Giới và quan hệ giới ở nông thôn châu âu qua tạp chí sociologia ruralis

N g h i e n cilu Gia d i n h va G i o i So - 1 Giai va quan lie gioi di nong tlidn chau Au qua tap clii Sociologia Ruralis Pham Van Bich Vien Xa tioi tioc Tom tat: Bai viet gi6i thieu hai nghien cdu (bang nhiing phUdng phap xa la vdi cac hoc gia Viet Nam) ve quan he gi6i boi canh bien doi va hien dai hoa ky thuat nong nghiep va nong thon chau Au Thong qua bai viet cdng neu each xil ly nhieu van de co y nghia ly thuyet cila hai nghien cdu ay - mot dieu cdng ft tha'y d cac nghien cdu cila Viet Nam Tif khda: Gi6i; Gi6i va hien dai hoa nong nghiep; Quan he gidi d nong thon chau Au Nhidu ngudi thudng cho ring d cac nudc cdng nghiep, nai vi the ngudi dugc xic dinh theo tich, nhai la vd hgc van va su am hieu ky thuat ciia hg han la nhung dac didm gin sin truyen thdng nhu sic tdc hay gidi (Scott and Marshall, 2005:303), thi quan he gidi thay ddi manh me va \'i the phu nu dugc nang cao rat nhidu Chau Au la luc dia ma san xua't ndng nghiep dang bien ddi sau sic, thd hien qua su hien dai hda manh me cic cdng cu san xuat, i p dung rdng rai khoa hgc ky thuat va cdng nghe, nang cao nang suat lao ddng vi su thu hep dang ke sd lugng cu dan lam ndng nghiep vv Ngudi ta dd cd an tugng ring nhung thay ddi ay da va dang bie'n thien sau sic quan he gidi d ndng thdn Tuy nhien, nhidu nghidn cuu cua xa hdi hgc ndng thdn chau Au cho thay tinh hinh khdng dan giin va mgt chieu nhu vay P h a m Van Bich 45 Bai viei xin gidi thidu mdt sd nghien cuu ve vai khfa canh quan he gidi d ndng thdn chau Au dang tren tap chf "Sociologia ruralis" (Xa hgi hgc ndng thdn) ciia Hiep hdi Xa hdi hgc ndng thdn chau Au Hien dai hoa nong nghiep va vj the'phu n U d nong thon Nhim tim hidu vd su hien dai hda nen van hda ndng dan va vi the' phu nu d Phin Lan, mdt nha nghien cuu la Tiina Silvasti da tien hanh mdt cudc khao sat cd ket hgp nhidu phuang phap thu thap thdng tin va ngudn du lieu khac Cu the la tic gia da gap 18 ngudi (10 nam va nu) dd dd nghi hg tu ke chuyen ddi minh; ddng thdi tic gii cung sir dung 25 van ban tidu sir tu thuat (cila 17 nu va nam) gili tham gia cudc thi viet Co quan Luu tru Dan gian thudc Hdi Van hgc Phin Lan vi Lien doan Vi ndn giao due ndng thdn phdi hgp td chuc nam 1997 Tat ca cac bin tidu sil tu thuat ddu la ciia nhQng chii ndng trai thtrc thu, vg hg hoac ciia phu nu chuyen nghd canh ndng, tudi tir 26 den 65 Cdn cudc thi viet thi dugc dinh cho nhi ndng vdi lieu dd "Tdtrdi tim ddt dai" Cic cay but du thi dugc phdp tu chgn chii dd ciia minh, mac dii thd le cudc thi cd hudng din nhQng chii dd nhat dinh: cu the la cudc ddi ngudi chii ndng trai hay vg chii trang trai Ket qua nghien cuu cho thay nhidu ndng dan vin theo ldi sdng truyen thdng ma mdt phin ca bin ciia nd la chuin muc mang tinh van hda vd su tie'p ndi ndng trai gia dinh Theo truyen thdng, trai la ngudi thua ke trang trai Vi the, cac chil trang trai thudng cd ging xa hdi hda mdt nhung trai cila hg ngudi thira ke, cdn cac khic, ca trai lin gai, ddu chuin bi dd rdi gia dinh Khi viec quan ly trang trai va phan Idn viec ddng ciing miy mdc dugc coi li cdng viec ciia nam gidi, nam gidi dam nhan, thi gai nhi khdng de gi phat tridn nang lire quan ly ndng trai Thudng hg dugc khuyen khfch tim nghd khac, vi vi the nen rdi nha bd me de va rdi ddng que, hg hiem quay trd lai vi kei hdn vdi trai cic chii ndng trai khac Do dd, mac dii luat thil'a kd la binh ding, nhirng thuc le cich thuc nhai dd trd mdt phu nu nha ndng la kdi hdn vdi mdt chu ndng trai, cdn viec tu minh trd thinh mdt nha ndng cang khd khan han Cau chuyen ddi sau day cila hai phu nu se cho thay tic ddng ciia hien dai hda den quan he gidi ndng nghiep va sue manh cua truydn thd'ng Mot nil ndng dan Jaana 28 tudi la gai cila mdt gia dinh canh ndng Chi cd mdt anh trai, nhirng ngudi anh dm dau benh lat, khdng thd dim nhiem vai trd thua ke Vl the cha me chi khdng cdn lira chgn nao khac ngoii chi lim ngudi 46 Nghien ciiru Gia dinh va GI6I Quyen , so 1, tr 44-56 ke nghiep Hg cd y thiic ren luyen chi de dam nhiem vai trd nay, va ggi chj la "isa/ita" (tieng Phan Lan nghia la "chii trang trai", va ham y rat id mdt vi the chi danh cho nam gidi), chu khdng phai "emanta" ("vg chil trang trai") Ban dau Jaana nghi viec cha me ggi chi nhu vay la dila Nhung chj da nhap tam vai trd khdng chi cua ngudi thila ke', ma ca cua "isanta", va bay gid chi tu coi minh la chii trang trai Bing vide tu ggi minh la "isanta", chi khdng dila Chi mudn vach rd ring chi la ngudi van hanh trang trai va thuc su lam cdng viec nha ndng Chi la ngudi quan ly Chi se khdng trd "emanta" ke ca sau kei hdn, vi chi vin se nim quydn kidm soil nhung nhiem vu then chdt, nhung dieu bien chi "isanta" "Bing mdt each diy y nghia, chi da tach gidi khdi vai trd nghe nghiep ma theo truydn thd'ng xua vin gin chat vdi gidi Vdi chi, lam mdt "isanta" la mdt nghe khdng phu thudc vao gidi" (Silvasti, 2003:158) Tuy nhien, dieu ly thu d trudng hgp Jaana la dii cd su thiet ke' lai cac vai trd nghd nghiep va gidi su phan cdng lao ddng, song chi vin cd mdt quan niem mang dam tinh truyen thd'ng vd vai trd gidi gia dinh canh ndng ndi chung Khi dugc hdi vd vai trd cua nam va nu, chi ndi: "Vd nguyen tic, theo ban tinh ciia minh, phu nu nen cham sdc viec nha va dai loai the " (Silva.sti, 2003:158) Mac dii vay, Jaana khdng coi cac pham tiu gidi la cd dinh mac dii vd'n xua chung mang tfnh chai tinh tai va cung nhac Thay vao dd, chi da tich cue kie'n tao mdt md hinh phan cdng lao ddng cho thfch hgp vdi muc dfch ciia minh Md hinh cila chi cung mdt liic vira bao gom ca nu tfnh lan vai trd "isanta " Nhu tic gia da phan ti'ch rat hay, bing viec tie'n hanh su lua chgn dac biet, chi dang udn cong - chu khdng phi vd - nhihig ky vgng van hda truydn thdng quy dinh Dieu quan trgng nhai va sdng cdn ddi vdi ndng dan (tile la ddi hdi vd su tiep ndi nghe ndng gia dinh) da dugc thuc thi bing each thay ddi ranh gidi su phan cdng lao dgng nam nu "Didu cd nghia la Idi sdng ndng dan khdng bien mai qua trinh hien dai hda Thay vao dd, cic kich ban van hda vd'n dang giQ vai trd sip xep ldi sdng dii dugc tao dung lai dd dung hda vdi ly tudng ve binh ding giua hai gidi cung nhu giua cac the he" (Silvasti, 2003:159) Isanta va noi khd ciia ngudi phu nur Vi da nhap tam quan niem ve su tiep ndi gia dinh Ann mdt phu nU khic, nim quydn van hanh trang trai nudi cdu cila gia dinh chi 24 tudi Ban diu chi rat hao va diy ip cac ke koach, cac du dinh, nhirng sau mdt thdi gian, nhung Id thdi quen thudc hang da khien cho cudc sdng Pham Van Bich 47 Ciia chi trd nen khd khan va chi dan da mat di khich hang cila minh Sau khdi diu lac quan, chi cam tha'y minh la ngudi la d chi'nh mdi trudng cila minh, va bdi canh ay, chi dung la xa la Mac dii chi sd huu tu lieu san xuai (mdt didu da khien ehi trd chii trang trai), nhung vd mat van hda, ngudi ta tin ring chi vira khdng dang tin cay vua khdng thdng thao Theo mil ndng dan, chi thieu di mdt didu co ban, mdt pham chai quan trgng can thiei de hgp thuc hda vi trf eua chi Va mau chdt cila mgi didu chfnh la gidi ctia chi; chfnh gidi tfnh cua Ann da gay nhung ric rdi cdng cudc lam an budn ban cila chi Chi ke: "Khi ngudi la den tham ndng trai, hg thudng ddi gap "isanta" Vl du mua he nam ngoai, mdt cap vg chdng lai xe ghd vao ndng trai, va sau bat tay tdi, hg hdi ring ngudi dan dng dang danh ram cd phai "isanta " khdng Tdi tra ldi, "khdng, anh a'y la ngudi lam thue d day" Khi nhin thay ban trai tdi (tuc ehdng - each ggi cua ngudi Phin Lan, noi tinh trang chung sdng khdng ket hdn rai phd bie'n - PVB), vd'n lam nghd khac, dang budc tdi tCr mdt hudng khac, hg thd phao nhe nhdm ndi "A, day, dng "isanta" dang de'n day rdi" Tdi ludn ludn gian du va chan ngan vi cdng viec ciia tdi khdng dugc su tdn trgng xung dang, ma ngudi ta chi mud'n tim dip ung dugc hinh anh ciia hg vd chil trang trai, va *dd phai la nam gidi Dii nam gidi dd la cha tdi, hay mdt ngudi lam thue hay ban trai tdi, didu dd khdng quan trgng" (Silvasti, 2003:161) Nhung khd khan kinh te, nhung van dd vd lam chu trang trai, cam giac la ngudi ngoai va kd xa la mdi trudng nghd nghiep cila minh da gay nhidu khd khan ve tam ly eho Ann Rut cue chi phai tu bd viec nudi ciiu va ddng thdi til bd ude ma ke tuc trang trai gia dinh Nhu Idi chi, "nguyen nhan la d chd tdi da trd mdt "isanta " Tdi nghT khach hang cho rang mdt phu nu tre xinh ching khien tin tudng cdng viec kinh doanh chan nudi ciru Tdi tin rang gia tdi la nam gidi, khach hang se tin d ky nang nghd nghiep ciia tdi nhidu han, va cdng viec budn ban se tdt hon" (Silvasti, 2003:160) Nhu vay, nhiing gi xay vdi Ann khdng chi la van dd vd vi tri xa hdi hay quyen lam chil, chAng phai quan he kinh te ma cung ching phai sd huu, ma cdn la van de ca the ngudi, tim vdc va hinh thuc cua nd Vi the va chi'nh theo nghia dd, nha nghien cuu Silvastri cho rang cd hai he tu tudng dang gianh giat d ndng thdn Phan Lan: he tu tudng truydn thd'ng dd vai trd ngudi thira ke ndng trai chi danh cho trai, va he tu tudng hien dai vd'n nhan manh binh dang giua hai gidi nam va nu Tac gia ggi he tu tudng hien dai bing thuat ngQ "ndn chi'nh tri cudc sdng", va 48 Nghien cUu Gia dinh va Gidi Quyen , so 1, tr 44-56 dat ten he tu tudng truydn thd'ng la "nen chinh tri ca the" "Cd the md ta qua trinh nhu la su gap gd ciia hai loai chfnh tri: chfnh tri cudc sdng va chi'nh tri ca the Ca hai nen chinh tri ddu cd the va thich hop lam cdng cu phan tfeh de khao sat su thay ddi ca ldi sdng lin kich ban van hda vd'n dang giu vai trd td chuc ldi sdng Trong pham vi ciia nghien cilu nay, ft nha't ndn chi'nh tri cudc sdng vin chua vugt qua dugc nen chinh tri vd ca the Ngay du gia dinh ciia chi'nh minh ilng hd, thi didu dd vin chua du cho mdt ngudi gai nim quydn lam chii trang trai Vin cdn cd the xiy kha nang ring cudc sdng mdt ngudi thira ke nu bi quy dinh nhieu han bdi ndn chi'nh tri ca the han la ndn chi'nh tri cudc sdng" (Silvasti, 2003:163) cau chuydn vd ndi dau khd ciia Ann cho thay nhung nd luc dd ciing tdn tai giua truydn thd'ng van hda va ci nhan hien dai Tuy nhien, cdng ddng xung quanh Arm chua dii thay ddi de bie'n chuyen md hinh Hg vin sdng theo mdt truydn thd'ng vd'n khdng thuc sir thua nhan mgt phu nQ nudi cioi ching han Theo truyen thdng nay, nam gidi phai thdng linh, ke ca phu nu la chii Md hinh nam gidi la chil khien cho vi the cua phu nu chil ndng trai trd nen khd khan Md ta viec canh tic gia dinh nhu mgt bai chie'n trudng vd he tu tudng giua truydn thdng va hien dai, tic gia cho ring: "Cic vien gia dinh canh ndng dang vat Idn dd tim each kei hgp nhung gi tdi dep nhat cila ldi sdng ndng dan truyen thd'ng vdi chii nghia ca nhan hien dai" (Silvasti, 2003:162) Tdm lai, cac ban tidu sir tu thuat ciia cac chii trang trai cho thi'y: rd rang ring Idi sdng truydn thdng cila ndng dan khdng mi't di, va sir bie'n ddi, tai thiei ndng nghiep khdng phi bd truyen thdng Thay vao dd, dudi sue dp cila cac chuin muc, gii tri vi dao due dang thay ddi, truydn thdng da dugc xet lai va chinh sua Ngay the he tie cQng chap nhan kich ban truydn thd'ng ve phan cdng lao ddng theo gidi; cai mdi me la hg khdng coi nd la didu da a'n dinh, ma chi xem la nd khudn khd cho su tim tdi va lua chgn ca nhan "Ndi cich khac, hg dang xay dung (lai) ldi sdng ndng dan" (Silvasti, 2003:163) Phai chang ngudi phu nur dang cam chju bj gat ben le san xuat nong nghiep? Mgt cudc nghien cuu dinh tfnh dugc nha xa hdi hgc Lise Saugeres tie'n hinh d Rignac, mdt thi Iran vdi 1.762 cu dan thudc khu vuc Aveyon midn Nam nudc Phap, nhim tim hieu cich thiic ma nam va nO tai tao quan he gidi gia dinh nha ndng bdi canh nhung bien ddi dang didn d ndn ndng nghiep Tay Au, cu the la su gia tang su dung may keo (trac- 35-^^ 1) ,r Of iS noyi "" •• P h a m Van Bich 49 lor) Tic gii sir dung phuang phap phdng van sau vd chuyen ddi cua 17 nam va 19 nu til 36 gia dinh dd tim hieu xem cdng nghd ndng nghiep (may keo) da dugc sir dung nhu la bidu trung quydn luc ciia nam gidi ddi vdi phu nu nhu the nio, cung nhu cich thuc de nam gidi kien tao mgt khdng gian danh rieng cho minh -r„ ,':\ j,, , ui -li ;.i • n '' Hau hei nhQng ngudi dugc phdng van ddu ndi may kdo da lam cho nhiem vu nha ndng trd nen don gian hon, vi cdng viec ciia vg cac dng chu ndng trai cung nhe nhang hon, vi hg khdng cdn phii khd nhgc tren ddng nua Trong cdng ddng cu dan dia phuang cd cii ma nha nghien cuu ggi la "ngdn tir kep" (double discourse) Mdt mat, cac chii ndng trai dugc phdng van ddu ndi ring lai miy keo khdng khd ddi vdi ca nam lin nu Nhung mat khic, ngudi ta cho rang chu yeu nam gidi la ngudi lai, vi lai may kdo khd hon ddi vdi phu nu Vf du mgt chil ndng trai ten la Firmin (sinh nam 1957) ndi: "Di lai mdt chide miy kdo, nhung phu nu lim viec dd la cd tai ngang vdi nam gidi, quy vi khdng thay ba nio lam viec dd vi nd rai nang Mdt phu nu thudng cd chdng lam cho, tril phi mdt phu nu lam viec ddng cdn chdng ba lam viec khic, khdng cdn thay the d day" (Saugeres, 2002:150).,,^;,;, ',,,,.,'