong gian di cw Ngwo-I lao dong dl cw khu vwc kinh te chinh thirc tiep can kha day du vol cac chinh sach bao hlem xa hoi, bao hlem y te, va dao tao chuyen mon tay nghe, nhirng ngwdl khu vu-c phi chinh thirc thi rat han che Ty le dwac dao tao thap, dao tao ngan han, dao tao thieu hieu qua, va It gan ket vdi no-l den la nhirng trd ngai de ngwdl lao dong dl cw thich irng vdi bdi canh chuyen doi nhanh va tao dwng cuoc song on dmh Tirkhda; ngydi lao dpng dl cy, Tay Nam Bp, chinh sach an smh xa hgi, bao hiem xa hoi, bao hiem y te, dao tao, noi cy tru, hg khau Nhan bai 5/2/2018; dwa vao bien tap 7/2/2018; phan bien 12/2/2018; duyet dang; 15/2/2018 GlCyi THIEU Tir thap nien 1990 trd lai day, di ey ndi chung va di c y nong thon-thanh thi d nyde ta da tang len nhanh chong cung vol ehlnh sach ddi mdi, md eira va qua trinh cong nghiep hda, hien dai , T- , ; hoa T y den nay, hang trieu nqyoi Try&ng eai hoc Quy Nhcrn ' ^ ° ddng tir nong thdn Tay Nam Bp (TNB) da di c y den eac phd, ehu ydu la Thanh Ho Chi Minh (TPHCM) va eae tinh Ddng Nam Bp (ONB) de lam cong nhan cae khu cdng nghiep va khu virc kinh te phi chmh thirc (l-e Thanh Sang, '^ * 2008; Le Thanh Sang va Nguyen Ngpc Teal, 2017; Nguyen Ngpc Tpai, 2017) Bdi canh mdi flat nhidu van o u W l l-f^\J JLt\J\t\J LJI ' ngu'di di cw, quan sat tryc tiip diiu kien s i n g , lam viec va cac quan he tygng tac vdi ehinh quyin va cpng d i n g dan c y noi hp dang sing Tuy nhien, each t i i p can eo mot s i han che co the du'gc bo sung t d viec nghien cdu tai noi g i c cua ngydi di cy: IVIpt la, nghien edu tai noi xuit cu* Trong b i i canh i y , cac chinh sach an CO the cung c i p each nhin chinh xae sinh xa hpi d nu'ac ta da khong ngdng v i eg c i u phan cua nhdng du'gc hoan thien va co nhdng bu-dc ngygi di cu' qua cac thdi diem khac t i i n bp v y g t bae hon mpi thap nhau, d i n nhdng ngi khac va vdi nien qua Neu nhdng nam 2006-2008 nhdng muc dieh khac Hai la, la giai doan n i nhieu cupe dinh eae dac diem tren cua ngu'di di cueong t y phat dau tranh vdi nhdng vi du'gc gan k i t vdi cac dac d i i m ciia hp pham v i quyen va yeu c i u nang eao gia dinh va cpng d i n g g i c cua hp, phuc Igi ciia cong nhan (Le Thanh vay CO the hieu sau hon cae b i i canh Sang va cpng sy, 2009) thi cho d i n cua di CU' va tiip can an sinh xa hpi co g i n day moi quan he gida ngu'di lao tac dpng nhy t h i nao doi vdi viec dat dpng va ngu'di sd dung lao dpng da tdi cac muc tieu ma hp hu'dng d i n Do CO eai thien ro ret nhd eae chinh sach vay, bai v i i t s d dung each tiip an sinh xa hpi cang dap dng yeu can nghien cdu t d noi g i c de phan e i u thyc tiln dat Tuy nhien, tich mpt s6 dac diem ngu'di lao dpng cac qui djnh eua Bo Luit Lao dong TNB dang di cu' va mdc dp tiip can du'gc thyc thi mot each tu'ang d i i tot bao hiem xa hpi (BHXH), bao hiem y khu v y c kinh t i chinh thdc thi t i (BHYT), dao tao chuyen mon tay h i u nhu' v l n la mot khoang tring nghe, dieu kien cu" tni va tinh trang hp khu v y c kinh t i phi chinh thdc khau cua hp tai noi d i n Ke ca ciing mot nganh nhu' may N G U N S O L I E U VA PHUONG mac va xay dyng thi van co sy khae PHAP LUAN NGHIEN CU'U biet ro ret gida cong nhan co hgp de v i ehinh saeh lao dpng, tiin lu-ong va cac ITnh v y c an sinh xa hpi khac nham dam bao moi tru'dng d i u tu' thuan Igi, d i n g thdi bao ve cac quyin va Igi ich ehinh dang cua ngydi lao dpng noi chung va ngu'di lao dpng di ey noi rieng d i n g chinh thdc vdi cong nhan thdi vu cua cong ty va cong nhan cac hp san x u i t ca the, cac nhom xay dyng (Oxfam, 2015) Cac nghien cdu v i tiip can chinh sach an sinh xa hpi cua ngu'di lao dpng di c y thu'dng du'gc thyc hien tai ngi nhap cy D i i u chc phep nha nghien cdu tiep xiic tryc tiep vdi Bai viit sd dung k i t qua diiu tra mau d i i vdi 2.100 hp gia dinh va cac cupc phong v i n sau d i tai Van 6e dan so va di dan phat then ben vQ-ng vung Tay Nam Bo 6WGC tiin hanh nam 2016 Ket qua khao sat djnh lu'gng mang tinh dai dien cho viing TNB dya tren qui trinh chpn m i u nhiiu giai doan ma TAP CHI KHOA HOC XA HOI so (233) ^U18 cae 6cm vi hanh ehinh tinh/huyen/xa dype chpn ngSu nhien he thong tir danh sach eac don vj hanh chinh dype s i p xdp theo ydu td sinh thai va phin dan tde Theo dd, 21 xa/ phydng dype ehpn tir 14 quan/huyen cua tinh/thanh trcng s6 13 tinh/thanh TNB gdm Lpng An, Tien Giang, Tra Vinh, can Tho, An Giang, Hau Giang, Ca Mau Tai mdi xa/phydng dype chpn, lap danh saeh cac Sp/khu phd dya tren khu vyc trung tam-ngpai vi, didu kien kinh td kha-trung binh-thSp; tai cae dja ban nghien ciru lien quan den ngydi Khmer, Hca, Cham thi them mdt chidu kich vd phSn dan tdc Dya tren danh saeh cae Sp/khu phd de chpn tir 2-3 §p de nghien cii'u Lap danh sach tean bg hp gia dinh tai cae lip/khu tren va chpn nglu nhien he thdng dpi vdi 100 hp tai moi xa Tai mdi hp gia dinh, didu tra vien phdng v l n ngydi ehu hg/vp ehdng chu hg, ndu khdng the tiep xiic dype vdi ngydi chu hp thi phdng v l n mdt ngydi am hidu tinh hinh cua hg Nhirng thdng tin nao khong rd dype phoi kiem vol nhyng ngydi khac gia dinh de dam bao tinh tin cay ctJa thdng tin Nhdm nghien ciru cung ghi sd dien thoai ciia ho de trap dpi them c l n thidt Ngydi di ey trcng nghien ciru dype dinh nghTa la nhtrng ngydi cd chung kinh td hp gia dinh nhyng tam thdi dl ddn mpt noi khac vdi xa/phydng cua hp gia dinh tir thang trd len vl nhidu ly Ngydi lao dpng di cy la nhti'ng ngydi di c y tir 15 tuci trd len dang lam viec tai noi khac Day la ddi tyong chinh ciia eac chinh sach an sinh xa hpi c l n dygc tap trung nghien eiru Mdt han chS cua ngudn so lieu phan tleh v l di c y va ngydi di cy tai noi gdc la khdng tlep xiie trire tiep vdi h l u het ngydi dang di cy, vay nhtrng thdng tin ddi hoi dp chinh xae cap lien quan den thai dp, hanh vi tren mpt sd linh virc khdng dyoc phan tich d day Chiing tdi chi tap trung vac cac tidp can BHXH, BHYT, dap tap chuyen men tay nghe, tinh trang ey tru va hg khau cua ngydi lao dpng di ey la nhtrng thcng tin rd rang va co the phoi k i l m cupe khao sat DAC BieiVl NGU-ai LAO BONG Dl CU" VUNG TAY NAM BO Trong so 2.100 hp gia dinh dygc khao sat d TNB nam 2016 cd 994 ngydi ttf 15 tuci trd len dang di cy de lam viec Co c l u ngydi lap dpng dl cy dygc trinh bay d Bang chc thiy: nam gidi chilm ty le cap hon rp ret, chilm 59,9% so vdi , % ciia nt> Nhdm tuoi ttr 30 trd xudng chilm tdi 67%, tiep d i n la nhdm 31-44 ehllm 23,2%, eac nhdm tuoi ttr 45 trd len ehl ehllm dydi 10% Ty le ngygi lao dpng di cy chya lap gia dinh va dang cd gia dinh x i p XI nhau, khoang 47%, va 5,8% edn lai la nhti'ng ngydi gda, ly hon, hoac ly di Co c l u gidi tinh, dp tudi va tinh trang hdn nhan tren phan anh dac diem eua nhtrng dcng lap ddng di cy khac nhau, ke ea di ey d i n cac xa khae huyen, va dyge tich luy theo thdi gian di ey trung binh la 5,25 nam Bang Dac cJiem nhan khiu cua ngudi lao dpng di cu TNB: 2016 T6ng s6 Ncri a6n (%) so vdi nhCrng ngydi ldn tuoi hgn va dang cd gia dinh Tyong tir, khu vire thj thu hiit ddng Gio'i t i n h dao nhyng ngydi lao Nam 57,4 62,3 595 69,9 59,9 dpng di ey cd hgc v l n Nir 42,6 37,7 399 40,1 30,1 cao hon so vdi khu virc T u o i (trung binh) (28,3) (34,4) (29,6) (33.7) ndng thdn; hon ntra TCr 30 trd xu6ng 41,5 666 67,0 54,3 71,6 trinh dp hpc v l n cua TCr 31-44 tu6l 39.6 230 23,2 23,7 21,9 ngydi lao dpng di ey TCr 45-54 tuoi 58 12,7 3,7 vac thgl diem khao sat 5,8 15,1 cung cao hon nhilu so 3,8 TCr 55 tu6i trd len 40 4,0 9,2 2,9 vgi thgl diem b i t d l u di Tinh t r a n g hon nhan c y vi mdt bp phan dang 32,4 52,0 26,4 Chira k i t hon 469 47,2 k l chuyen d i n eae Co vp'/chong 467 47,0 63,6 41,8 67,9 phd d l hpe, Goa/ly hon/ly than 58 5,8 4,0 6,3 5,7 thydng la dai hpc, cao Hoc v ^ n dang va sau tdt 57 5,9 16,4 3,3 Mu chCr nghiep thi thydng d lai 38 228 23,6 31,0 20,8 Cap trd xuong d l tim k i l m viec lam 41,1 24 376 38,7 32,7 cap Hien cd 84,1% so ngydi 8,8 76 7.8 4,1 6,0 cap lao ddng di cy co trinh T6t nghiep Cap 15,8 26,0 24,0 234 24,1 dg hgc v l n d p trd ien trd len d i n khu vye thj Nguon; LS Thanh Sang, 2016 ch! cd 10,9% den khu vire ndng thdn va 5% la Cd sir khae dang ke v l eo c l u nydc ngoai Do vay, ty le ngydi lao ngydi di ey d i n cac khu virc ndng dpng di ey tai thdi diem khac sat cd thon va khu virc thj Tai thdi mti'e hpc v l n tir tdt nghiep trung hpc diem khao sat, tuoi trung binh eua thdng trg len chilm tdi 24,1%, ngydi lao dpng di cy d i n khu vyc s l da hpc xong Idp 10, Idp ndng thdn la 33,7, d i n khu 11 (elp 3) chi chilm 7,8% Tuy nhien, vyc thj la 28,5, t h i p hgn khoang bd phan ddng dao nhlt v i n la nhu'ng tuoi Tyong irng, ngydi lao ddng dl ngydi cd mire hpe v l n d p 2, chiem cy d i n khu virc ncng thon cd ty le dpc 38,7% Sd ngygi cd mire hpe v l n tir than chi 32,4% nhti'ng ngydi d p trd xucng eung kha cao, chilm d i n khu vyc thj cd ty le dde than 23,5%, va ca mpt ty le khong nhd la 52% Cd the t h i y nhdng ngygi lao (5,8%) la mil chO' Sir phan hda kha ddng tre, dpe than cd xu hygng tim cao v l hpc v l n ciia nhtrng ngydi lao k i l m CO hdi viee lam d hon n % Nong thon Thanh thi Nydc ngoai TAP CHI KHOA Hgu XA riyi so 11^^3) Bang Noi din hien ciia ngydi lao dgng dicy TNB: 2016 n Tong cpng 994 % 100,0 Xa khac huyen 12 1,2 Huyen khac tinh 97 9,8 C^c linh khac d Tay Nam Bo 163 16,4 TPHCM 368 37,0 C^c tinh Bong Nam Bo 272 27,4 c a c vung khac n y d c 29 2,9 Campuchia 32 3,2 c a c nu'dc khac 21 2.1 Nguon; Le Thanh Sang, 2016 ddng di ey phan anh nhirng phan hda thj trydng viee lam va khoang each dja ly Hau h i t nhyng ngydi cd hpc v l n tir e l p trd xudng, dac biet la nhtrng ngydi mu chir, thydng lam mydn ndng nghiep hoac phi ndng nghiep d eae dja phyong tinh va mpt sd it khu virc phi ehlnh thirc d thj Trong dd nhti'ng ngydi cd hpc v l n cap tap trung nhilu hon khu virc chinh thirc va g eae Phan tieh sau hgn v l ngi d i n eua ngydi lao dpng di c y TNB (xem Bang 2) eho thiy, TPHCM v l n la ngi thu hut dong nhlt, ehllm d i n 37%, tilp den la cae tinh ONB cdn lai, chilm 27,4%i Tinh chung, tinh BNB thu hiit 64,4% sd ngygi lao ddng di c y TNB Cac xa khac huyen va cac huyen khac tinh ehi thu hiit 11%, cac tinh cdn lai ciia TNB eung ehi la noi d i n cua 16,4% B i l u eho thiy nhti'ng gidi han cua vung TNB doi vdi cung d p eo hdi viec lam chc ngydi lao dpng Ngoai ra, ed the thay h l u nhy rat it ngydi lap dpng TNB di cy d i n eae viing cdn lai trcng ea nyde, ty le chi ehllm 2,9% Mdt bg phan ngydi lao dgng TNB eung dl ey din Campuchia, Malaysia va Dal Loan nhyng khdng ldn T l i P CAN AN SINH XA HOI C O A NGLfOI LAO BONG Dl CU" TAY NAM BO TAI N a i B t N 4.1 Tiep can bao hiem xa hoi va bao hiem y te BHXH va BHYT la tru cdt chinh chinh saeh an sinh xa hdi d Viet Nam Tir nam 2006, Nghj djnh 152/2006/ ND-CP hydng d i n mdt so dilu eiia Luat Bao hiem xa hoi v l BHXH bit bude ddi vdi can bp, ccng chire, vien chire va ngydi lae dgng Viet Nam lam viee theo hgp dong lao ddng, ke ca hg kinh dcanh ca the, tc hgp tac, to chire khae va ca nhan ed thue mydn, sir dung va tra cdng chp ngygi lao ddng Tuy nhien, tren thirc t l khu vtrc kinh t l ngoai nha nyde, dac biet la khu virc kinh t l phi chinh thirc thygng khong tuan thu d l y dii qui djnh phap luat tren Trong dd, viec mua BHXH tir nguyen eua nhtrng ngygi lao dpng khdng cc quan he lac ddng (ty lam hpac lam mydn cd quan he lap dgng khdng on dinh) edn rlt h i l m hoi Thyc te tren tao sy khac biet ldn ve mirc dp tilp can BHXH eiia ngygi lap ddng di c y lam viec trpng cac loai hinh san x u l t kinh dpanh khac K i t qua khao sat (xem Bang 3) eho thiy, chi cd 36,5% sd ngydi lao dgng Bang Ty le ngu'di lao dpng di cu' T N B co BHXH phan theo khu v y c kinh t i : 2016 N h ^ nuac, doan the _ , L HO san x u l t | D^anti nghiep kinh doanh nho T y lam, lam m y d n Tong so Khong 11,6 21,7 89,1 98,9 52,9 Co 79,1 62,3 1.4 0,0 36,5 9,3 16,0 9.5 1,1 10,6 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 (43) (525) (147) (279) (994) Khong ro Ting s i (n) Sy khac v^ BHXH giira cac khu virc kinh te c6 y nghTa thdng ke vdi P) thi ty le cd BHXH cua ngydi lao dgng di ey cap hgn g l p dpi dp da s l lam trpng ccng nhan trpng eac dcanh nghiep va dygc ddng BHXH b i t bupe thep phap luat qui djnh Tuy nhien, mdt bp phan ddng dao ngydi lao dpng di cy lam viec co quan he lao ddng nhyng v i n khdng ed BHXH b i t bupe la mpt v l n d l dang quan ngai v l thye thi ehinh sach Mpt bp phan dong dao khac ty lam hoac lam mydn khdng cd BHXH la mdt thach thirc eho mue tieu mg rpng ty le mua BHXH t y nguyen, va ddi hdi phai ed nhdng ehinh saeh khuyin khich, h i trg hdu hieu hgn Bang Ty le ngydi lao dpng di cy TNB co BHYT phan theo khu vyc kinh t i : 2016 Doanh nghiep Nha nydc, doan t h i Hp san x u l t kinh T y lam, Tong s6 lam m y d n doanh nhd Khong co BHYT 9,3 9.0 52,4 52,3 27,6 BHYT b i t buoc 79,1 67,6 6,1 0,0 40,0 BHYT t y nguy#n 2,3 4,8 16,3 11,1 8,1 BHYT ho ngheo /can ngheo 2,3 9,0 14,3 15,1 11,2 BHYT d6i tyong chinh sach T6ng s6 (n) 7,0 9,7 10,9 21,5 13,1 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 (43) (525) (147) (279) (994) Sy khac ve BHYT giOa cac khu vyc kinh t i co y nghia thing ke vdi P