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CHIASEGIQAVOCHONG TRONG VIEC C H A M SOC CON Bai viet la mot phan ket qua nghien cLtu cCia de tai cap co s9 nam 2018; Chia se giSa vgchong va si/iiaiidng hon nhan; Vien Tam ly hoc chii tri; ThS Pham Minh Thu lam chii nhiem ThS, Pham Minh Thu Vien Tdm ly hgc TOM TAT Chia se giiia vp chdng viec cham soc duac hieu la su trao doi/trd chuyen vd giup dd/hS tra idn bdng hanh dong giua va vd chdng viec cham soc Di tim hiiu su chia se ndy, nghien cim tiin hdnh khdo^ sdt bang bang hdi online tren 109 khdch thi Id va/chSng dd kit hon tic lOndm^ tra xudng vd dang sdng ta Hd Ndi Kit qud cho thdy cd su giiip da/hd tra giiia va chdng viec cham soc nhung khdng nhiiu Mac dii ngirdi va vdn Id ngudi thuc hien chinh tdt cd hoat dong cham soc con, nhung cdc hoat ddng ndy, ngudi va co xu huang cham lo viec an udng vd ve sinh cd nhan cho nhiiu han, do, nguai chdng cd xu huang cham lo viec vui chai ciia nhieu han Su trao ddi/trd chuyen giua va chdng ve cdc vdn di lien quan din duac dien thudng xuyen, dac biet la ve cdch thuc nuoi day vd vi sue khde ciia Ngudi vo/chdng cdm thdy hdi long cd su chia se cua ngudi ban ddi Ngoai su chia se viec cham soc cd y nghia dac biet, du bdo dua su gia tang ciia hdi long hon nhdn a cdc cap va chdng Tir khoa: Chia se; Cham soc con; Va chdng Ngay nhan bdi: 8/10/2018; Ngdy duyet ddng bdi: 25/11/2018 Md dau Hon nhiin la su gan kit giira vg va chdng vdi muc dicb xay dung mdt gia dinh hanh phuc va ciing chung sdng vdi den trgn ddi Cugc sdng hdn nhan vdi rat nhieu bien cd, nhiing thang tram gan lien vdi nhiing giai doan khac nhau, vdi cac mdi quan he rang huge ddi bdi vg va chdng phai cung chung tay xay dung gia dinh Tit xa xua, cau: "Thuan vg, thuan chdng, tat Bien Ddng ciing can" ndi len su ddng thuan giila vg chdng giiip cho hg vugt qua 44 TAP CHi TAM L t HOC, Sd 12 (237), 12 - 2018 kho khan dl di din cdng, di din hanh phuc An chira ding sau su ddng thuEin ay da cd su chia se giiia vg va chdng Mdt mdc thdi diim rit quan trgng danh dau nhieu thay ddi cugc sdng ciia mdi cap vg chdng, dd la thdi diem cd Con tre khdng chi dugc coi la vien mong dgi d mdi cap vg chdng ma cdn nhu mot phin tat yeu ddi sing hdn nhan ciia hg Nhiing diia tre dugc sinh vdi bao niem vui gan liln vdi nhiing lo toan ma ca vg va chdng deu phai chung tay cham sdc va nuoi day Su chia se viec cham sdc tre giila vg chIng la rat can thiet cugc sdng hdn nhan Dd khdng chi la trach nhiem va nghia vu cimg nuoi day con, ma dd cdn la thii thacb, la co hdi giiip vg chdng hieu hon va gan bd hon tren eon duong xay dung gia dinh hanh phuc Theo Tir dien tilng Viet, chia se la mdt ddng tir Chia se dugc dinh nghia la cimg chia vdi nhau, hay san se - chia bdt cho dl ciing budng, cimg chiu (Hoang Phe chu bien, 2003, tr 155, 845) Trong cugc sing ddi thudng, chia se thudng dugc diing vdi ngbia la chia bdt, cho di; chia se gan vdi tinh yen thuong ngudi khac, mong mudn dem lai nilm vui cho ngudi khac Sir chia se cd thi dudi hinh thiic bang Idi ndi hoac cung cd thi bang nhilng hanh ddng cu the giua cac ca nhan vdi ve cac van de ma hg quan tam Trong nghien ciiu nay, chia se giila vg chdng viec cham sdc dugc hieu la su trao ddi/trd chuyen, giiip dd/hd trg lin bing hanh ddng giOa vg va chdng viec cham sdc Su chia se dugc bieu hien bang Idi (trd chuyen, trao dli, ban bac) ve thdng tin, suy nghi, cam xuc, quan diem va bang hanh ddng (su giiip dd/hd trg nhau) giiia vg chlng Chia se giila vg chdng viec cham sdc tre da dugc mdt sd nha nghien cim quan tam, tap trung d mdt si vin dl sau: - Thuc trang su chia se glUa va chdng viec cham sdc Nhieu nghien ciiu da dl cap tdi sir chia se giOa vg chlng viec cham sdc Nghien cilu cua Le Thi Thanh Hucmg va cdng sir (2009) cho thay, hau bet cac cdng viec lien quan den chiim sdc va giao due thi phan Idn cac trudng hgp luon cd su ddng tam hiep luc cua ca hai vg chdng (ca viec quyet djnh va thuc Men) Xu hudng chia se hoan toan khac vdi quan niem truyin thing, cham sdc khdng dugc xem la trach nhiem cua ngudi dan dng, ma luon la thien chirc ciia ngudi phu nil Mac du vay, mdt sd nha nghien ciru khac da xac dinh dugc ngudi chiu trach nhiem chinh viec cham sdc tre thdng qua thdi gian, nhiing boat ddng cu the ma ngudi vg hoac ngudi chdng danh cho viec cham sdc Cu the: Trong hau bet cac bg gia dinh, phu nti van tiep tue dam nhiem phan Idn cac nhiem vu giO va cham TAP CHI TAM Lf HOC, S6 12 (237), 12 - 2018 45 sdc (Baxter, Hewitt va Western, 2005) Dieu dugc thay d nhieu nude vdi cac nIn van boa khac va ca d cac nude viing Tay Hie Au cd che mau he/nir quyin (Georgas va cdng su, 1996) Cd sir khac biet ve thdi gian cham soc tre giila ngudi vg va ngudi chdng: ngudi vg lao ddng cban tay nhieu hon, thdi gian bilu cimg nhic ban, danh thdi gian va trach nhiem cham sdc ya quan ly nhilu hon so vdi ngudi chlng (Craig, 2006a) Su dung mot phin kit qua ciia cugc diiu tra ve viec su dung thdi gian cua cac hd gia dinh tai Tay Ban Nha vao nam 2009 - 2010, Roman va Cortina (2016) da phan tich viec sit dung thdi gian ciia 1.177 cap ddi diu cd nho, dd cd cap ddi ma ca hai vg chlng diu di lam va cap ddi chi co chdng di lam Ket qua cho thay, nhin chung cac cap ddi, ngudi vg van danh nhieu thdi gian cham sdc hon So sanh kit qua tliu dugc tir nhdm cap ddi neu tren vl thdi gian ngudi yg va ngudi chdng danh cho viec chain con, cac nha nghien ciiu nhan thay rang d nhQng cap ddi ma ca hai vg chlng ciing di lam, ngudi chdng danh nhieu thdi gian hon, ddng thdi ngudi vg phai cham sdc eon mdt minh it hon so vdi thdi gian tuong irng cua chdng va vg d nhilng cap ddi chi cd chdng di lam O cac cap doi chl cd chlng di lam, viec cham sdc la trach nhiem chinh, gSn nhu toan bd cua ngudi vg cac tuiin, chi den nhiing cuoi tuiin, ngudi chdng mdi danh rit it thdi gian cho viec Nghien ciru ciia Nguyen Hiiu Minh (2012) cung cho thiy diiu nay, ngudi vg dugc cho la phu hgp hon vdi cae cdng viec cham sdc cac vien gia dinh, cd cac con, ngudi chdng dugc cho la phii hgp hon vdi cdng viec nhu san xuat kinh doanh, tilp khach Cdng viec cham sdc tre ciing khdng dugc uu tien (chi diing d vi tri culi cimg dieu khiin nhiing ngudi bd - ngudi chdng trd mdt ngudi cha tdt (Harrington, Van Deusen va Fraone, 2013) Them nUa, mdt sd nghien ciru ciing cho thay, d tirng boat ddng cu the, mire ddng gop cua ngudi chdng va ngudi vg viec cham sdc cung khac Nhiing kit qua phan tich dQ lieu nam 1997 ciia Cue Thing ke Uc (ABS) vl viec ngudi vg, ngudi chdng su dung thdi gian danh cho tre ciia Craig (2006a) va ket qua phan tich da lieu cua cugc dieu tra Bo sung ve su phat trien cua tre em (CDS) tai Hoa Ky nam 1997 eila Fuligni va Brooks-Gunn (2004) deu cho thay, cham sdc than the nhu tam cho con, cho an, mac quan ao cho la vide ma ngudi vg thuc hien nhieu hem va khdng chi thuc bien cac viec cham sdc tre mdt each thudng xuyen hon so vdi ngudi chdng ma hg eon thuc hidn mdt minh nhieu hon; dd ngudi chdng danh nhieu thdi gian hon so vdi ngudi vg cho cac cdng viec cham sdc co tinh tuong tac, giai tri nhu trd chuyen, vui choi, dgc sach, day Mdt sd nha nghien cim quan tain siiu hon tdi sir tham gia cua vg va chdng vao viec cham Ngudi vg khdng chi tang thdi gian cham ma hg TAP CHi TAM Lf HOC, Sd 12 (237), 12-2018 cdn quan tam bon tdi nhiing y tudng nudi day Hg mudn thuc hien giam sat cac boat ddng choi cua con, it de choi mot each tu do, ddng thdi bg cung tham gia nhieu bon vao cac boat ddng cugc sdng cua nhu tham gia vao boat ddng giao due, vao cac mdi quan he ban be ciia (Hays, 1998) Trong do, Craig (2006b) va Deding va Lausten (2006) lai thay ring, nhQng ngudi vg va ngudi chdng cd trinh hgc van cao thi cd cac boat dong mang tinh tuong tac va giao due nhieu hem so vdi nhung ngudi vg va ngudi chdng cd trinh hgc van thap hon Vdi sir thay ddi va gia tang co hdi viec lam ben ngoai gia dinh cua ngudi vg, mdt sd nha nghien ciru da tim bieu su thay ddi ve quy thdi gian cham sdc cua ngudi vg va chdng Su tham gia cac cdng viec ben ngoai gia dinh cua ngudi vg khdng lam giam dang kl thdi gian hg danh cho viec trdng nom (Sayer va Gomiek, 2011) Ngudi vg van tiep tue lam phan Idn cdng viec cham con, nhung ngudi chdng da tang quy thdi gian ciia minh cho viec (so sanh d hai thdi diem: nam 1965 va nam 2011 thi thdi gian ngudi chdng danh cho viec cham sdc tre da tang tir 2,5 gid/tuan len gid/tuan) (Parker va Wang, 2013) Su gia tang ve thdi gian eiia ngudi chdng danh cho viec cham sdc la hg da cat giam thdi gian giai tri cua minh, dac biet vao cac cuoi tuan (McGill, 2014; Hook va Wolfe, 2012) De tri thdi gian cham sdc tre, ngudi vg cung cit giam thdi gian giai tri, cham sdc ban than va thdi gian ngu (Craig, 2007) Mac dii vay, mot sd nha nghien ciru da phat hien ly khien ngudi vg danh nhieu thdi gian chain sdc hon so vdi ngudi chdng Dd la: Mdt sd ngudi vg khdng mudn, tham chi tich cue ngan can chdng cham (Allen va Hawkins, 1999); ngudi vg cam thay chi nhat minh la ngudi gidi nhat viec cham con, hg khdng tin tudng vao su cham sdc cua ngudi chdng, dd, hg mudn nam giQ cdng viec cham tay minh (Bianchi va Milkie, 2010) Cd the hieu rang, ngudi vg - ngudi me cam thay su gan bd va trach nhiem ddi vdi con, vi the ma hg danh nhieu thdi gian hoac khdng the giam dugc thdi gian cham Dieu gian tiep ndi len rang, ngudi vg khdng mudn nhan su chia se tir phia ngudi chdng viec cham sdc Viec cham sdc chiem rat nhieu thdi gian ciia ca vg va chdng va cd ve dem lai cho hg nhieu sir thay ddi, dac biet ve mat cam xuc Nghien cim tren nhirng dng bd dang lam viec tai cong ty sau ddn dira chao ddi, h^u het hg danh dudi tuan nghi d nha dl cham sdc va hg da cam thay cang thing ve nhilng xung dot gia dinh hon so vdi ngudi me (Harrington, Van Deusen va Fraone, 2013) Trong do, thdng qua dtr lieu ve hanh phiic chu quan ket hop vdi nhat ky 24 gid tit cugc dieu tra sii dung thdi gian cua ngudi dan My vao nam 2010, Connelly va Kimmel (2015) quan tam tdi cam nh$n ciia ca vg va chdng viec cham sdc va nhan thay, ca ngudi vg va ngudi chdng deu TAP CHfTAM LV HOC, Sd 12 (237), 12 - 2018 47 tim thiy su thich thu, y nghia va hanh phuc vdi viec cham con, mac du viec dem lai cho ngudi vg met mdi va cang thang hon so vdi ngudi chdng - Mot sdyiu id dnh hudng tai su chia se giiia va chdng viec cham sdc Mot sd nghien ciiu da nhan thay, thu nhap va trinh hgc van cd anh hudng tdi su khac biet viec cham sdc giila vg va chdng nhilng cap vg chlng cd thu nhSp cao, ngudi chlng - ngudi cha gia dinh it chia se viec cham (Hawkins va Roberts, 1992) Nhung ngudi b l va ngudi me cd trinh hoc van cao danh nhieu thdi gian cham hon so vdi nhilng ngudi bl va ngudi me cd trinh hgc van thap hon, dac biet hg cd cac boat dong mang tinh tuong tac va giao due vdi muc dich thiic diy su phat triln cua tre (Craig, 2006b; Deding va Lausten, 2006) NhQng kit qua gian tilp cho thay rang, d nhilng ngudi co trinh bgc van cao hon, cd sir binh dang hon viec cham sdc con, ddng thdi su cham sdc ciing mang tinh chii ddng va cd dinh hudng hon Tom lai, chia se giQa vg chdng viec cham sdc da dugc nhiSu nha nghien ciru quan tam, vay, van de dugc xem xet phin nhilu d gdc xa hdi bgc, ma it dugc xem xet dudi gdc tSm ly hgc HSu bdt cac nghien cim xem xet sir chia se bieu hien qua nhQng hanh ddng giQa vg va chdng (nhu thdi gian danh cho viec cham sdc con, ngudi chiu trach nhiem chinh, cac boat ddng cu the ), ma it xem xet nhung bieu hien khac ciia su chia se qua Idi ndi giua vg chdng (nhu su trao ddi, ban bac, trd chuyen) NhQng khia canh tam ly nhu cam nhan ciia vg/chdng nhan dugc sy chia se, nhu cau can cd sy chia se dudng nhu van cdn chua dugc quan tam nhieu cae nghien ciiu De tim hieu sy chia se giua vg chdng viec cham sdc con, dudi gdc tam ly hgc, nghien cuu quan tam din cac ngi dung chinh: 1/ Thuc trang chia se giua vg chdng viec cham sdc con; 2/ Cam nhan cua ngudi vg/ chdng nhan dugc su chia se tir phia ban ddi Mau va phircng phap nghien ciru 2.1 Mdu khdch Ike nghien cieu Miu khach thi nghien cim gdm 109 vg hoac chdng Men dang song tai Ha Ndi; khoang tadi tir 21 - 39 hili (vdi tuli trung binh la 30,47); phin nhilu la nQ vdi 89,0% (nam chiem 11,0%); da kit hdn tir 10 nam trd xudng, dd, si ngudi da kit hdn dudi nam chilm 49,5% va til nam trd len chilm 50,5%; phin Idn si ngudi dugc hdi (72,5%) cd mdt con; 27,5% sd ngudi cd hai Nhin 48 TAP CHITAM Lf HOC, Sd 12 (237), 12 - 2018 chung, mlu co ty le kha chenh lech ve giai tinh va so nen ket qua nghien cihi thien v6 phan anh sir chia se cua nii gioi - nguoi vg, nguoi me va nhiing nguoi CO mot nhieu hon la ciia nam gioi - nguoi chong, nguai cha va nhirng nguai CO hai Khao sat bang bang hoi online dugc thuc hien vao thang 9/2018 2.2 Cong cu nghien cu'u Nham tim hieu thuc trang chia se giiia vg/chong viec cham soc con, nghien curu su dung phuang phap dieu tra bang bang hoi Cac cau hoi xoay quanh cac van de ve thirc trang su chia se thong qua su giup d&/h6 trg bang hanh dong va sir trao doi/ban bac giiJa vg va chong; dong thoi tim hieu cam nhan cua vg/chong doi vai su chia se Mot so thang sau dugc su dung: + Thang Nguai thirc hien cac hoat dong cham soc con: muc dich tim hieu la nguoi thuc hien viec cham soc nhieu han (vg hay chong) Thang gom menh de (item) va dugc thiet ke voi phuang an tuang ling vai cac diem so: 1/ Chi co chdng thirc hien/vg hoan toan khong thuc hien = diim; 2/ Chong thuc hien nhilu han/phan Ian vg khong thuc hien ^ diim; 3/ Vg chong thuc hien ngang ^ diem; 4/ Vg thuc hien nhieu hon/phan Idn chdng khdng thuc hien = diem; 5/ Chi co vg thuc hien/chong hoan toan khdng thuc hi^n = diim Diim cua cac item va thang cang cao thi miic ngutri vg thirc hien cang nhilu Do tin cay Alpha ciia Cronbach ciia thang ^ 0,795 + Thang Sir giiip do/ho trg bang hanh dong ciia vg chong viec cham sdc con: nham tim hieu miic dp chia se the hien qua hanh dong, gdm item gidng nhu cac item cua thang Nguoi thuc hien cac hoat ddng cham sdc con, nhung voi cac phuong an tra loi va miic diem tuang umg sau: 1: Vg hoac chdng hoan toan khdng giiip da/hd trg (1 diem); 2: Vg hoac chong it giiip da/hd trg (2 diim); 3: Vg chdng ciing giiip da/hd trg nhu (3 diim) Diem ciia cac item cang cao thi vg chdng cang giiip da/hd trg nhieu Do tin cay Alpha ciia Cronbach ciia thang = 0,720 + Thang Sir trao ddi/trd chuyen ciia vg chdng ve cac van de lien quan den cham sdc con: nham tim hieu sir chia se the hien qua loi ndi, gom item va thang Su thdng nhit quan diim giUa vg chdng ve cac van de lien quan den cham soc (gdm item) diu dugc thilt ke vdi phuong an tuong ling voi cac diem sd: 1/ Khdng bao gidf = diim; 2/ It ^ diim; 3/ Thinh thoang ^ diem; 4/ Thudng xuyen = diem; 5/ Rat thudng xuyen = diem Diim ciia cac item va thang cang cao thi tan suat tro chuyen, trao ddi cang TAP CHfTAM LV HOC 86' 12 (237), 12 - 2018 49 nhilu, sy thing nhit quan diim cang cao Do tin cay Alpha cua Cronbach ciia hai thang lin lugt la 0,914 va 0,964 + Thang Sy hai long hdn nhan, gIm 11 item, xoay quanh sy hai ldng vl ddi sdng tinh cam, vat chit, vl con, mdi quan he vdi gia dinh ben vg/ching, each giao tilp, tam sy, giai quylt cac xung dot giua yg chlng Thang dugc thilt kl vdi phucmg an tuong iing vdi cac diim sd: 1/ Hoan toan khdng hai long = diim; 2/ Phin Idn la khdng bai long = diim; 3/ Nua hai ldng nua khdng = diim; 4/ Phin Idn la hai ldng = diim; 5/ Hoan toan hai long = diim Diim ciia cac item va thang cang cao thi su hai long cang dugc thi hien rd Do tin cay Alpha cua Cronbach ciia thang la 0,967 - Cdc phep phdn tich dU lieu Sl lieu khao sat dugc xd ly bing phan mem thdng ke toan hgc SPSS phien ban 22.0 Cac phep phan tich sau day dugc sir dung: phan tich theo ty le %, gia tri diim trung binh, lech chuin ciia timg menh de va toan thang do, phan tich T-test, phan tich tuong quan Kit qua nghien ciru 3.1 Thirc Irgng chia se giira va chdng Irong viec cham soc Nhin chung, ngudi dugc hdi danh gia rat cao su cin thiet cua viec chia se giua vg chlng viec cham sdc (DTB = 4,59/5 va DLC = 0,739); cu thi: cd 2/3 sl ngudi dugc hdi (chilm 68,2%) cho ring sy chia se la hoan toan cin thilt va chi cd l,9%i sd ngudi cho la hoan toan khdng can thiet va phan Ion la khdng can thiet * Su glitp da/hd tra bdng hdnh ddng glUa va chdng viec cham sdc Trong bat kl mot hoat ddng nao, giua vg chdng cd chia se tiic la boat ddng cd sy tham gia thyc hien ciia vg va chdng, dii muc tham gia ciia mdt hai ngudi la it hay nhieu hoac ngang nhau, nhung hoan toan khdng cd su tham gia cua mot hai ngudi hay mot hai ngudi phai thuc Men viec dd mdt minh tue la khdng cd sy chia se giQa bg Ket qua cho thiy, phan Idn nhung ngudi dugc hdi deu khang dinh giua vg chdng hg cd sy giiip va hg ciing giup dd/hd trg Ian (d tat ca item, tdng ty le % so ngudi khing dinh cd giiip dd/hd trg deu Idn bon 90,5%); nhien, xu hudng nghieng ve phuong an hoac vg hoac chdng giiip dd/hd tro dli tac d mire it (DTB Chung = 2,26/3 va DLC = 0,32) 50 TAP CHI TAM LY HOC, S6' 12 (237), 12 - 2018 Bdng I: Su giiip da/ho tra bdng hdnh dong giita va chong viec cham soc IMirc chia se(%i N Sir giup d&/ho trg DTB DLC Tro chuyen voi 108 1,9 58,3 39,8 2,38 0,52 Cham lo viec hoc tap cua 100 2,0 66,0 32,0 2,30 0,50 Cham io viec vui choi cua 108 1,9 67,5 30,6 2,29 0,49 Cham lo viec an uing cua 105 9,5 82,9 7,6 1,98 0,42 Cham lo viec ve sinh ca nhan ciia 104 3,8 80,8 15,4 2,12 0,42 Cham soc 6m dau, benh tat 108 37 54,6 41,7 2,38 0,56 2,26 0,32 Chung Ghi chii: I Vo/chdng khong giup da/hd tra (1 diem); Va/chdng it giup da/hd tra vdi (2 diem); Va va chong ciing giup dd/hd tra nhu (3 diem) Trong mdt loat cac hoat ddng nay, trd chuyen vdi va cham sdc eon dm dau la hai boat ddng dugc vg chdng ciing chia se nhu nhilu hon so vdi cac boat ddng khac (DTB cua ca hai boat ddng la 2,38 va ty le % Ian lugt la 39,8% va 41,7%), do, cham lo viec an udng cho la boat ddng it dugc chia se ban (chilm 82,9% vdi DTB = i,98 va DLC = 0,42) Tuy phan Idn nhQng ngudi dugc hdi deu cho rang, cac boat ddng cham sdc deu cd su tham gia ciia ca vg va chdng, nhimg su tham gia ciia ngudi vg dugc thay ro hon va nMeu bon so vdi ngudi chdng (DTB chung = 3,56/5 va DLC = 0,46) (3 tat ca cdng viec, diim trung binh deu dao ddng til 3,18 - 3,98 Nhu vay, gilng vdi kit qua nghien ciiu cua Baxter, Hewitt va Western (2005); ciia Georgas va cdng sy (1996), ngudi vg van la ngudi chiu trach nhiem chinh va thyc hien viec cham sdc nhieu hem so vdi ngudi chdng Mite thyc hien dugc the hien rd bang Tir sd lieu d bang 2, ket qua cho thay mdt sd diem sau: - Trong tit ca boat ddng ma ngudi vg thyc hien, cham lo an udng cho la boat ddng ma hg thyc Men nhieu nhat (DTB = 3,98 vdi DLC = 0,50) Lien he vdi cae boat ddng lam viec nha thi mua thuc pham va nau an dam biio TAPCHITAM Lf HOC, Sd 12 (237), 12 - 2018 51 chit dinh dudng cho cac vien gia dinh la hai boat ddng ma ngudi vg la ngudi dam nhiem chinh (DTB = 3,96/5 va 4,00/5) Bdng 2: Ngudi thuc hien cdc hoat dong cham soc Mirc thirc hien (%) Hoat dong chia sc N I DTB DLC Tro chuyen vcri 108 0,0 4,6 39,8 53,7 1,9 3,53 0,62 Cham lo viec hoc tap ciia 100 0,0 14,0 32,0 52,0 2,0 3,42 0,75 Cham lo viec vui chai cua 108 0,0 26,9 30,6 40,6 1,9 3,18 0,85 Cham lo viec an uong ciia 105 0,0 1,9 7,6 81,0 9,5 3,98 0,50 Cham lo viec ve sinh ca nhan cua 104 0,0 3,8 15,4 77,0 3,8 3,81 0,56 Cham soc 6m dau, 108 benh tat 0,0 2,8 41,7 51,8 3,7 3,56 0,61 3,56 0,46 Chung Ghi chii: 1/ Chi co chong thuc hien/va hoan loan khong thuc hien = diem; 2/ Chong thuc hien nhieu han/phdn l&n va khong thuc hien = diem; 3/ Vu chong thuc hien ngang = diem, 4/ Va Idm nhieu han/phdn Idn chdng khong thuc hien - diem: 5/ Chi cd va thuc hien/chong hoan loan khong thirc hien = diem Diem cua thang cdng cao thi nguai va cdng thuc hien nhieu - Trong mau nghien ciiu c6 83,2% sd ngudi cd tir tudi trd xudng, sd cd gan 1/2 sd ngudi (chiem 48,2%) cd dudi tudi - tudi ma viec ve sinh ca nhan cua tre vin phai phu thugc nhilu vao ngudi cham sdc Vi vay, nhQng hoat ddng cham lo ve sinh ca nhan ciia nhu tam rira, danh rang, phai dugc vg chdng tryc tiep thyc hien hoac hudng dan thyc hien Ket qua ciing cho thay rang, cham lo ve sinh ca nhan cho cung la mot nhung boat ddng ma ngudi vg thyc bien nhilu vdi DTB = 3,81 va DLC = 0,50, chi xep sau hoat ddng cham lo viec an udng cho - Theo danh gia cua ngudi tra loi, cd 26,9% so ngudi khing dinh cham lo viec vui choi cua la boat dong ma ngudi chdng thyc hien nhieu hon so vdi vg (ty le %i d muc danh gia cao nhat cac boat ddng) Dudng nhu boat dong vui choi vdi dugc ngudi chdng ua thich hon ca 52 TAP CHfTAM LV HOC, Sd 12 (237), 12-2018 - Sd lieu d bang da cho thay rang, ty le sd ngudi khdng nhan dugc sy giup dd/bd trg cua dli tac la rat it, chi dao ddng tir 1,9% - 9,5%, nhung diem dang chu y tir s l lieu d bang la khdng cd boat ddng nao ma ngudi chdng phai lam mot minh, dd, d tat ca boat ddng van cd hien tugng ngudi vg lam mot minh Ndi each khac, mdt sd boat ddng khdng cd sy chia se giua vg chdng, diiu dd ham nghia ngudi chdng hoan toan khdng tham gia thyc Men boat ddng dd Khi so sanh su giiip dd/hd trg bang hanh dong giua vg chdng viec cham sdc theo cac bien sd, ket qua cho thay mdt sd diim sau: - Cd sy khac biet cd y nghTa giQa nhdm ngudi dudi 30 tudi va nhdm ngudi tir 30 tudi trd len d cac boat ddng cham lo viec hgc tap ciia (t(98) = 3,648 va p = 0,000), viec vui choi cua (t(106) = 2,313 va p = 0,023) & nhdm ngudi dudi 30 tudi, sy giiip dd/hd trg giiia vg chdng d cac boat ddng dugc thay rd net va nhieu hon so vdi cac boat ddng khac (DTB dao ddng tu 2,41 - 2,53), ddng thdi nhieu hon so vdi nhdm ngudi tir 30 tudi trd len - Sy giiip dd/hd trg bang hanh ddng cung cd sy khac biet d nhiing nhdm ngudi cd sd nam ket hdn khac Sy chia se d nhdm ngudi cd sd nam ket hdn dudi nam nhieu hon so vdi nhdm ngudi cd sd nam ket hdn tu nam trd len d boat ddng cham lo viec hgc tap ciia (t(98) ^ 4,028 va p = 0,000) va cham sdc eon dm dau (t(106) ^ 2,061 va p ^ 0,042) O ca hai boat ddng thi sy chia se giua vg chdng ciia nhung ngudi d nhdm cd sd nam ket hdn dudi nam deu nhieu hon so vdi cac hoat ddng khac (DTB dao dong td 2,49 den 2,51) va nhieu hon so vdi nhdm cd sl nam kit hdn tir nam trd len Cd mot diem dang luu y la 100% sd ngudi tuli dudi 30 tudi va da ket hdn dudi nam diu cd dudi tudi, tap trung nhilu vao nhung ngudi cd tQ I den dudi tudi (chiem 76,7%) Theo khuyen cao ciia nganh y te, tre dd tudi - tudi phai dugc tiem va sir dung rat nhidu cae loai thuoc phdng ngira cac chiing benh, nhat la tre tQ tudi trd xulng Dieu ham nghia rang, sue khde cua tre tudi cin dugc quan tam va cham sdc nhieu ban so vdi tre tuli khac tuli nay, boat ddng hgc tap d tre cung rit quan trgng va se dat ket qua tit hon nlu cd su hudng dan ciia ngudi Idn Vi vay, cac cap vg chdng cd tuli khdng chi cimg cham lo hon tdi sue khde cua con, ma cdn cimg tham gia hudng din, giao due nham giiip phat triln tri tue mdt each tit nhit - Khdng cd su khac biet ve sy giup dd/hd trg bang hanh ddng giQa nhdm ngudi sdng chung va nhdm ngudi khdng sdng chung vdi bd me chdng d 5/6 TAP CHi TAM LV HOC, Sd 12 (237), 12 - 2018 53 boat ddng (p > 0,05) Mac du vay, nhiing tinh hulng Im dau, su chia se giQa vo chdng d nhom khdng sing chung vdi bl me dugc thiy nhieu hon so vdi nhdm sing chung (DTB lin lugt la 2,46 ya 2,19 vdi t(106) = -2,398 va p = 0,020) Sy kien eon Im dau khdng chi la mli lo ling ctia rieng vg chlng, ma cdn ciia cj nhQng ngudi than thilt khac gia dinh (iu sdng chung hay khdng, ding thdi viec cham sdc kbi Im dau ddi hdi mit nhieu thdi gian, cdng site, sy tan tam hon so vdi nhung khde manh Chinh yi vay, nhung cap vg chdng khdng sdng chung vdi b l me se kho cd co hdi de co sy giup dd tryc tilp tir bd me Hoan canh budc hg phai chung tay cham sdc con, chia se nhilu bon so vdi nhQng cap vg chlng cd b l me sing ciing - Khdng nhan thiy su khac biet vl sy chia se giQa -vg chlng d nhdm hg cd mdt va nhdm hg cd hai 5/6 boat ddng lien quan den cham sdc (p > 0,05), nhung viec cham lo ve sinh ca nhan cho con, sy chia se giQa vg/ehdng d nhdm hg cd hai dugc thiy nhilu horn so vdi nhdm hg cd mot (DTB lin lugt \k 2,28 va 2,05 vdi t(102) = -2,088 va p = 0,043) Ro rang, sl lugng nhilu hon ddi hdi vg chdng cd sy chia se nhieu bon * Trao ddi/trd chuyen giUa va chdng Irong viec cham sdc Trao dli/tro chuydn giQa vg chdng viec cham sdc cung la bieu hien ciia sy chia se Kit qua nghien ciiu cho thay mdt sd diem sau: Bdng 3: Trao ddi/trd chuyen glita va chdng viec cham sdc Mii-c thuffng xuyen (%) C^c v^n de cham soc Ve viec hoc tap ciia DTB BLC 3,9 3,53 0,76 5,5 3,52 0,80 N 103 0,0 12,6 25,2 58,3 Ve viec vui chai cua 109 1,8 8,3 31,2 53,2 Ve ch6 dinh duang ciia 109 1,8 32,1 33,9 28,5 3,7 3,00 0,91 Ve each thiic giao due 109 1,8 4,6 23,9 56,9 12,8 3,74 0,81 Ve ve sinh ca nhan ciia 109 2,8 25,7 29,4 40,4 1,7 3,13 0,91 Ve sire khoe cua 109 1,8 2,8 29,4 62,4 3,6 3,63 0,69 3,45 0,68 Ch i n g Ghi chit: 1/ Khong bao gia (1 diem); 2/ ft (2 diem); 3/ Thinh ihodng (3 diem); 4/ Thuang xuyen (4 diem); 5/Rat thicdng xuyen (5 diem) 54 TAP CHI T A M L? HOC, S O 12 (237), 12 - 2018 - Su trao ddi/trd chuySn giQa vg chlng cd xu hudng dien thudng xuyen (DTB chung = 3,45/5 vdi DLC = 0,68; d tit ca item, phin Idn y kiln t|p trang d miic thudng xuyen, dao ddng tir 40,4%i - 62,4%), thi bien nhQng sac thai tich cue giQa vg chdng sy chia se bang Idi - sic thai tich cue dugc thi hien rd nhit viec vg chdng trao ddi/trd chuyen vl each thirc giao due (DTB = 3,74) Day la vin dl ma hg thudng xuyen chia se nhat Mdi cap vg chlng ban diu la hai ca nhan rieng le vdi nhiing quan niem, each suy nghi va tinh each khac nhau, hg cung da timg dugc sinh sdng va dugc giao due mdi Oirdng gia dinh khac nhau, vi vay, nhirng quan nigm va each thuc giao dye cua hg cung se khac Viec, "tring danb xuoi, ken thdi ngugc", nhQng mau thuan, xung dot quan niem va each thuc giao due la dieu ma cap vg chlng nao cung da trai qua Chinh vi vay, viec ban bac ve van de rit quan h-gng, giup hg hilu nhau, tim dugc tilng ndi chung va thdng nhat each thiic giao due Sue khde cua cung la mdt vin de dugc trao dli/trd chuyen thudng xuyen (DTB = 3,63) Lien he vdi su chia se bang hanh ddng thi cham sdc dm dau cung la boat ddng dugc vg chdng giup dd/hd trg nhilu bon so vdi cac boat ddng khac (DTB = 2,38/3) Bdng 4: Mdi tuang quan giiia sic trao ddi/trd chuyen vd SIC thdng nhdt quan diem gitca va chdng ve cdc vdn de cham sdc Cac van de cham soc N Trao doi (DTB) Thong nhat quan diem (DTB) He so tirong quan Pearson (r) Ve viec hoc tap cua 103 3,53 3,65 0,351"« Ve viec vui choi cua 109 3,52 3,59 0,580*" Ve chS dinh dirong cua 109 3,00 3,44 0,433*»» Ve each thuc day 109 3,74 3,72 0,578"* V8 ve sinh ca nhan cua 109 3,13 3,55 0,415*** Ve siic khoe ciia 109 3,63 3,65 0,499*** 3,45 3,63 0,535*'* Toan thang Ghi chii 1/Khong bao gia (1 diim); 2/It (2 diem) 3/ Thinh thodng (3 diim): 4/ Thuang xuyen (4 diem); 5/Rdt thuang xuyen (5 diem); ***.- khip < 0,001 TAPCHITAM L V H O C , Sd 12 (237), 12 - 2018 55 - Ve sinh ca nhan va che dinh dudng cua la hai van de ma vg chlng it trao ddi thudng xuyen hon so vdi cac vin de khac (DTB ISn lugt la 3,13 va 3,00) Cham lo tdi ve sinh ca nhan va an uIng cua la hai boat ddng ma vg chlng it cd sy giiip dd/hd trg bang hanh ddng hon so vdi cac boat ddng khac (DTB lin lugt ia 2,12/3 va 1,98/3) - Khdng cd khac biet cd y nghia sy trao ddi/trd chuyen kbi so sanh theo cac bien sd nhdm tudi cua ngudi tra Idi, sd nam ket hdn, sd con, viec ed hay khdng chung sing vdi bo me (p > 0,05) Sd lieu d bang cho thay, cd sy thudng xuyen thdng nhit quan diem giua vg va chdng viec trao dli cac van de cham sdc (DTB = 3,63/5 va DLC = 0,75); each thuc day la van de cd su thdng nhit thudng xuyen trdi hon ca (DTB = 3,72); chl dinh dudng la van de it thudng xuyen thing nhit hon (DTB = 3,44) Xem xet mdi quan he giQa sy trao ddi/trd chuyen vdi sy thdng nhat quan diim ve cac vin de cham sdc con, he s l tuong quan Pearson (r = 0,535 vdi p < 0,001) cho thiy, vg chdng cang thudng xuyen trao ddi/trd chuyen tbi sy thdng nhat quan diem cang thudng xuyen hon va ngugc lai, neu vg chdng cang thdng nhat quan diem ve cac van de thi hg lai cang cd sy chia se thudng xuyen hem 3.2 Cdm nhan cua va/chdng nhan duoc sif chia se tir phia ngir&i ban ddi viec chdm sdc Trong cac gia dinh, ngudi thuc Men cac cdng viec cham sdc va sy chia se giOa vg chlng cac cdng viec la khac Kit qua phan tich tren da cho thay, vg chdng cd sy giiip do/hd trg bing hanh ddng viec cham sdc nhung khdng nhilu; vay sy trao dli/trd ehuy$n giOa hg lai thudng xuyen dien ra, ddng thdi sy thdng nhat quan diim ban bac cung thudng thiy giQa hg Vay, hg cam nhan thi nao ve su chia se iy tir ngudi ban ddi? Kit qua thu dugc cho thiy mot sd diim sau: - Nhin chung, ngudi vg/chdng cam thiy hai ldng nbSn dugc sy chia se tu ngudi b?n ddi (DTB = 3,35/5) Phin Ion sd ngudi miu danh gia d mile phin nhilu hai long (chilm 54,5%o), rit it trudng hgp cd sy hai long tuyet ddi (chiem 5,5%)) Cac y kiln tra Idi khdng cd sy thing nhit cao, thi Men sy chenh lech rd ret ve mire hai long cua ngudi tra Idi (DLC = 1,07) - Sd lieu cung cho thiy them, 100% trudng hgp ngudi vg khdng nhan dugc bat ky sy chia se nao ciia ngudi chdng va chi minh hg thuc Men mdt hoac hon mdt boat ddng cham sdc diu hoan toan khdng hai long 56 TAPCH(TAMLyHOC,SS12(237), 12-2018 - Khi xem xet su hai ldng theo cac bien sd, ket qua cho thiy, khdng cd sy khac biet cam nhan hai long cua vg/chdng ve sy chia se cua ngudi ban ddi giua nhdm dudi 30 tuli va nhdm tir 30 tuli trd len, giQa nhdm kit hdn dudi nam va nhdm ket hdn td nam trd len, giQa nhdm sing chung hay khdng sdng chung vdi bl me (p > 0,05) Tuy nhien, nhOng ngudi cd hai cam thay hai long hon so vdi nhQng ngudi cd mdt (DTB lin lucrt la 3,73/5 va 3,20/5 vdi t(107) =-2,371 va p = 0,02) Do s8 lugng nam - ngudi chlng mau khdng du Idn va chenh lech Idn so vdi sd lugng nQ - ngudi vg nen biln s l gidi tinh khdng dugc dung xem xet sy hai long giQa hai nhdm Tuy nhien, sl lieu cung cho thiy, ca nam gidi - ngudi chdng - va nu gidi - ngudi vg - deu cd xu hudng hai ldng vl sy chia se bang hanh ddng cua ngudi ban ddi, nhung nam gidi - ngudi chlng - cd xu hudng hai ldng nhilu hon (DTB = 4,33/5 va khdng cd y kiln nao khdng hai ldng, it hai ldng va niia hai long niia khdng hai long), nu gidi - ngudi vg cd xu hudng hai ldng it hem (DTB = 3,23/5) Muc thi hien cae boat dong cham sdc cua ngudi vg cung cd mli tuong quan vdi sy hai long cua hg hdn nhan: Khi ngudi vg cang thuc hien cac boat ddng cham sdc nhilu thi hg cang it hai ldng hdn nhan hon (r = -0,412 vdi p < 0,001) Hg cung cd xu hucmg mong mudn nhan dugc nhieu hon sy chia se cua chlng (DTB = 4,26/5), mong muln d ngudi chlng it hon (DTB = 3,33/5) 3.3 Moi quan he giOa chia se cua vo chong Irong viec cham sdc va sir hdi long hon nhan Bdng 5: Anh hudng cua su chia se viec chdm sdc tdi su hdi long hdn nhdn ciia nguai va/chdng Yeu to doc lap: Su- chia se Giup dd/ho trg bang hanh dong viec cham soc He so tuong quan Pearson He so hoi quy da bien r = 0,479*** PI = 0,174* R^=0,517*** Trao doi/tro cliuyen cac van de ve cham soc r = 0,732*** Hang so Constant PI = 0,625*** 0,234 Ghi chu: Bien phu thuoc Sir hdi long cua ngudi va/chdng Irong hon nhdn; *: p < 0,05; ***; khip
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