Giới và sự tham gia của người dân trong quản lý rừng bền vững (nghiên cứu trường hợp tỉnh thanh hóa và nghệ an

Nghi§n cilu Gia dlnti va G i i S6" - 2019 GiGii va sutham gia cua nguai dan quan ly rimg ben viimg (Nghien ciru trirang hgfp tinli Tlianh Hoa va Nghe An) Phung Thj Y6n Nghien ciiu vien tjgc l^p Tom tdt: Cac nghien ciiu vl gidi va lam nghiSp a Viet Nam da chi su khac biet giiJa nam va n& va gi&a cac nhom xa hoi tiep can, tham gia va huong lgi nguon lye tir rimg Bai vilt tap trung phan tich cac vdn dl vl gidi vi^c quan ly rimg va sy tham gia va hucmg lgi cong bang su dyng va bao ve nguin tai nguyen rimg bin vung Kit qua tut nghien ciiu cho thay co tinh trang khong cong bang giira nam gidi, phy nir, cac nhom yeu the ve hudng lgi cong bang quan ly rimg b6n vvtag d Thanh Hoa va Nghe An Nam gidi tiip cSn va kiem soat cac nguon lire dit dai tir rimg cao hem phu ntf Cac nhom yeu the chua dugc khuyen khich tham gia tich cue cac boat dgng quan ly rimg ben vCmg va can huong t(3d sir tham gia cong bang cho tit ca cac nhom hudng lgi true tiep tir rimg Tir khoa: Nghien cihi gi6i; Gidri va lam ngtufp; Quan ly riing ben viing; Binh ding gidi; Nhom yiu thi; Hudng lgi cong bang Ngay nhan bai: 12/9/2017; chinh sita: 1/3/2019; duy?t dang: 1/4/2019 GO Nghien CLPU Gia dinh va Gidi Q u y l n 29, s6 2, tr 59-71 Ma diu Quan ly rimg b^n viing (QLRBV) la mgt nguyen tic ddng thdi la tieu chuSn ma quan ly kinh doanh rung phai dat tdi Mgt cac nguyen tac QLRBV la dam bao binh ding giua cac th£ he, giiia nam gidi va phu nii' viec su dung va quan ly rimg (Tran Van Cdn, 2006) Nguyen tac nhin manh ring mgi ngudi cgng dong khdng phan biet gidi tinh, dan tgc va ton giao dhu cd quyen binh ding nhu tiep can, kiem soat cac ngu6n luc tir rimg Miic cdng bang tiep can va kiem soat cac ngu6n luc rimg va cac nhdm sdng phu thuoc vao rung cd anh hudng ro ret tdi chit lugng Q L I ^ V b6i canh Viet Nam (Dinh Hiiu Hoang, Dang Kim Son, 2009) Cac nghien cuu gan day vh gidi lam nghiep chi ring, phu nir va cac nhom tdn thucmg khac tham gia cac hoat dgng lam nghiep thap hon nam gidi (Le Thi Dien, 2005; Bg Ndng nghiep va Phat trien ndng thon, 2006; Nguyin Hiru Minh, Tran Thi Thanh Hai, Nguyen Ddc Td Luu, 2015) Sau nhigu nam, nganh lam nghiep da cd n6 luc cai thien su tham gia cdng bang cua nhung ngudi song phu thuoc vao rimg Nghien cuu sii dung dinh nghTa ciia Ngan hang Phat trien Chau A coi su tham gia la mgt quy trinh ma qua cac ben lien quan cd the tac dgng hoac ddng gdp vao viec thiet ke, thuc hien va theo ddi boat ddng phat trien Su tham gia, khdng chi la mgt muc dich tu than, gdp phan cai thien cac ket qua phat trien Bang each lam cho cac ben lien quan hieu rd hon va tham gia vao cac quyet dinh, phan bo ngudn luc va cac boat ddng co anh hudng den cugc sdng ciia hg, su tham gia dam bao ngudi tham gia dat' dugc lgi ich tir su tham gia (Ngan hang Phat triln Chau A, 2012: 14) Chuong trinh Rimg va Dong bang Viet Nam (VFD) nhan manh den su tham gia ciia cac nhom yeu the cgng ddng Cau hoi dat ra, sau nhihig hoat dgng dd thi van de gidi QLRBV hien nhu th6 nao? Bat binh ding gi&a cac cdng dong song phu thuoc vao rimg cd tdn tai? Cac nhdm de bj ton thucmg song phu thuoc vao rung hien la ai? Co giai phap nao giup cac nhdm sdng phu thuoc vao rimg tiep can va kiem soat nguon luc tCr rimg mgt each cdng bang? Sd lieu va phu-o-ng phap Nhirng cau hoi dugc nhieu chucmg trinh phat trien cdng ddng quan tam nham xay dung ca che thiic day su tham gia hieu qua cua tat ca cac ben lien quan dac biet nhom yeu th6 cgng dong Chucmg trinh Rimg va Dong bang Viet Nam USAID tai trg triln khai d bdn tinh Nam Dinh, Thanh Hoa, Nghe An va Long An tir nam 2013-2017 cung khong la ngoai Phung Thi Yen 61 le Nguyen tac ciia Chuong trinh VFD la long ghep gidi va dam bao su tham gia vao toan bg chucmg trinh Do vay, nam 2016, Chucmg trinh VFD da quyet dinh thuc hien nghien ciiu "Gidi va Su tham gia QLRBV" Ket qua nghien cihi lam co sd xay dung chien luge QLRBV d hai tinh du an la Thanh Hda va Nghe An Muc tieu cua nghien ciiu la (i) Md ta cac nhom de bi tdn thucmg sii dung dit va quan ly riing; (ii) Xay dung birc h-anh ve gidi vh QLRBV; (iii) Md ta cac xung dot lgi ich giira cac nhdm (neu co) tiep can va kilm soat cac ngudn lire tir rimg; (iv) Tim kiem giai phap nhim tang cudng kha nang tiep can va hudng lgi cdng bing doi vdi cac ngudn luc tii riing Phucmg phap nghien ciiu dinh tinh da dugc sii dung nghien cihi Ngoai nghien ciiu tai liSu cd lien quan, nhdm nghien cim da thuc hien 36 cugc thao luan nhom (TLN), dd, 13 TLN nam gidi, 12 TLN vdi phu nir va 11 TLN hdn hgp ca nam va nir; 69 phong vdn sau (PVS) Nhihig ngudi dugc tham van den tii hai nhdm (i) dai dien quan ly nha nude vh nong, lam nghiSp; (ii) nhom vien cgng ddng (bao g6m nhdm dl bj ton thuong nhu hd ngheo, hd gia dinh cd phu nii lam chii hg, hg dcm than, ngudi gia) Tong c6ng cd 242 ngudi da dugc tham vin Trong do, ty le nu chiem 38%, dan tgc thieu sd chilm 86% chii yeu la dan tgc Thai (52%), H'mdng (29%) va Kha Mii (5%), ngudi Kinh chilm 14% tong sd ngudi dugc tham vin Nghien cuu dugc thuc hien bdi nhom nghien ciiu dgc lap vdi su giam sat ky thuat ciia Chucmg trinh VFD Bai viet dua vao dii' liSu cua nghien ciiu tren Khao sat hien trudng thuc hien tai bdn xa thuoc hai huyen cua hai tinh Thanh Hda va Nghe An Xa Trung Ly va Mudng Ly huyen Mudng Lat, tinh Thanh Hda; xa Tien Phong va Nam Giai, huyen Que Phong, tinh Nghe An Diem chung ciia hai huyen la ty le dan tgc thieu so cao (Que phong: 90,6%, Mudng Lat: 94,17%) va ty le hg ngheo Idn han 40% Hai huyen cd dien tich rimg Idn nhat tinh va nim chucmg trinh thi diem chien luge "Tang trudng xanh" cua Chuong trinh VFD Bdn xa chgn khao sat cung la nai co ngudi dien tich rung Idn nhat nhi huyen (vi du Trung Ly cd 13.291 ha, Tien Phong cd 12.620,00 ha) Trong dd cd hai xa xa trung tam huyen di lai khd khan (Trung Ly va Nam Giai), hai xa gin trung tam huyen (Mudng Ly va Tien Phong) Kit qua nghien c u u 3.1 Nhdm de ton thuffng Cac nhdm song phu thuoc vao rimg nhung de bi tdn thuang dugc phat hien nghien ciiu gdm: (1) Nhdm phu nu dan tgc thilu sd khong 62 Nghien c u u Gia dinh vi Gidi Quy4n 29, sd 2, tr 59-71 ndi dugc tieng Viet, mil chii; (2) Nhdm hg neo don, hg mdi tach va hg ngudi gia nudi nhd; (3) Hg gia dinh ddng (4 trd len dugc sinh tir nam 1999); (4) Nhdm hg co ngudi sdng chung vdi HIV/AIDS hoac sir dung ma tiiy; (5) Nhdm cgng dong sdng d nhiing ban heo lanh; va (6) Nhdm hg sdng ven sdng, khe va sudi Ket qua nghien cim chi rang, su thiet thdi tham gia vao ddi song chinh tri, kinh te, xa hgi va sir phan biet doi xir khong chi t3p trung vao phu nil' va tre em gai ma nam gidi va tre em trai ciing co trai nghiem ve nhiing van de nhung cd the d miic thap hon Vi the nhom de bi tin thuong d cac diem khao sat khdng chi la ca nhan ma bao gdm ca hg gia dinh, nhom hd va cgng dong nhu da neu Cd nhieu ly de ca chinh quyIn va ngudi dan dja phuong xep hg vao nhom de tdn thuong, nhung cd mgt so ly chinh sau day: Thii nhat, tdn thucmg gap kho khan tiep can cac dich vu cdng vi han che ve ngdn ngir va kho khan giao thong Han che ve ngon ngir la van de can trd tdi su tham gia ciia phu nir dan tgc cgng dong Nhiing phu nii H'mong khong biet ndi tieng Viet, mii chii thudng bi bd hep gia dinh, rat it tham gia cac sinh hoat cdng d6ng Hg chi di hgp ban chong di vang Nhdm cd quy md Idn nhat, chilm tir 30-50% ddn s6 b6n xa khao sat "Phu nu" a day it di hgp, co hgp hay ngoi d goc audi hoac im lang " (Trudng ban, huy#n Mu'dng Lat) Ngugc lai, phu nir tham gia nhieu han cac hoat dgng rimg, cham soc va bao ve rimg Hoat ddng chiem tdi 70% khdi lugng cdng vi?c ve rimg Can bd lam nghiep huyen Mudng Lat cho biet phu nii' chua dugc mdi dich danh tham gia cac cugc hgp, tap huin lien quan tdi QLRBV "Hop thi nam gidi chidm tdi 70-80%, vi nam gidi la chu hg ma' (Can bO Doan chi dao phat tridn kinh td-xa hgi huy^n Mu'dng Lat, Thanh Hoa), Nhom yeu the gap khd khan viec di lai va each biSt vdi the gidi ben ngoai Vi nhu xa Trung Ly 'chi co nhit tinh 16 502 chay qua dia ban xa dugc rai nhua Cac tuyen dudng Hen ban xa van la dudng dit Ngudi dan di lai bang hai each la di bg va di xe gin may Tuy nhien, di lai bang xe may cung kha vat va va mat nhilu thdi gian dudng rat xiu Xa Trung Ly co 10/16 ban xa trung tam xa Thdi gian di chuyin tir nhirng ban den trung tam xa mit hem gid di bg hoac gan gid xe may Cdn xa Mudng Ly, dudng vao trung tam xa la dudng mon chay men theo cac sudn mii ben trien sdng Ma Phung Thi Y^n 63 Thii hai, tdn thuang thieu dat san xuat, thieu ngudi lao dgng, thu nhap khdng on dinh Trung binh moi thon d hai huyen Que Phong va Mudng Lat cd mgt hoac hai hd sd hiiu dien tich dat lam nghiep khiem ton (khoang 0,7 ha/hg) CJ huyen Mudng Lat, nhimg hg nhap cu sau nam 1999 phai canh tac d viing dat khdng thuan lgi ve thiiy lgi va cd rat it hoac khdng CO dat lam nghiep Dieu cd nghTa dii cu tru tren cimg dja ban nhung kha n3ng tiep can vdi cac ngudn von tu nhien la khac Co nhung hd ngudi H'mdng da cu trii tren dia ban xa din 10 nSm v§n khdng dugc sd hiiu bat ky khoan dat ndng nghiep va dat rimg nao Th^m chi hg bi rai vao danh sach nhdm cu trii bat hgp phap Tdn thuong Idn nhat cua nhdm hg la khdng thi tilp can vdi dich vu y tl, giao due va khuyin ndng, khuyin lam Hg tham chi bj gat ben le cac sinh hoat cgng dong Thir ba, ton thucmg gap rui ro ve thien tai Nhung hg sdng gSn khe suoi thudng cd nguy ca bi lu quet Binh quan mdi thdn cd khoang hg Nam 2007, xa Nam Giai cd 13 ngudi chit va ngudi bi thuang lu quet Hg song ven khe suoi phan Idn la hd mdi tach, hoac di cu tir noi khac tdi Hg khong cd dieu kien sd him manh dat dep nen phai lua chgn song ven khe sudi, nai de gap riii ro vao miia mua lu Phat hien ciia nghien ciiu cung gidng nhu nghien cihi trudc day cua Pan Nature (2015) va mgt sd nghien cihi ciia MARD ve lam nghiep xac dinh rSng, phu nir, tre em, hg ngheo, phu ntr lam chu hg la nhdm dl bj ton thuong (dan theo Nguyen Hiru Van, Trin Viet Dung, 2014) Ket qua khao sat cua nghien ciiu bd sung cac nguyen nhan vi khien cho nhdm hg tren rai vao tinh trang di t6n thuang Nghien ciiu nhin manh rang, ly han che ca hgi tiep can vdi dich vu, thieu phucmg tien san xuat la mgt nguyen nhan ca ban cd thi diy hd gia dinh tir miic song trung binh xuong tinh trang ngheo khd Vi vay, cac nd luc cai thien ca hgi tiep can djch vu cung nhu cung cip dich vu la quan trgng giup giam bdt mirc ton thuang va ngheo doi 3.2 Cac van de ve gidi linh vuc quan ly rirng Mgt so vin dl vl gidi ITnh vuc quan ly rimg dugc phat hien nghien ciru nay, la: Cac yeu ciu Idng ghep gidi va binh dang gidi QLRBV d Thanh Hoa va Nghe An chua dugc thuc hien Can bg dam nhiem cdng viec vh QLRBV chua dugc tilp can cac chucmg trinh nang cao nang luc ting the va chi tiet ve nhan thiic gidi, phan tich gidi va long ghep gidi Md ta trach nhiem ve long ghep gidi cua lanh dao va can bd cac ca quan lien quan tdi QLRBV chua cu the hoac khdng cd mo ta cdng viec Tat ca ngudi dai dien cua cac ca quan co chiic nang lien quan tdi QLRBV nhu Nong nghiep Phat trien ndng thdn, Kiem lam, Ban quan ly 64 Nghidn cuu Gia dinh vi Gidi Quy^n 29, s6 2, tr 59-71 vudn quoc gia, tra Idi rang hg khong cd ban mo ta cdng viec cu the, chi cd chiic nang nhiem vu Trong yeu ciu chiic nang nhiem vu khong cd ddng nao noi ve yeu cau long ghep gidi Nghien ciiu cung khdng tim thay bang chiing vl thuc hanh Idng ghep gidi giao dat, giao rimg, bao ve phat triln rimg va chi tra dich vu mdi trudng rimg Ngay ca viec tach sd lieu nam-nii tham gia cac hoat dgng giao dat giao rimg cung chua dugc thuc hien TSt ca cac bao cao hoat ddng cua cac ca quan lien quan nhu bao cao ciia Phdng Nong nghiep va Phat triln nong thdn va Phdng Tai nguyen va Moi trudng vl giao dit giao rimg, cua Tram Khuyen ndng ve tap huin ky thuat, cua Hat Kiem lam va Uy ban nhan dan xa ve truyen thong Quy udc va Phap luat bao ve va phat triln rimg, cua Quy bao ve va phat trien rdng vl chi tra dich vu mdi trudng rimg diu khdng tach sd lieu nam-nii hay so lieu hg ngheo dugc tham gia/hudng Igi (chi cd bao cao cac Idp tap huan ky thuat cua ca quan Khuyin ndng tinh Nghe An cd tach sd lieu nam-nir tham gia cac Idp tap huin) Khi dugc hoi tai khdng tach sd lieu nam-nii hay hg ngheo, hg dcm than, nhirng ngudi tham gia phdng van va thao luan deu tra Idi ring viec khong cd quy dmh va khdng bat huge Mgt so can b6 nganh lam nghiep d cac dilm khao sat tin rang kh6ng can tach biet so lieu ve nam nii cac bao cao tong kit hoac thdng k6 thudng nien Hg cho rang viec khong can thiet va tham chi chi lam cho cong viec cua hg trd nen phiic tap hem ma thoi "Co nhO-ng budi tuyen truyen dudi thon co d4n ca nam sau chuc ngudi tham gia Chung toi d4m sd ngudi chu" khong d^m nam, nu" Viec kh6ng clin thief (TLN can bd chucng trinh Tang trudng xanh,ffnhThanh Hoa) "Bao cao len tren chJ bao tdng so la dugc rdi Tach nam, nu lam gi mat thdi gian, ma cung khong dgc" (TLN Hat kidm lam huygn Mudng Lat, Thanh H6a) Con ton tai djnh kiln gidi nhom can bd quan ly rimg Can bg cac ca quan lien quan nhu Kiem lam, N6ng nghiep va Phat trien n6ng thdn, Tai nguyen va Moi trudng quan niem rang nam gidi tham gia va quylt dinh vl cac boat dgng lien quan din tai san dat, bao ve va phat triln rimg la diing Vi vay, 95% giay chimg nhan quyen sir dung dat da dugc cap nam gidi diing ten (Lfy ban nhan dan xa Tiln Phong, 2014; Uy ban nhan dan xa Nam Giai, 2014; Phdng Tai nguyen va Moi trudng huyen Que Phong, 2014) Nam gidi nam giii cac vi tri lanh dao cao nhit ciia ca quan Dang va Chinh quyen cac cap tir tinh den xa Hen quan tdi QLRBV Bao cao tdng ket nam 2014 cua Uy ban nhan dan huyen Que Phong va Mudng Lat cho thay CO 6/25 xa thuoc hai huyen cd can bd nu" cip huyen, ty le nii dai bieu Phiing Thj Yen 65 Hgi ddng nhan dan chilm dudi 15,3% cip thon ban, chi cd 5/47 thon ban cd can bg nij Phat hien cua nghien ciru tilp tuc khing djnh ring cd khoang trdng ve gidi cac ca quan quan ly nganh lam nghiep hien d hai tinh khao sat Khoang Idn nhit la thilu/khong Idng ghep gidi vao cdng tac QLRBV Cac ca quan cd chiic nang quan ly rimg khdng cd hoat dgng nao cu the vl Idng ghep gidi va su tham gia ciia cac nhdm yiu thi cdng dong Ly chinh la Uy ban nhan dan khdng cd quy djnh hay yeu cau cu the ve long ghep gidi Hoat dgng dugc cho la gdp phan thuc day binh ding gidi chu yeu la "Ngay hgi nii cdng gia chanh"; phong trao "Phu ntr gidi viec nude, dam viec nha"; "Nuoi khde, day ngoan" Cac cdng viec phSn tich gidi, tham van day dii nam gidi, phu ni? de xay dung boat ddng can thiep la nhiing cum tir hoan toan mdi ddi vdi hau hit nhiing ngudi dugc tham van So lugng can bg nganh lam nghiep dugc dao tao ve gidi, long ghep gidi d hai tinh chi dat dudi 7,5% (Phong van Chi cue Kilm lam tinh Thanh Hoa va Nghe An) Khoang trdng thir hai la tdn tai dinh kien gidi nhdm can bg lam cdng tac quan ly rimg ndi rieng va nganh lam nghiep ndi chung Nhieu ngudi dang cdng tac nganh lam nghiep hai dia ban khao sat quan niem ring nam gidi tham gia va quyet dinh ve bao ve va phat trien rimg la dung Day la mgt dinh kiln biln Vi vay, 95% giay chimg nhan quyen sir dung dat d hai huyen Que Phong va Mudng Lat dimg ten chii hg la nam gidi Khoang 80% sd hg cd dat lam nghiep (Uy ban nhan dan xa Tien Phong, 2014; Uy ban nhan dan xa Nam Giai, 2014; Phong Tai nguyen va Moi trudng huyen Que Phong, 2014) va nhirng ngudi dugc tham van tin ring quan niem tren khdng anh hudng tieu cue gi den ddi song xa hgi Cung quan niem nam gidi nhanh nhen hon phu nu-, nen ca quan chiic nang thudng mdi nam gidi tham gia cac cugc hgp ban ve QLBVR Hg tin rang nam gidi tap huin sau dd hudng din va chi dao cho nhiing ngudi khac gia dinh Dai dien Hat Kiem lam binh luan rang nam gidi tham gia hoat dgng trdng rimg la tdt hon, vi nam gidi khde hon, tilp thu kien thirc nhanh hon phu nu Trong thuc te khoang mgt nira sd nam gidi tham gia cac thao luan nhdm ndi rang hg co truyen dat lai cho vg/con sau tap huan 70% phu nir dugc tham van khang dinh hg tham gia nhu nam gidi cac cdng viec trdng rimg, lam gidng cay, cham sdc rung mdi Day la bit cap da dugc nhieu nghien ciru ve lam nghiep va khuyen nong chi trudc dSy, bat cap vl nii lam nam hoc (Nguyin Thi Dien, 2005; Nguyin Hun Minh, Trin Thi Thanh Hai, Nguyin Dire Td Luu, 2015) 66 Nghign cuu Gia dinh vi Gidi QuyIn 29, s6 2, tr 59-71 Khoang thir ba la ty le nu: nim giii- vi tri co quyen quyet djnh nganh lam nghiep, quan ly rirng vd ciing thap Ly chinh dugc neu la vi nam gidi trudc day dugc tao dilu kien hgc tap cao ban phu ntr Trong cac cugc hgp bau cir trudng ban, ty le nam gidi tham gia hgp chiem hon 80% Duang nhien, chi cd nam gidi ling cir trudng ban (Ket qua thao luan nhdm nien va nhdm ngudi gia xa khao sat) He qua cua khoang tring ve gidi cac ca quan quan ly rimg va nganh lam nghiep din tdi chit lugng cung cip djch vu ciia ca quan khdng cdng bing ddi vdi nam gidi, phu nii va cac nhdm yeu the cdng ddng Thdng tin tir thao luan nhdm va phdng van sau cho thay phu nii khdng dugc khuyin khich tham gia cac boat ddng lam nghiep, quan ly rimg bin virng mac dii hg la lao ddng chinh va dam nhan tdi 70% hoat dgng trdng rimg, khai thac riing, bao ve rimg Ca quan quan ly rung thieu kien thiic vl binh ding gidi nen hg chua nd lire tim phuang phap de thu hiit sir tham gia ciia ca nam gidi, phu nii, chua thu hiit nhom yeu the tham gia hoat ddng lam nghiep cgng ddng He qua din tdi cac xung dot lgi ich va gia tang khoang each giau ngheo cgng dong, phan ma se dugc phan tich ky ban dudi day 3.3 Cac van de ve gidi cgng dong Phat hien nghien ciiu tilp tuc khing dinh nam gidi luon chiem uu thi cac boat ddng tilp can va kiem soat cac nguon luc tir rimg Nam gidi tham gia hoat ddng dao tao ve QLRBV cgng dong nhieu hem phu n\i Nam gidi tham gia hiu het eac hoat dgng vl truyen thdng va ki cam ket tuan thii quy udc va phap luat bao ve va phat trien rimg, thuc hien tuan tra bao ve rung va phdng chdng chay rimg Nam gidi diing ten tren cac giay td su dung dat ndng/lam nghiep Tat ca cac nhdm dugc tharh van deu khing dinh, nam gidi cd quyet dinh gia dinh cao hon phu riii Doi vdi thira ke dat dai tir rimg, nam gidi dugc thira ke cua bd me va vay hg cd quyen quyet dinh ve dat dai Quan niem nam gidi la tru cot* la chii gia dinh cung anh hudng tdi quyen quylt dinh cua phu nii' va nam gidi Cac khuon mau va dinh kien gidi van cdn ton tai d mgt so dan tgc, quan niem trgng nam khinh nir ton tai d ca ngudi H'mong va ngudi Thai Mgt so gia dinh chua cd trai phai co gang sinh trai kl ca so vugt qua mirc cho phep Tu tudng uu tien cho trai hgc cao hem, day cho gai lam viec nha, vg phai nghe theo sap dat ciia chong va nha chong la khuon mlu gidi dang phd bien d cac dilm khdo sat Tuong tu nhu cac nghien ciiu trudc, nghien cim tilp tuc khang dinh nam gidi ludn chiem uu the cac hoat dgng tilp can va kiem soat cac Phung Thi Yen 67 nguon luc tir riing Cac hoat ddng truyin thong, tap huin vl trdng rung, bao ve rimg phan da nam gidi tham gia (chiem 90%, theo udc tinh cua Chi cue Kiem lam) Dai dien Hat kiem lam binh lu^n rang nam gidi tham gia hoat dgng trdng rimg la tot han, hg cd sire khde tdt va tiep thu kiln thirc nhanh han phu nii Ngoai ra, can bg kiem lam khdng biet tieng dan tgc cOng la mgt han che viec khuyin khich phu n& tham gia, bdi da so phu nii H'mdng khdng biet tieng Viet CJ khia canh kiem soat ngudn luc, nam gidi chiem uu the hon phu nii Thdng tin tir hai xa Tien Phong va Nam Giai cho thiy phin Idn dit lam nghiep da dugc giao cho cac hg tir nhiing nam 2003-2004 Phu nir d ca hai huyen Mudng Lat va Que Phong khong dugc quan ly dat lam nghiep ma chi la ngudi sir dung Dat lam nghiep nam gidi diing ten va trai dugc chia dat tach hd d rieng Phu nii chi dugc sii dung dat Da sd cac cap vg chdng tre deu dugc bd me nha chong cho dit lam nghiep de san xuit Nam gidi cd quyen quylt dinh gia dinh cao hon phu nir Nghien ciiu bd sung them cac bang chiing y£ quyen quyet dinh gia dinh cac nhom dan tgc Thai, H'mdng khu vuc khao sat van thien vl nam gidi Kit qua thao luan nhdm va phdng vin ca nhan d nhdm dan tgc H'mdng cho thay phan cdng lao dgng gia dinh (ai lam viec gi) nam gidi quylt dinh la chinh Nam gidi dan tgc H'mdng quyet dinh toan bg viSc quy hoach dit lam nghiep de trdng loai cay gi, sir dung loai gilng nao va ban san phim cho va gia ban Nam gidi cung quyet dinh toan bg viec vay nhung khoan vdn Idn tir ngan hang (tir trieu trd len) Vdi khoan vay nhd tir hang xdm, ban be lang, phu nii va nam gidi cd quyet dinh nhu Nam gidi dan tgc H'mdng quylt dinh toan bg viec mua ban nhihig tai san Idn ciia gia dinh (trau, bd, xe may) Phu nu thudng dugc hdi y kien nhung quylt dinh cuoi cimg van thuoc ve nam gidi Md thiic xay tuang tu d cac nhom dan tgc Kha Mu va Thai thong qua thao luan nhdm va phdng vin sau Vdi nhung phat hiSn tir nghien ciiu nay, cd the ndi rang tinh trang bit binh ding gidi quan ly rimg bin vung vln bien cac nhom dan too H'mong, Thai, Kha Mu 3.4 Su tham gia va hudng lgi cdng bang sir dung dat lam nghiep va bao ve riirng ben virng Ket qua nghien ciiu chi rang, su tham gia ciia ngudi dan quan ly rimg hien la thap Nam gidi cd nhieu ca hgi tham gia han phu nu "Hg chiem tdi 70% cac cugc hgp ban giao dit giao rimg d thon/ban" (trich Idi cua mgt Trudng ban) Nhdm yeu thi cdng d6ng cd tham gia cugc hgp ban ve giao dat, giao rimg, quan ly rimg nhung chi lang nghe ma 68 Nghign cuu Gia dinh vi Gidi Quy^n 29, s6 2, tr 59-71 khdng hoac it phat bilu y kiln Cac nhdm di hgp thudng ngoi d goc khuit hoac vong ngoai Nhin chung, miic tham gia ciia ngudi dan (nam gidi va phu nii, nhdm yiu thi) cac boat dgng quan ly rung mdi dimg d miic dugc biet Nghien ciiu phat hien xung dot Idn nhat hien cgng ddng la tranh chap quyIn sd hiiu dit rimg gitra cac chii rimg gdm ndng trudng, cdng ty va ngudi dan Tranh chip xay d huyen Que Phong nhieu hon Mudng Lat huyen Mudng Lat, Thanh Hda tin tai tinh trang nhieu chii rimg tren mgt dien tich dit rimg Chu rimg la ngudi dan nhung khdng biet chinh xac dat rimg cua minh d dau, bao nhieu Viet Nam da cd quy dinh rd rang vl sir tham gia ciia ngudi dan quan ly va sii dung rimg bin viing Bd Ndng nghiep va Phat trien nong thdn va Cue Lam nghiep da co thong tu hudng din cu thi d budc nao ngudi dan dugc tham gia va tham gia bing each nao (vi du tai Thdng tu sd 21/VBHN-BNNPTNT, Cdng van s6 623/LN-SDR ciia Cue Lam nghiep) Trong cac Quylt dmh ve quy hoach bao ve va phat trien rung cua cac tinh Thanh Hda, Nghe An (vi du Quylt dinh s6 4364/QD-UBND; Quylt djnh s6 6220/QD-UBND) da xac dinh ro su tham gia ciia ngudi dan qua trinh giao dit giao rimg, bao ve va phat trien rimg la mOt phan quan trgng Trong thuc tl, su tham gia cua ngudi dan cong tac quan ly rimg bin viing chii yiu d miic dugc thdng bao Ngudi dan dugc tham gia nhilu nhit d khau tuan tra bao ve rimg, rimg va thap nhat d cac khSu lap ke hoach giao dat, giao rimg Nam gidi la ngudi tham gia nhieu nhat d khau giao dat, giao rung Mirc tham gia cua hg la di hgp va dugc thdng bao, dugc nghe chir chua dat tdi mirc dugc ban bac hay cao hem la dugc quyet djnh Rat it phu nG dugc tham gia vao qua trinh giao dat, giao rimg Ca nam gidi va phu nii khdng nhd dugc gia dinh hg su dung bao nhieu dat, vi dugc sir dung Ca nam gidi va phu nii khdng tham gia vao qua trinh xay dung quy udc giao riing, hg chi dugc mdi ky vao ban quy udc Thuc te cd the lam giam tinh chu dgng va tinh than trach nhiem cua ngudi dan tuan tra va bao v | rung Xung dot Idn nhat cdng ddng chinh la viec tranh chap quyen sd hiiu dat rimg giira ndng trudng va cong ty, giiia ngudi dan va ndng trudng Phat hien cung tuang tu nhu nghien ciiu trudc day cua td chirc Pan Nature ve Chdng lan quyen sii dung dat rimg (dan theo Nguyin Hiiu Van, Tran Viet Dung, 2014) Cu the, xung dot lien quan den quan ly rimg bien d hai huyen Mudng Lat va Que Phong hien la: Phung Thj Yen 69 - Chdng lan ranh gidi giira cac chu su dung dat, giifa Lam trudng vdi cac hg gia dinh va cgng dong, giira cong ty va cac hd gia dinh (huyen Qui Phong) - Mgt manh dat tdn tai nhilu chu sii dung dat gom Ban Quan 1^ rimg phong hg dau nguon, gia dinh, nhdm hg gia dinh, cdng ddng va Uy ban nhan dan xa (huyen Mudng Lat) - Gia dinh da dugc giao dit nhung khdng co ten tren ban hoac khdng dugc nhan sd dd Hoac gia dinh cd sd dd nhung khdng biet ro dien tich dugc cu the d vi tri nao va dat dugc nha nude giao cho gia dinh nhung gia dinh khac dang sir dung Tranh chap giiia ndng trudng va ngudi dan tren ciing dien tich dat rimg xay chii yeu d huyen Que Phong Nhiing tranh chip thudng vugt qua kha nang giai quyet cua chinh quyIn xa Tai huyen Mudng Lat ciia tinh Thanh Hda cd tinh trang nhieu chii rimg tren mgt dien tich dat rCmg Chii rimg la ngudi dan khong biet chinh xac dat rimg cua minh d dau va bao nhieu Dang luu y, khdng cd su khac biet nao ve miic hudng lgi tir rimg ciia ngudi cd dat va khong cd dat rimg d huyen Mudng Lat Cd hd gia dinh sd hiiu 26ha dat rimg nhung van la hd ngheo nhit ban, dien tich dat dugc giao dang dugc nhieu hg khac sir dung Do hoat dgng giao dSt lam nghiep trudc day chua that chat che bdi cong tac ve da khdng dugc thuc hien tdt va ngudi dan khdng dugc tham gia vao qua trinh ve, xac dinh ranh gidi Trong tuong lai mau thuin vl Igi ich se trd nen cang thing rimg tring dugc khai thac Khi rimg du tuoi khai thac se mang l^i khoan thu Idn bing tiln mat cho hd cd dat rimg Khi do, khoang each thu nhap, phan hda giau ngheo se xuat hien rd rang han Khoang each giau ngheo xuit hien giiia nhom hd cd va khong cd dit rimg Phat hien tir nghien ciiu tiep tuc khing dinh nam gidi la ngudi dugc hudng lgi va kiem soat dat lam nghiep cao ban phu nir O ca hai huyen khao sat, 95% giay chiing nhan quyen sir dung dat nam gidi diing ten Dit lam nghiep nam gidi dimg ten va trai dugc chia dat tach hd d rieng Phu nii chi la ngudi sir dung dat lam nghi?p Trong trudng hgp ly hon phu nii' khong co quyIn dugc phan chia dit, bdi dit van dugc xem la tai san cua bo me chong Trong tuong lai, QLRBV can dam bao phy nii cd ten giay chiing nhan quyIn sii diing dat Bit binh ding tilp can va kilm soat nguon luc se gay nhiing hau qua khdng mong mudn bd qua nhu ciu cu the cua phu nii', va vi the, tang them tinh de bj tdn thuang va lam giam cac lgi ich tiem nang ciia phu nir 70 Nghign ciru Gia dinh vi Gidi QuyIn 29, s6 2, tr 59-71 Nguyen nhan chinh dSn tdi miic ngudi dan tham gia thap va mau thuan tilm i n cdng ddng la dgi ngu lam cdng tac quan ly thieu ky nang lam viec cd su tham gia Nguyen tac lang nghe tieng ndi ciia cac nhdm yeu the chua dugc thuc hien triet de Thdng tin tir ba cugc thao luan nhdm vdi can bg Lam nghiep xac nhan hg chua timg ap dung cac ky thuat danh gia nhanh ndng thdn cd su tham gia (PRA) cac cugc hgp dan K§t iuan Nghien ciiu ve gidi va sir tham gia hudng lgi cdng bang QLRBV d Thanh Hoa va Nghe An tiep tuc khang dinh tinh trang khdng c6ng bang giiia nam gidi, phu nii, cac nhom yeu the QLRBV Trong qua trinh QLRBV, nam gidi tiep can va kiSm soat cac ngudn luc dSt dai tir riing, hg CO quyen dua quyet dinh cao ban phu nii: Cac nhdm yeu the chua dugc khuyin khich tham gia tich circ cac ho^t ddng QLRBV He qua la cd su xung dot ve quyen sir dung dat rimg va rimg dang dien d ca hai tinh khao sat Cac phat hien tir nghien ciiu cho thay can cd su thay doi tiep can QLRBV hudng tdi sir tham gia cdng bang cho tat ca cac nhom hudng Igi true tiep tir rimg, cho ca phg nQ va nam gidi • Tai lieu trich dan Bg Nong nghi?p va Phat triSn n6ng thon 2006 Cam nang nganh Lam nghi?p B0 Nong nghi?p va Phat trien nong thon http://agro.gov.vn/images/2007/04, truy c$.pngay 15/4/2013 Cong v&n so 623/LN-SDR ciia Cue LSm nghi?p Dinh Hiiu Hoang, Dang Kim Son 2009 Giao dit va giao rimg d Vi$t Nam Chinh sach va thgc tien GTZ-MNR http://www.gtzmTir.org.vn/index.php?option=com_docman, truy c§p 13/3/2013 Hgi Phy nu: cac tinh Thanh Hoa va Nghe An 2014 Bao cao danh gia ket qua thgc hi?n cac chuong trinh boat dgng nam 2013 va kl hoach boat dgng nSm 2014 Le Thi Dien 2005 Nghien ciiu vai tro gidi quan ly va phuc hii rung cgng ding tai xa Thugng Quang, huy?n Nam Dong, tinh Thira Thien Hul Trudng Dai hgc Nong ISm Hue Ngan hang Phat triln Chau A 2012 Tang cudng sy tham gia vi Sy phat triln bin vihig Nguyin Hai Van, Nguyen Vi?t Diing 2014 Ching lan quyIn sir dyng dit rimg, thach thuc cho quy hoach va quan ly rimg dac dyng d Vi?t Nam Phung Thj via 71 Nguyen Hiiu Minh, Trin TW Thanh Hai, Nguyin Diic T6 Lmi 2015 Vai tro ciia phu nii- quan ly va sii dung tai khu bao ton thien nhien Xuan Nha, tinh Son La, PanNature Phong Tai nguyen va Moi trudng huyen Qui Phong 2014 Bao cao danh gia kit quathyc hi?n cac chuong trinh boat dgng nam 2014 Quylt djnh so 4364/QD-UBND vl viec phS duyet quy hoach phat trien rung tinh Thanh Hoa, giai doan 2011-2020 Quyet dinh s6 6220/QD-UBND ve vi?c phe duyet phat triln rimg dac dyng tinh Ngh^ An din 2020 Thong tu s6 21/VBHN-BNNPTNT ban hanh thang 5/2014 vl Hudng din trinh tu, thii tyc giao rimg, cho thue rimg, thu hoi rimg cho to chiic, ho gia dinh, ca nhan va cgng dong dan cu Uy Ban Nhan Dan huy?n Mudng Lat 2014 Bao cao danh gia tinh hinh thuc hi?n ke hoach phat trien kinh te - xa h0i nam 2013 va ke hoach phat trien kinh te xa hgi nam 2014 Uy Ban Nhan Dan huyen Que Phong 2014 Bao cao danh gia tinh hinh thuc hien ke ho^ch phat trien kinh t% - xa hgi nam 2013 va ke ho^h ph^t trien kinh te xahgi nam 2014 Uy Ban Nhan Dan xa Nam Giai 2014 Bao cao Tinh hinh thuc hien Ke hoach Phat trien Kinh te - Xa hgi xa nam 2014 Uy Ban Nhan Dan x3 Tien Phong 2014 Bao cao Tinh hinh thuc hi?n Ke hogch phat trien kinh tl - xa hgi xa nam 2014  ... thuat danh gia nhanh ndng thdn cd su tham gia (PRA) cac cugc hgp dan K§t iuan Nghien ciiu ve gidi va sir tham gia hudng lgi cdng bang QLRBV d Thanh Hoa va Nghe An tiep tuc khang dinh tinh trang khdng... thirc nhanh hon phu nu Trong thuc te khoang mgt nira sd nam gidi tham gia cac thao luan nhdm ndi rang hg co truyen dat lai cho vg/con sau tap huan 70% phu nir dugc tham van khang dinh hg tham gia. .. ca hgi tham gia han phu nu "Hg chiem tdi 70% cac cugc hgp ban giao dit giao rimg d thon/ban" (trich Idi cua mgt Trudng ban) Nhdm yeu thi cdng d6ng cd tham gia cugc hgp ban ve giao dat, giao rimg,