Quan he anh chi em rupt if Viet Nam giai doan 1976-1986 Nguyin Thi H^ng Hanh^ ' Vipn Nghien cuu Gia dinh va Gioi, Vien Han lam Khoa hpc xa h6i Viet Nam Email: hanhnguyen.dnl@gmail.com, Nh$nngay20thdngl0nam2018 ChSp nhan dang 15 th^g 11 nam 2018 Tom tat: Sy lien lac, gap ga giira anh chi em mpt Id mpt thudc quan ttpng danh gid su gan gui, than thilt giira anh chi em gia dinh nong thdn mien Bac Viet Nam giai doan 1976-1986, vipc gap mat giua anh chj em nipt dien kha thudng xuySn, va cd sy khdc biet giiia nhdm nam gidi, phy nir, giua cac nhom nghe va khodng cdch tudi Ti le nam gidi va nhom anh em Uai c6 mat dp gIp go, tuong tac hdng tudn dPu cao hem nu gidi Ti le thudng xuypn gap go d nhdm nPng nghipp cao hon cac nhdm nghe khac Nhdm anh chi em each 6-10 tuoi la nhdm cd ti le thudng xuyen cung sang tham hdi bo me cao hon so vdi nhdm each tuoi hoac 10 mdi Tir khoa: Gia dinh, quan he anh chi em mpt, Viet Nam, Phan loai nganh: Xa hpi hpc Abstract: The contact and meeting of siblings are an important measure for the closeness and intimacy among them In the mral northern Vietnam in the 1976-1986 period, siblings met rather regularly, with differences found between the group of men with that of women, among the various groups of occupations and of age differences The rate of men and male siblings met and interacted with one another every week is higher than that among women The rate among those engaged in agricultural work is higher than among those in other occupations Those who are of age differences of six to len years visit their parents together in a more frequent manner than those of the age differences of five or ten years old Keywords: Family, sibling relationship, Vietnam Subject classification: Sociology IVIfr dau Trong quan he gia dinh, quan he giiia cha vd me vdi con, quan hp giira vp vdi chong, 96 quan hp giiia anh vd chj vdi em la ba quan hp CO ban Quan he giiia anh va chj vdi em (gpi tdt la quan he anh chj em rupt) Id mpt nhiing moi quan hp ben viing cua Nguyen TM Hong Hanh cupc song ngudi Mdi quan he bdt dau tu ngudi em duoc ddi, va tdn tai den cudi cudc ddi Id mdi quan he cd chieu ddi ldn nhdt s6 cdc mdi quan hp gia dinh [2] Sy gdn giii, than thiSt giua anh chi em rupt ddng vai trd nhu mpt hinh thirc giiip dd lan Moi quan he giiia anh chi em mdt vdo thdi di6m trudng thdnh khdng chi mang lai sy hd trp ve tinh than, md ca ve vat chat Anh chi em rupt Id nguon cung d p tri thiic xa hpi, kinh nghiem, vd la ngudn chia se tam Iy gia dinh [6] (3 Vipt Nam, dac bipt la xd hpi tmyen thdng vd d nong thdn, quan hp giiia anh chj em rupt ddng vai tro quan trpng ddi sdng gia dinh Nhieu cdu ca dao, tuc ngir da ndi len y nghTa cita quan hp ndy Vf du: "Anh thudn em hda Id nha co phiic"; "Anh em nhu the chan tay/Rach ldnh diim bpc, dd hay dd dan" Anh chj em dupc coi nhu bat mau se ddi, tinh than thiet hon cd cac mdi quan he khdc [1] Trong mpt sd trudng hpp, quan hp anh chj em cdn dupc sdnh vdi moi quan he giiia cha va me vdi Trong gia dinh, ngudi cha mat di, ngudi anh se thay mat cho cha de nudi nang, chdm sdc cdc em Nhiing vipc nhu dyng vp, ga chdng liic cung la trach nhipm cua ngudi anh (viec thudng duoc gpi la "quyen huynh the phu") [1] Ben canh truyen thdng coi trpng tinh anh em, cdc gia dinh Viet Nam (dudi sy anh hudng cita Nho giao) ciing de cao vipc phu nii lay chdng can han che quan he vdi gia dinh rupt va toan tdm todn y vdi nha chdng Le gido "tam tdng" (tai gia tdng phy, xuit gia tdng phu, phu tir tdng tu) khdng chi dupc tudn thii cupc sdng hang ngdy, ma cdn dupc phdn anh ro net qua cac dien ngdn dan gian nhu: "Con gdi la ngudi ta/Con dau mdi thyc me cha mua v^"; "Con gai liy chdng nhu bat nudc dd di" Dieu khiSn mdi quan hp artii chj em rupt gidi nil, ve \f thuyet, se khd gan bd chat che nhu gidi nam Tir sau Ddi mdi (1986), vdn hda Viet Nam ed nhieu bien ddi vd chiu sy tdc dpng manh me cua cac nen vdn hda nudc ngodi Dieu khien moi quan he ddng hp ndi chung va mdi quan hp anh chj em gia dinh noi rieng phai ddi mat vdi nhieu thdch thiic mdi Cdc chuan myc vd gia trj truyen tiiong van cdn dupc thg he cii gin giir, ti-ong cdc chudn muc va gia tri mdi ciing dang cdng cd dnh hudng, ddc bipt vdi cac thi he tre Trong boi canh dd, nhieu van de ve mdi quan he anh chi em rupt cac gia dinh Viet Nam dang ddt Dd la: sy gan bd tinh cam vd hd trp giiia anh chi em rupt cdc gia dinh Viet Nam hipn dai (tinh tii ndm 1945, sau Viet Nam chinh thirc tit bd che dp qudn chu phong kien va xay dyng nha nudc ddn chii); sy khac biet mdi quan he anh chj em mdt giiia nam gidi vd nii gidi sau ket hdn; anh hudng ciia van hda Nho giao den mdi quan he vdi nii gidi sau ket hdn; sy anh hudng cua cac the he cu (bd me, bd me chdng/vp) vdi nhiing gia tri chuan niuc truyen thdng anh hudng tdi cac the he mdi (cac cap vp chdng tre) Bai viet gdp phan tim hieu quan he anh chi em rupt d Vipt Nam giai doan 1976-1986 Phuong phap nghien cihi Bai viet lya chpn phdn tfch moi quan he giiia ngudi trd ldi (NTL) vdi mpt anh (hoac chj, em) sdng gan nhdt, vi viec sdng gin ve mat dja Iy Id mpt yeu to quan trpng tac dpng den kha nang gap gd giua chi em rupt vdi Vipc song gin la yeu td thuan Ipi, rtiiung cac ca nhdn da lap gia dinh rieng, viec lya chpn miic dp 97 Khoa hpc xa hpi Viet Nam, sd 12 - 2018 gap gd, tuang tdc hoac tham gia cac hoat dpng ciing nam d sy lua chpn ca nhan va ban chat ciia mdi quan he Dii ngudi khdng cd quyen lya chpn anh chi em rupt, nhung cd quyen quyet djnh nao, vi va thdng qua each thirc nao de hen lac vdi anh chj em rupt, dac bipt den tudi tiirdng Tir thdi tha lu cho din gin tudi nien, anh chj em rupt cd sy tuong tdc lien lac vdi mpt each bat bupc the che gia dinh Khi budc vdo dp tuoi trudng thdnh, khdng cdn sdng chung nhd, thi mdi cd nhan deu phdi tu lya chpn mpt each chii dpng ve vipc lien lac vdi anh chj em rupt cua minh [2] Vd vipc ludng sy tuong tac chinh Id kiem chiing miic dp gan giii, than mat giiia anh chj em rupt vdi Bdi viet sit dung dii lieu cua cupc dieu ti-a "Mdi quan he anh chj em rupt d ndng thdn mien Bdc giai doan I976-I986" dupc tien hanh nam 2018 cita Vien Nghien ciiu Gia dinh va Gidi tai tinh Thai Binh Dii lipu dinh tfnh dupc trieh tii 16 cupc phdng van sau; ddi tupng mau dupc chpn la nhiing ngudi anh cd, chi ca, em trai lit, em gdi lit gia dinh Khdo sat bang hdi dupc triln khai vdi each chpn mdu ngau nhien vdi sd lupng mau 400 ngudi d ndng thdn tinh Thdi Binh Cau hdi dieu tra la: "Quan hp cita 6ng/ba va anh chj em rupt giai doan 1976-1986 nhu thi ndo?" Phuang phdp phdn tfch djnh lupng dupc sit dung bai viet gom phdn tich khuynh hudng trung tam vd tuong quan giiia cdc biln sd Bdn dang lien hp gap gd giiia anh chj em nipt ciia cdc gia dinh giai doan 1976-1986 dupc khdo sdt gdm: 1) gap gd d ngodi phjim vi nha/gia dinh; 2) NTL sang nha anh chj em chai; 3) anh chj em sang nha NTL chai; 4) ciing sang tham nhd bd me rupt Miic dp ludng tan suit gap go dupc tfnh tiren thang do: 1) mpt vdi lin mdt tuin; 2) mpt vdi lin mpt thang; 3) tii 2-3 tiidng mdt lin; 4) mpt ndm vdi ldn; 5) khoang ndm mdt lan hoac ft han Cac mirc dp gap ga ti:en dupc xet vao ba miic: 1) thudng xuyen (gap hang tuan); 2) thinh thoang (mpt vai lin mpt thang); 3) ft (tii 2-3 thdng mpt lan trd len) Nhung NTL cho biet f kien cua hp (hoi tudng lai) ve mdi quan he cua hp vdi anh chj em rupt giai doan 1976-1986 Cupc khdo sdt dupc tien hdnh ndm 2018 Moi quan hp giua anh chi em rudt dup'c the hi|n qua cac cu$c g^p ga Trong tdng sd 400 ngudi dieu tra, 61,1% NTL Id cap anh chj em sdng chng ldng, 12,3% sdng ciing xa va 26,6% cap sdng khac huyen hoac khdc tinh, thdnh phd Du lipu cho thay, tan sudt ggp ga anh chj em rupt d miic dp thudng xuyen nhdm sdng cung lang cao gap 2,8 lan so vdi nhdm sdng khdc ldng Ti le ft gap go d nhdm sdng khdc lang la gan 50%, ti le d nhdm sdng ciing ldng la 12,7% d nhdm anh chi em sdng cimg ldng, ti le gap gd, giao luu thudng xuyen cao han nhdm sdng khdc Idng Ve tan suit gap ga nhau, ti le gap vai lan mpt tuan sau kit hdn la 54,3%, ti Ip g9p tir 2-3 tiiang mdt lln la 26,8% O hoat dpng sang chai nhd anh chj em, cd 48,7% NTL cho biet hp thudng xuyen sang choi nhd anh chj em vai lan mpt tudn, vd 49,4% thudng xuyen cd anh chj em sang choi nhd mdt tuin vdi lln Ty Ip NTL cung anh chj em sang thdm bd me hang tuin la 41,9% Nhu vay, vipc g^p gd, tuang tac giiia anh chj em rupt cac hoat dpng kl tren la khd gan giii va thudng xuyen Mdi quan hp anh chj em rupt d tudi trudng Id chd dya tam Iy, flnh cam Nguyin Thj Hdng Hanh qudng ddi ve sau Mdi quan he anh chi em d tudi trung nien trd len co tfnh chdt hd trp cao, va Id ngudn dpng vien an iii nhiing quang thdi gian khung hodng Viec gap go anh chi em nipt Id sy bieu dat tinh cam, sy quan tam, va mdi quan hp giua hp vdi la sy ket ndi vd hd trp, ddc biet Id giai doan sau ket hdn Tra Idi cdu hdi "So vdi trudc lap gia dinh, dng/ba thay vipc anh em trd chuypn, ddnh thdi gian cho co gi khdc khdng a?" mpt ngudi (nam, 53 tudi) cho biet: "Ngdy trudc cdn bd, anh em sdng chung vdi bd me thi bd me sai gi lam CJ chung nha thi gap sudt Gid anh cd gia dinh anh, toi cd gia dinh tdi Gap lai cd them nhieu chuyen ma noi, tii 1dm dn den gia dinh Chiing toi ngdy nao cung gap va co khdi chuyen de noi" v l cac npi dung trao ddi giiia anh chj em cdc budi trd chuyen, chu de cdng vipc, lam an nhdn dupc nhieu sy quan tam nhat (cd 33,1% lupt lya chpn); chu de chdm sdc bd me, gia dinh cd 20,3%; chit de cdi cd 18,6% Nhu vay, nhiing chii de tro chuyen giiia anh chj em (cu the la lap the he sinh vdo 1946-1967) thudng xoay quanh nhung cau chuyen mang tinh xay dyng gia dinh: cdng viec, bd me, cai Chii de gidi tri it dupc lya chpn giiia cac anh chj em rupt sau kit hon Viec tam sy chuyen lam dau re eiing khdng phai chii de chfnh U-ong nhung budi trd chuyen So lieu dieu tra ciing ghi nhdn sy khdc biet giua nam va nu viec lya chpn cac chii de trd chuyen Ti le nii gidi thudng xuyen tdm sy ehuyen cai (59%) cao ban nam gidi (41%) Cd su khac biet la bdi vi ngudi phu nu phdi dam nhipm vai tro chfnh vipc cham sdc Ddi vdi ngudi phy nii, moi ban tam cd the ldn han so vdi nam gidi Tuy nhien, cd cong vipc, ti le nu gidi thudng ban bac ve lam dn (52,7%) ciing cao han nam gidi (47,3%) Sy khac biet khdng ldn, nhung cung Id tin hipu dl nhin nhan rd net han ve vai tro ciia ngudi phu nii gia dinh Cac yeu t6 tac dpng den quan he anh chi em mot Mgt Id ylu td gioi tfnh Ddy la yen td quan trpng tac dpng din mirc dp gan giii va chdt luong cita mdi quan he anh chj em rupt Edel Wallace cho ring, nhdm chj em gdi cd mdi quan he gan giii, thdn mat nhat, sau din nhdm anh chj em, va cudi cung Id nhdm anh em trai [3] Theo Paige Herrick, cd phu nu va nam gidi deu cho rang, hp nhan dupc sy hd trp tinh than tir chj em gai cao han tir anh em trai; bdn thdn nii gidi ciing dl cao mdi quan hp anh chj em rupt han so vdi nam gidi [9], Sd lipu cua cudc dieu tra cho thay, sy tac dpng cita gidi den mdi lien hp giiia anh chi em mdt co mdt chieu hudng ngupc lai Khi so sanh tuang quan viec thudng xuyen thyc hipn bdn nhdm tuang tac (gap mat, sang nha anh chi em choi, anh chi em sang nhd chai, va cung sang nha bo me), thi ket qud phdn tich cho tiiay rdng, ti Ip nam gidi thyc hien thudng xuyen cac hoat dpng deu cao hon nu gidi Trong 60,3% nam gidi thudng xuyen gap anh chj em vai lan mpt tuan, thi ri le d nhdm nir gidi la 49,1% Tuong ty nhu vay, 60% nam giai thudng sang nha anh chj em choi hang tuan, chi 42% nii gidi thudng xuyen cd hoat ddng Ti Ip nam gidi thudng cd anh chi em sang nha chcd (56,8%) cao han ty le nu gidi (42,9%) O hoat ddng ciing sang thdm bd me, ti le nam gidi thudng xuyen cung tham hdi bd me hang tudn Id 56%, va d nu gidi Id 38% 99 Khoa hoc xd hpi VietNam, so 12-2018 Su khdc biet vl gidi cdn dupc the hien qua sy tucmg tdc giiia cac nhom anh chi em Dua tiieo su phan chia ve giai, chung tdi xac lap ba nhdm anh chi em: nhdm anh em trai, nhdm chj em gai, va nhdm anh chi em Trong cac md hinh gap gd, chiing tdi nhdm gop ba md hinh: sang nha bd me chai, gap mat, vd sang nhd choi Theo dd, nhom anh em trai la nhdm cd cdc hoat dpng tuong tac, gap gd thudng xuySn cao nhit Trong viec gap mat, 66,7% cap anh em trai gap mdt tuan vai lan Ti le d nhdm chj em gai Id 50,6% vd d nhdm anh chi em Id 49% Ben canh do, xet din hai boat dpng gap gd cdn lai (Id sang nha anh chi em chai, anh chj em sang nhd choi va cung sang nhd bd me), thi nhdm anh em trai vdn la nhom co ti le tien hdnh cac hoat dpng hang tuan cao nhit, va nhdm chi em gdi Id nhdm cd ti le thip nhat Cd 63,2% anh em trai thudng xuyen sang chai nha hang tuin, cdn d nhdm chi em gai, ti le ndy chi khoang 39% hoat dpng cung sang nhd bd me, thi nhdm anh em trai la 54%, nhdm chi em gai la 35,1% Dilu cd the dupc ly giai mdt phan vi tap tuc "thuyen theo lai, gdi theo chong" d xa hpi tmySn thong Ngudi phu nii sau ket hdn dupc ky vpng se han che cac quan he vdi nhd ngoai vd toan tam todn y vdi gia dinh chdng Dii lipu dinh tfnh ciing cho thay anh hudng cua phong tuc tdi mdi quan hp anh chi em rudt d nhom nii, ddc biet dudi su kidm sodt xa hoi tir phia nha chong Tra ldi cdu hoi: "Sau ve nha chdng thi dng/ba cd gap khd khan gi vipc gap gd chi em minh khdng?", mpt ngudi (nu-, sinh nam 1950) cho biet: "Minh mudn gap gd ai, ke ca gia dinh de, khdng chi em tdi dau, md ca cac cu nha, ciing deu phai nghe f ben (bd me chdng) Ba (me 100 chdng-tae gia) bdo gap ft thdi thi md dam g^p Nhieu chi em chi gap dip dip kia, chii khdng ddng ngo ma le la dupc" Tuy nhien, phdng van sau ciing ddng thdi ghi nhan qua trinh kilm soat ngupc, tire la khdng chi gia dinh chdng can thipp vao cdc quan he anh chi em mpt cua ngudi phu nii sau kit hdn, md ngudi phu nii ciing cd sy kilm soat nhit djnh tdi quan he anh chj em mdt ciia ngudi chong Tra ldi cau hdi "Sau kit hon, dng/bd thdy tinh cam, quan he anh em minh cd ^ khdc so vdi ldc cdn d nhd vdi khdng a?", mpt ngudi (nam, 58 tudi) ndi: "Anh em lap gia dinh roi d rieng, anh nha anh, tdi nha toi Anh em van yeu qu^ nhung khdc chir Anh cd vp rdi tiii mudn gi ciing phai qua vp anh, cd phai nhu ngdy xua chua ket hdn niia dau" Hai la ylu td dp tudi Khoang each mdi la mpt ylu t6 quan trpng tdc ddng den tan suit gdp gd giiia anh chi em rapt Chiing toi dd nhdm cac cdp anh chi em thdnh ba nhdm dya tren khoang each tudi: nhdm han kem tudi (45,7%), nhdm han kem tir 6-10 tuoi (22,4%), vd nhdm hon kem tir 10 tuoi tiro len (chiim 31,9%) S6 lieu phan tich cho thay, ti:ong cac ho^t dpng nhu ggp m^t tii;c tilp hay sang chai nha, thi gan nhu khdng cd sy khac biet giOa cdc nhdm anh chi em Tuy nhien, d ho^t dpng ciing sang nhd bd me rupt, thi nhdm each 6-10 tuoi cd ti Ip thudng xuySn sang tham cao han nhdm each 10 tudi, va cao ban nhdm each tudi Ba Id yeu td nghe nghipp Nhdm anh chi em lam nghe ndng nghiep cd ti le gdp m&t thudng xuyen Id 58%; nhdm thupc bien che lyc lupng vG trang Id 40%; nhdm phi nong nghiep khac la 37% Ti Ip thudng xuyen sang nha anh chj em choi d nhdm ndng nghipp Id 51%; d nhom thupc bi6n chi lyc Nguyen Thi Hong Hgnh lupng vu trang la 36%; d nhdm phi ndng nghiep la 37% Cd till Iy giai sy khac biet Id d yeu td thdi gian rdi Trong nhdm thudc bien che lyc lupng vu trang thudng xuyen co nhipm vu cdng tdc xa nha, thi nhdm nong nghipp lai lam tai cho Viec sdng gdn nhau, cung lam ndng nghiep la yeu to thudn lpi cho viec gap go, tuang tac nhieu han so voi cdc nhom nghi khac Ket lu^n Quan he anh chi em rudt Id mpt nhiing mdi quan hp mat thiet vd rdt cd y nghiati-ongddi sdng cua mdi ngudi Sy liSn lac, gdn giii giua anh chj em rupt ddng vai tid nhy mpt hinh thiic giup da [11] Mdi quan hp giiia anh chj em rupt vao thdi dilm trudng thdnh, sau ket hdn mang lai nhiing gia trj tinh than, vdt chat ldn lao thdng qua vipc chia se, lien lac Ket qua nghien ciiu tren da gdp phdn md ta mpt so dac diem quan trpng ciia quan hp anh chj em rupt d Viet Nam giai doan 19761986 Nhiing nghien ciiu hdi cd cd the tiep tuc tim cdc ddc diem tuang tdc, gap gd giiia anh chj em cu tni d nhdm thj, nhdm CO miic sdng cao hem so vdi cac nhom nghe khdc O cac giai doan sau nam 1986, mdi quan hp anh chi em rudt d Viet Nam co nhihig d^c diem gi? Ddy Id van de c6 y nghia can dupc tiep tuc nghien ciiu Tai lieu tham khao [I] Phan Ka Binh (2005), Viet Nam phong tuc, Nxb Van Hpc, Ha Npi [2] Ashley Kronen Marotta (2015), The Relationship between Sibling Relationship Quality and Psychological Outcomes in Emerging Adulthood, Columbia University [3] Edel Wallace (2012), The Sibling Relationship: Friendship or Rivalry?, Masters Dissertation, Dubhn, Dublin Institute of Technology [4] Hyun-ah Kang (2002), The Nature of Adult Sibling Relationship Literature Review, Children and Family research center [5] Ira L.Reiss (1972), Readings on the Family System, Holt, Rinehart and Winston Inc [6] John.H, Nicholson (2014), "SibUng Secrets, Conspiracies and Collaborations: Dialectical Tensions and the Relational Effects of Sibling Alliances in Families", Iowa Journal of Communication, Fall 2014, Vol 46, pp.75-93 [7] Leonard LPearlin (1974), Class Context and Family Relations - A Cross National Study, Little, Brown and Company Boston [8] iJyle E,Larson (1976), The Canadian Family in Comparative Perspective, Prentice Hall of Canada, Ltd, [9] Paige Henick (2008), Turning Points of Closeness in the Sibling Relationship, Baylor Univa^ity, Department of CommunicMion Studies [10] Tony Fahey, Patricia Keilthy and Ela Polek (2012), Family Relationships and Family Wellbeing: A Study of the Families of Nine Yearolds in Ireland, University college, Dublin and Family Support Agency [II] WhiUiey Stach (2007), Sister SisterInterpreting Intimacy in Sibling Relationships, UW-L Journal of Undergraduate Research X 101 ... mpt so dac diem quan trpng ciia quan hp anh chj em rupt d Viet Nam giai doan 19761 986 Nhiing nghien ciiu hdi cd cd the tiep tuc tim cdc ddc diem tuang tdc, gap gd giiia anh chj em cu tni d nhdm... quan he anh em minh cd ^ khdc so vdi ldc cdn d nhd vdi khdng a?", mpt ngudi (nam, 58 tudi) ndi: "Anh em lap gia dinh roi d rieng, anh nha anh, tdi nha toi Anh em van yeu qu^ nhung khdc chir Anh. .. phan tim hieu quan he anh chi em rupt d Vipt Nam giai doan 1976- 1986 Phuong phap nghien cihi Bai viet lya chpn phdn tfch moi quan he giiia ngudi trd ldi (NTL) vdi mpt anh (hoac chj, em) sdng gan