TRIET HQC, SO (316), THANG - 2017 T l / Ti/QNG TRIET HOC CUA TON TRUNG SON QUA TIEN HOA LUAN Trinh Thi Hdng' ' Thgc si, Vi?n Triit hpc, Vi^n Hdn ldm Khoa hpc xa hOi Vi?t Nam Email: diemhang2712@yahoo.com Nhdn ngdy 15 thdng7ndm 2017 Ch^pnh^n ddng ngdy thdng ndm 2017 Tom tdt: Tdn Trung San la nha each mgng dan chu tu san cua Trung Qudc giai dogn Cgn dgi, lanh ty ciia Cach mgng Tdn Hpi, dong thdi dng la nhd cdi cdeh, nhd tu tudng, nha ttiit hpe vdi nhiiu tu tudng sau sdc Trong bdi viet nay, tdc gid tdp trung ttinh bdy mOt si nOi dung ca ban ttong tu tudng ttiet hpc ciia Tdn Trung San qua Tien hoa lugn, nhu ngudn gic eda vu try, qua trinh vgn dOng, phat tridn eda vu try, mdi quan hf gifta vgt chat vd tinh than, v.v Co the ndi, tien hoa lugn, hay nhiing quan diem cua Tdn Trung San ve the gidi, nguon goc cua the giai, v.v dd the hifn tu tudng triet hpc vdi tu each the gidi quan, phuong phdp lu(ln ttiit hpc, hinh thdnh ndn cac quan diem chinh tri, xa hOi, ngudi cua dng Tir khda: Tdn Trung Son, tu tudng ttiit hpc, tiin hda lugn ' I F Khi ndi din tidn hda ludn, ngudi ta n nghT den thuydt tiin hda cua , 31 S.Ddcuyn, hgc thuyit dua each ly gidi v i su hmh tiidnh, phat triin, tiin hda cua thi gidi sinh vat thdng qua qua trinh chgn Igc ty nhien Thuydt tien hoa ctta S.Ddcuyn cd dnh hudng manh md din tu nhan logi bdt ddu ttt nhiing nam 30 ctta thi ky XIX Ttt ITnh vyc sinh hpc, thuyet tidn hda ctta S.Ddcuyn anh hudng sang cdc lihh vuc khac, dd cd khoa hgc xa hOi va nhan van Thuyit tiin hda ctta S.Dacuyn cflng cd dnh hudng khdng nhd den nhgn thttc vd tu ttidng ctta Tdn Trung Son, ngudi da ddnh mOt thdi gian ddi de nghien cttu ve hpc thuyit Theo dng, sy xuat hifn etta thuydt tidn hda la sy thay doi quan ttgng ttong tu tudng Ioai ngudi, khien cho "cac kiiu tigc thugt ddu dua vdo tiin hda" [Dan tiieo: 2, tt.711] Trdn ca sd nghien cttu hpc thuyit tidn hda ctta Dacuyn, Tdn Trung San da ddn hinh quan didm ctta mmh v i sy tidn hda, ttong dd chtta dung nhttng ndi dung nhu quan nifm ve vii try, tu nhidn vd lich stt Nhiing nOi dung dugc Tdn Trung Son trinh bdy chtt yiu tdc phdm Hoe thuyit Tdn Vdn ctta dng Cd thi ndi, tiin hda lugn Id nin tdng tu tudng tridt hpc ctta Tdn Trung San, chtta dyng nhiing CO sd thd gidi quan, phucmg phdp lugn tridt hpe, ttt dd gittp hinh nen cac quan didm chinh tr\, xd hpi, ngudi ctta dng Cflng cd quan diim cho rdng, tiin hda ludn chinh la triit hgc tij nhien ctta Tdn Trang Son Tuy nhidn, ttong bai vidt Tir Tl/dNG TRIET HOC CUA T N TRUNG SON chiing tdi thdng nhdt stt dyng thudt ngtt tiin hda lugn Dudi ddy la nhiing nOi dung ea ban ttong tidn hoa lugn ctta Tdn Trang Son: Ve ngu^n goc va sir tien hoa cua vu tru Tdn Trung San cho rdng, tien hda Id quy lugt phd bidn ciia van vat ttong vu try Trdn ca sd kd thtta ti^yin thdng ctta chtt nghia vdt ngdy tha, chdt phdc Trung Quic thdi Cd dgi, tiep thu tu tudng chu nghia vdt cua phuong Tay cgn dai, ldy quan diem tiin hda ludn ty nhidn lam ndn tang, Tdn Tnmg San da midu ta sa luge bttc tranh vd ngudn gdc vu try Ong cho rang, su hinh thdnh vd phat tridn ctta vu try chinh la qua trinh tidn hda vgt chdt Id qua trinh Hch stt phat trien thi gidi vat chat Vu try, ttdi ddt vd ngudi duge hinh trdn co sd qud trinh vdn ddng bidn ddi khdng ngimg ctta "thdi cyc" hoac "dte" [Xem: 2, tt.714] Trong Hgc thuyil Tdn Vdn, dng da gidi thich v i "thdi cyc" nhu sau: "Thai cyc la chtt dung dd dich danh ttt dte ctta phuang Tdy" [Dan theo: 3, tt.28] Ta cd thd thay ro, theo Tdn Trung San, "thai cyc" chdng qua ehi Id mdt tdn dich, nOi dung thyc chdt chinh la dte Nhu vdy, Tdn Trung San van diing khdi nidm cfl ctta triit hgc Cd dgi Trung Qude ("thai cyc") ndi vd vat chdt hay ngudn gdc hinh thdnh ndn vfl try Hy Lap Cd dgi, cdc nha tiidt hge da ed nhidu edu tta Idi khdc Vi dy, Hdraclit eho rdng bdn nguydn ctta thi gidi Id Itta, Talet cho rdng bdn nguyen ctta the gidi la nude, Anaximenes Igi coi bdn nguyen etta thd gidi Id khdng khi, V i phia minh, Tdn Tnmg San cho rdng, bdn thd cua vii try Id "thdi cue" Trong Hoc thuyit Tdn Vdn, dng da midu td sa luge bttc tranh ve ngudn goc eiia vu try nhu sau: "Trong thdi nguydn thuy, thai cyc van dpng sinh difn ttt, difn ttt ngung lai sinh nguydn to, nguydn td hgp lai vat chat, vgt ehat ty Igi qud dia cdu, day la thdi ky thtt nhdt ctta the gidi tien hda" [Xem: 3, tt.26] Trong lich stt ttidt hge Trang Qudc, "thdi cue" la pham trtt tridt hge dung dd chi ban nguyen cua vu try Cdc nha triet hge tdm thdi Tong, nhu Chu Ddn Di, Trinh Hao, Trinh Di, Chu Hy, deu xem "thai cyc" Id thyc thi tinh than, dua tu tudng "ly nhdt nguydn ludn" Chu Ddn Di da gpi cai ttang thdi hdn ddn ddu tien nhdt ctta vfl try chinh la "thai cyc", cho rang sy van dgng ctta thai cue md sinh hai dm duang, trdn co sd sinh "ngfl hdnh" (nam thtt vgt chdt ca bdn Id kim, mde, thtty, hda, thd), rdi "hda sinh van vat" Chu Hy timg ndi: Thidn dia dugc sinh bdi thdi cue Tdn Trang Son phdn chia qud trinh tidn hoa vu try thdnh thdi ky nhu sau: Thdi ky tha nhdt Id thdi ky lien hoa vdl ehdt Thdi k^" ndy Id qud trinh hinh thdnh hay la sy khdi nguydn ctta vfl tru, cho thdy thd gidi (vu tru) dugc hinh tu ddu va no bidn ddi nhu thd nao? Xoay quanh vdn dh ngudn gdc ctta thd gidi, ttong tridt hgc Khdc vdi cdc nhd triit hgc tam chtt nghTa, cdc nhd triit hgc vdt dd ed sy ly gidi hodn todn kiidc vd "thdi cyc" vdi tinh cdeh bdn nguydn ctta vfl try Dien hinh la nhd tridt hgc Vuang Dinh Tuong thdi Minh da cd nhdn xet rdng, vd thdi eye, thyc ehdt ctta nd Id cdi nguydn thtty hon dpn, tiianh khiet hu khdng, ed tiirdc chua TRINH THI HANG phdn trdi ddt, rdng thai cue tttc Id nguyen (vat ehdt) [Xem: 3, tt.27-28] Vdy, vdi Tdn Trung Son, "thai cyc" rit cude Id gi? Theo dng, "thdi eye" Id ca sd, ndn tdng cdu tgo thdnh ndn vat chdt va the gidi chinh Id tiid gidi vat ehdt Nhu vdy, cd thd xem Tdn Trung Son Id mOt nha vat, hay chiu dnh hudng ctta chtt nghTa vdt Trong Chu nghta ddn quyin, Tdn Trung Son vidt; "Theo nguydn Iy ctta triit hpc ve tien hda ma xet thi qua dia cdu nguydn Id the Id mOt thd vdi mgt trdi Ddu tien mat ttdi va thi ddu d ttong khdng trung kdt mgt ddm tinh van Ddn mat ttdi thu nhd lai tach thdnh rat nhidu thd khi, Idu ngdy ngung tu lai thdnh thd long, rdi tu thd long kit lai dd" [Dan theo: 3, tt.29] Cd the ndi, tu tudng vd sy tiin hoa vfl try ctta Tdn Trang San la sy md ta va phdt tridn thuyet tiin hda ctta S.Ddcuyn dya trdn ndn tang nhiing thdnh qud triit hgc etta Trung Qudc va the gidi Mdc dtt gid tri tiidt hgc khdng ndi bat, song ludn didm ttdn dd xac ldp khuynh hudng chtt nghTa vat ttong tu tudng tridt hgc ctta Tdn Tnmg Son Thdi ky thu hai la thdi ky tien hda gidng Iodi, hay la thdi ky cd sy phdt sinh vd phdt tridn ctta sinh vgt Tiin hda gi6ng Iodi Id giai dogn thtt hai cua qud trinh tien hda thd gidi Sy ddi ctta hpc thuydt td bao vdo thd ky XIX cd dnh hudng rdt ldn din tu tudng cua Tdn Trang Son Ong da tiip thu hgc thuydt te bdo, coi td bdo Id co sd ddu tidn ctta sy sdng Theo dng, thd gidi (ty nhidn vd xa hOi) ludn d ttong ttgng thdi tiin hda lidn tyc, khdng ngiing phdt tiiin, phdt triin ttt giai dogn thap, don gian Idn giai dogn cao vd cd sy khdc bift vd chdt, la mOt qua trinh lich stt til nhidn Tdn Trung Son viit: "Trong qud trinh tiep tye tidn hda mOt each ty nhidn, qua dia cdu den mOt giai dogn nhat dinh lien sinh thtt "sinh nguydn", la thu vdt chat cd sinh mfnh ciia mdt don vi t i bao, rdi "gidng vat dd ttt nhd ddn ldn, ttt it ddn nhidu theo nguydn tdc chpn Igc tu nhidn, ttdi qua bao nhidu cude manh dugc yiu thua, sinh t6n dao thai, thay cu ddi mdi hang trifu nam ma tiidnh Iodi ngudi" [Dan tiieo: 3, tt.30] Vdy "sinh nguydn" md Tdn Trung Son ndi din d day la gi? Qua tim hidu cac tac pham eua Tdn Tnmg San cung nhu cdc tdi lifu nghidn cttu tu tudng ctta dng, ed thd thay, Tdn Trang Son da xudt phdt ttt quan diem td bao ctta sinh v^t hgc dd giai thich sinh nguyen Day la cdeh gidi thich xuat phdt tu ldp tradng ctta chtt nghTa vdt Tuy nhidn, Tdn Trang Son lai khdng gitt viing ldp tmdng vat chtt nghTa dng gidi thich sinh nguydn theo nghTa than bi, cho rdng thdng thudng t i bdo sinh vdt cflng cd y thttc Mgt mdt, Tdn Trung Son cho rdng, sinh nguydn chi'nh la td bao, ttte la co sd cdu tao ndn co thi Id ngudn gdc ddu tien cua sy sdng Nhung, mdt khac, dng lai coi "sinh nguydn la vat, la thtt cd tri giac tdm hdn, cd hanh ddng cd suy nghT, cd chtt f, c6 k i hogch; Id mgt v^t gi dd, cd thd ndi Id vdt tdt dep, khac la, than bi, ky difu, khdng thi tudng tugng dugc" [Xem: 2, tt.715] Nhiing ludn giai trdn ciia Tdn Tnmg San cho chttng ta thdy thuydt "sinh nguydn" ctta dng mang khuynh hudng nhi nguydn - nghidng ngd gitta chtt nghia vdt va chtt nghia tam 89 TU" TUCJNG TRIET HOC CUA TON TRUNG SON Bdn cgnh dd, vd gidi hiiu co vd sy hinh Iodi ngudi, Tdn Trung Son eho rang gidi hiiu ca vd Iodi ngudi Id sdn phdm ctta sy phat trien lau dai ctta vdt ehdt Cdi tgo ndn Ioai ngudi vd dOng thye vat la nguydn ttt sinh vgt Nguyen ttt sinh vdt, nhieu tdc gid da dich Id "td bao", hifn nhieu nha nghidn cttu ggi nd la sinh nguydn, vdi y nghia Id cdi bat dau ctta sinh vdt Sinh nguydn Id nin tang vat chat tao nen tat cd cae sinh vat phtte tap, la co sd, ngudn gdc cua su sdng Vi thi, the gidi la vgt chat Cd the ndi, day Id mdt ttong nhftng quan diem quan ttpng vd tu nhien ttong tu tudng triet hgc ctta Tdn Trung San Thdi ky tha ba Id thdi ky tiin hda eda nhdn logi Day cimg chinh la thdi ky danh dau sy ddi vd phdt tridn ctta ngudi Sau thdi ky tiin hda gidng Ioai la thdi ky tiin hda etta nhdn logi Thdi kJ ndy Iidn quan den vdn de quy luat phat tridn ctta xa hdi Ioai ngudi Theo Tdn Trung Son, Iodi ngudi da ttai qua qua trinh tien hda ttt ttgng thai dgng vat den Iodi ngudi hidn dai Ong noi: "Khi mdi xuat hidn, Ioai ngudi cung khdng khdc gi Iodi cam thtt Lgi tidn hda qua may vgn nam niia mdi cd dugc tinh chdt i^udi tradng thdnh, vd sy tiin hda ctta Ioai ngudi bat ngudn ttt chS dd" [Dan theo: 3, tt.30] Sy tiin hda cua Iodi ngudi chinh la qud trinh timg bude thodt khdi tinh vat vd chuyin sang tinh ngudi Didu dd cd nghia rang, nguydn tdc tidn hda cua Ioai ngudi hoan todn khdc vdi nguydn tac tidn hda ctta dOng vat, gidng Iodi: "Tidn hda gidng Ioai dua vdo nguydn tdc eanh ttanh, cdn tidn hda Iodi ngudi dya ttdn nguydn tdc tuong tdc, tuong ttg lan nhau" [Dan theo; 1, tt.I09] 90 Dya vao hgc thuydt tien hda ctta S.Ddcuyn, Tdn Tnmg Son da gidi thieh tuong ddi khoa hgc v i ngudn gdc cua vfl try vd su sdng, eiing nhu qud trinh tidn hoa ctta Iodi ngudi Ong da nghiem khac bdc bd thuyit sang thi eua tdn giao, thdm ehi gift vflng y kiin ctta minh ca ndi chuyfn vdi doan nidn Co ddc giao 6ng ndi: "Dao Co dde ndi thi gidi Iodi ngudi la thugng dd tao ttong ngdy Cae nhd tidn hda lugn ttong khoa hgc gan ddy ndi Ioai ngudi la ttt Iodi ddng vat rdt gian dan ddn ddn biin Ioai ddng vat phtte tap, eho din Ioai vuon, lai tidn ldn ntta ma ngudi, ttt Iodi dpng vat bien Ioai ngudi Didm xung dot nliau gitta khoa hpe vd tdn gido tttc la cho thay khdc v i ngudn gdc Ioai ngudi, ttt eho thay khac vd didm da sinh su dau tranh giua khoa hgc vd tdn gido Dem so sdnh tdn giao vdi khoa hgc thi khoa hpc ty nhien chiim uu thi hon" [Ddn theo: 3, tt.30-31] V i m^i quan hf giua vat chat va tinh than Nhu chiing ta da biet, van dd ca bdn cua tridt hgc chinh la giai quydt van dd mdi quan he gifta vat chat va y thttc, tu va tdn tai Theo quan diim ctta cac nhd triet hpc vdt, vdt chat la tinh thtt nhdt, tinh thdn Id tinh thtt hai Ngugc lai, cac nhd triet hgc tam lgi cho rdng, tinh thdn la tinh thtt nhdt, vgt chdt la tttih thtt hai Vgy, quan didm etta Tdn Trung Son vd vdn dd ndy nhu thd nao? K i thtta each ndi trayin thdng ctta tiiit hpc Trung Qudc, dng cho rdng, "vgt chdt Id thi, tinh thdn Id dyng", vgt chdt cd ti^dc TRINH THI HANG tmh thdn, khdng thi tach rdi vdt chdt dl quan sdt tinh thdn Tdn Trung San viit: "Trong cac hgc gid Trung Qudc cflng thudng ndi "ed thi tdt cd dyng" Thi la gi? Tttc Id vdt chdt Dung Id gi? Tttc Id tinh thdn VI nhu than thi ctta ngudi, tdt ca hinh hai ngfl quan deu la thd thugc vd v|.t chdt; nhung ngdn ngft dOng tac tttc Id dung, tinh thdn cua ngudi lam; hai cai ay cimg nuong tua lan khdng the tach dugc" [Dan theo: 3, tt.37] Nhu vgy, mdl mat, Tdn Trung San quan nifm vat chdt la "thi", tinh thdn la "dyng", tinh thdn khdng tach khdi vat chat; mdl khdc, dng khdng coi vgt chat vd tinh thdn la mOt, md thtta nhgn sy tdn tgi thyc sy cua hidn tugng tinh than, ddng thdi khdng dinh tinh than cd phdn bift vdi v^t chdt, nhung lgi khdng thd tin tgi tdeh rdi vdt chdt Trong bdi giang Gido due tinh thdn qudn nhdn, Tdn Tnmg San da ban nhidu den hai khai nifm tridt hgc ca bdn la "vat chat" vd "tinh thdn", cflng nhu mdi quan hf gifta chiing Vd mdi quan he giiia vat chat va tinh than, dng chtt traong: Vat chdt c6 trade, tinh thdn cd sau; vOt chdt quydt dinh tinh thdn; tmh thdn khdng the t ^ h rdi khdi vat chdt Tdn Trang San phd phdn mpi quan didm cho rdng mdi quan hf gitta vgt chdt vd tinh than la mdi quan hp "tuydt ddi phdn Iy" (hodn toan tach rdi - TG.); hode quan didm cho rdng vat chdt vd tinh than ddu dugc xem ttgng nhu nhau, khdng phan bift chi'nh phu [Xem: 4, tr.54] Trade het, ttong phan dau tien vdi npi dung "Giao dye tinh thdn" thuOc bai gidng Gido due tinh thdn qudn nhdn, Tdn Trung San da gidi thieh ham nghia ctta hai khai nifm vgt chdt vd tinh thdn Theo dng, vdt chdt chinh la pham trtt dttng dd ehi tdt ea nhiing sy vdt eu thi (bao gdm ed ngudi) tdn tgi khdch quan; niu ngii ttong phdng vd quan sat, thi vat ehdt chinh Id nhiing thtt co the nhin thay, cd thi sd thdy vd cdm giac dugc, nhu ban, ghd, den, cdc ttd, ddng hd, Tdn Trung Son cho rdng, tdt ca mgi su vat, hifn tugng ttong vfl try, tii nho din Idn, ttt gan ddn xa, ttt cdc vgt thd ed tdn ggi ddn ede vgt the khdng cd tdn gpi diu dugc ggi la "vat chdt" Nhu vdy, theo quan diim cua dng, vdt chdt Id ehi nhflng gi tdn tgi khdch quan, khdng phy thugc vdo y mudn chtt quan ctta ngudi Tuy nhidn, Tdn Trung Son van chua dua dugc mOt dinh nghTa khoa hgc v i pham trtt "vdt chdt" Cdn, **tinh than" la gi? Theo Tdn Tnmg San, tinh than la nhiing gi khdng phai vat chdt Thuc ra, day chua dugc xem la mOt dinh nghia theo dttng nghTa Bdi, bdt kf mOt khdi niem ndo ciing cd ham nghia nhdt dinh ciia nd, phdn dnh ddc didm tinh chat ctta mOt sy v^t ho^c hifn tugng ndo dd Do vdy, ed thd thdy, luan diim trdn chua phdi Id mOt dinh nghTa khoa hgc ve khai nifm tinh thdn Nhin chung, nhan thttc ciia Tdn Trung San vd hai phgm trtt co ban ctta tridt hgc - v^t chat va tinh thdn cdn tuang ddi dan gidn vd cd ch5 cdn chua thdng nhdt, khdng day dtt Trade hdt, dng khdng hidu "vdt chat" vdi tinh cdeh mOt phgm trii ttidt hgc phdn dnh thyc tai khdch quan, md ddng nhdt nd vdi nhflng vat thd cy the, cd bift nhu than the ngudi, ede tra, khuc go, canh tay, v.v., nhiing thtt cd thd dugc cam giac Sy gidi thich ciia dng doi vdi phgm trtt '*tinh than" cflng khdng rd rdng ldm Ong khdng dua 91 TU TUdNG TRIET HOC CUA T N TRUNG SON dinh nghia phgm tru triet hgc ndy, md chi doi lap nd vdi vdt chat mgt edch dan thudn Ong ndi: "Dinh nghia v i tinh thdn nhu the ndo, mudn tim mOt gidi hgn ehinh xde vdn khdng phdi la dl, nhung ndi tdm lai, theo thtt ty md biit hd nhiing cdi khdng phai vdt chdt tttc la thude v i tmh thdn!" [Dan tiieo: 3, tt.38] Mdc du su gidi thich cua Tdn Trung San v i ede phgm trtt co bdn ctta triet hgc - vdt chdt vd tinh thdn - co tinh chdt ban hep va cdn han chi, ddng tiidi cd luc nghidng ngd gifta chtt nghia vgt vd chtt nghia tam; song, vi co ban, dng da thd hidn ro Igp tradng vgt ttong gidi quydt van de mdi quan hf gifta vat chdt vd tinh thdn Tdn Trung San da cd nhflng phan tich dttng vd mdi quan hf gifta "vgt chdt" va "tinh thdn", cho rdng can dttng ttt gdc dp triet hpc dh nghien cttu hai pham trtt Vdi dng, "vgt chdt" va "tinh thdn" la mpt ddi khdng ettng chiing Ioai, song gifta chiing lgi cd mdi quan hf qua lai lan nhau, tuong trg lan Mdt khae, ttdn mdt sd phuang didn khac, ndi vd mdi quan hf giiia "vdt chdt" va "tinh thdn", Tdn Tnmg Son tidp tue nhdn mgnh: "Theo nguyen 1;^ ttong vfl tty ddu la sy thyc cd trade rdi mdi ndy sinh ngdn lugn, chtt khdng phdi ngudn luan cd trade rdi mdi ndy sinh sy thyc" [3, tt.43] "Sy thyc" md Tdn Trang San ndi ddn d day chinh Id chi sy tdn tai khach quan ctta vat chdt, cdn "ngdn luan" dttng dd chi tinh than, tu tudng Theo quan diem ciia Tdn Trung Son, cd ngudi rdi mdi eo hifn tugng tinh thdn, tiip sau dd mdi sdn sinh vdn hda tinh thdn ctta eon ngudi Nhflng nhdn 92 dinhtirdncho thdy Tdn Trung San dd khdng dinh vgt chdt quyit dinh tinh thdn, ddy chinh Id mdm ming tu tudng vgt bifn chiing ctta dng Nhu vgy, ve moi quan hf gifta vdt chat vd tmh than, Tdn Trung Son thtta nhdn vgt chdt cd tmdc, tinh thdn cd sau Thdng qua nhflng phdn tich d tten, cd thd thdy, quan diim ctta Tdn Trang San vd moi quan hp giua vgt chdt va tinh thdn cd nhidu diem rat ddng chu y Theo Tdn Trung San, quan hf gifta vat chdt vd tinh than khdng chi la mOt van de ly ludn, ma cdn la mgt van de thye tien Ong rdt coi ttpng sy tdc dpng ttd lgi ctta tinh thdn ddi vdi v^t chdt, ttt nhdn manh tdm quan ttgng ctta f chi each mgng dii vdi sy nghifp edch mang, siic dem vfl l^ luan, tu tudng ctta minh phue vu eho cufc ddu ttanh each mgng Theo cac tdi lifu ghi ghep lgi, thang - 1922, ndi chuyfn vdi binh imh Didn, Vift, Cong**' d Qui Lam, Tdn Trung San nhieu lan nhdn mgnh: Tinh thdn edch mang da dd sy nghifp each mgng; cd tinh thdn each mgng, nhat dinh s5 cdng Nam 1922, ttong dip ndi chuyfn vdi qudn dpi tinh Uh Nam, Trung Quic, dng chi rd: "Quan nhan cd tinh than phdn dau, mdi cd thd hy sinh, mdi khdng sg chit"; "Tinh thdn phan ddu sinh ttt ddu? Ld ttt chtt nghia ma sinh Binh sT mu6n cd tinh thdn phdn dau thi trade hit phdi cd chtt nghTa; chtt nghia cdeh mang cd trade, mdi f* Diin, Vi?t, Cing Id t6n cfl ciia ba tinh: Vdn Nam, Qudng Dong, Giang Tdy TRINH THI HANG ed myc tidu each mgng; co mye tidu edeh mgng, mdi cd tmh than phdn dau" [Din theo: 3, tr.39] Trong bdi gidng Gido di^e tinh thdn qudn nhdn, dng da nhiiu ldn Ididng dinh: Sue manh ciia vdt chdt la nhd, sttc mgnh cua tinh thdn la ldn Vd, cupe chidn tranh Nga - Nhdt, dng cho rdng, nude Nga thua tran Id khdng ed tinh thdn, cdn nude Nhat thdng trdn Id nhd d cho cd tinh than [Xem: 3, tt.39] Tidp din, ttong Hgc thuyet Tdn Vdn, ban vd tinh hinh chinh tri ciia Tnmg Qudc luc bay gid, Tdn Trung Son vidt: "Nude la sy tich Ifly ngudi ta lai; ngudi la cu ctta tdm; vifc nude Id mpt hifn tugng ctta tdm Iy nhan quan Cho ndn vide thinh suy ve ehinh tti cd quan he den sy phan chdn hay tty mi ciia nhan tam Ldng ta tin rdng cd thi ldm dugc, thi dtt vide khd nhu ddi non ldp b i cuii ettng ed ngdy eiing lam ndn; idng ta nghT rang khdng thd Idm dugc, thi dtt vifc dl nhu be canh cay cflng khdng bao gid dgt dugc kdt qua Tac dung ctta tdm ldn bidt bao! Tam Id nguon gdc ctta mudn vifc" pantiieo:3,tt.39-40] nhdt dinh khdng dinh "tdm" la "tam ly ctta qudn chttng", la "y chi vd nguyfn vgng etta quan chttng nhdn ddn" Tdm lgi, trdn day la mOt so quan diim co bdn eiia Tdn Trung Son vd ngudn goc etta the gidi (bao gdm ca thd gidi vgt chat va the gidi ngudi), vd qua trinh van dgng, phat trien ctta thd gidi, ve mdi quan he gitta vat chdt vd tinh than, v.v ma cac nha nghidn cttu ggi chung Id tien hda lugn Tidn hda lugn, hay nhiing quan didm cua Tdn Trung San vd thd gidi, ngudn gdc ctta the gidi, v.v da thd hidn ndn tang tu tudng triit hpc ctta dng dd cgp ddn ngudn goc ctta vfl try, qua trinh van dOng, phat tridn ciia vfl try, moi quan he gitta vat chgt va tinh thdn, v.v - nhiing vdn de het sttc cdn bdn ctta triet hpc Qua nhttng ndi dung ctta tiin hda luan, chttng ta thay cd nhirng "hgt nhan hgp ly" ttong tu tudng triet hgc cua Tdn Trung Son, nhu vifc dng nhdn thay vai ttd quan ttpng ciia ydu td tinh thdn, su tdc dOng ctta ydu td tinh thdn ddi vdi ydu td vgt chat, cflng nhu vide dng xem xet mdi quan hf vdt chdt tinh thdn ttong thyc tiin each mang Nhiing nhan dinh ndy cho thay, dd cd Iuc, CO cho Tdn Trang Son ddc bift de cao Tai lifu tham khao "tam" vd tham chi xem nd la nguon g6c cua [1] Ho Cuong, Luu V| Quic (2009), Khdi lugn lu tdt ca mgi vide Vdi dng, mOt ndn chinh trj tu&ng Tdn Trung San, Nxb Nhfin dan Thifin tit hay xau phy thuOc rdt ldn vao sy phdn TSn, Trung Quoc ehdn hay tty mi ctta nhdn tdm Nhu v$y, qua [2] Ly Tr^ch H§u (2015), Trung Quoc tu Iudng su nhiing ngi dung vtta trinh bay d trdn cho lugn (Nguyen Quang Hd dich), Nxb Thi gxin, thdy, cd lue, co cho Tdn Trung San dd qud Hd NOi d i cao vai trd ctta tinh thdn Vifc qud de [3] Vuong Hpc Hoa (1962), Tu tuang triit hgc cao ydu td tinh thdn ed thi sd din din f Tdn Trung Son, Nxb Sy th§t, Hd NOi chi Mac du vdy, quan diim ctta dng cflng [4] Tieu Phuong (1981), Tu tudng triil hgc Tdn chtta dyng nhftng nhdn td ddn chtt tidn bO Trung San, Nxb Khoa hpc xd hOi Tnmg Quoc 93 ... thdn cd sau Thdng qua nhflng phdn tich d tten, cd thd thdy, quan diim ctta Tdn Trang San vd moi quan hp giua vgt chdt va tinh thdn cd nhidu diem rat ddng chu y Theo Tdn Trung San, quan hf gifta vat... ky tiin hda etta nhdn logi Thdi kJ ndy Iidn quan den vdn de quy luat phat tridn ctta xa hdi Ioai ngudi Theo Tdn Trung Son, Iodi ngudi da ttai qua qua trinh tien hda ttt ttgng thai dgng vat den... chdt Tdn Trang San phd phdn mpi quan didm cho rdng mdi quan hf gitta vgt chdt vd tinh than la mdi quan hp "tuydt ddi phdn Iy" (hodn toan tach rdi - TG.); hode quan didm cho rdng vat chdt vd tinh