TRifiTHQCSO 11 (318),THANG 11 -2017 MOT SO QUAN NIEM VE THA HOA TINH THAN CUA CON NGlTdl TRONG XA HOI PHlfONG TAY HIEN DAI Trinh Vdn Todn' Tien sT, Tnrimg Dgi hpc Di^n hfc Email: toantv@epu.edu.vn Nhgn ngiy thing 10 nim 2017 Chdp nhan ding ngiy thing 11 nim 2017 Tdm tat: Trong bli canh hfi nhdp quoc te, tiep bien vdn hoa toan cdu va hifn dgi hda x3 hfi d thdi dgi nay, chung ta cdn phai co thdi df sdn sdng tiip nhgn nhihig gia ttj van hda nhan logi, nhung su tiep nhdn phai dya tren ca sd vdn hoa Vift Nam, nghta la nhung gia trj ay cdn dugc lam cho thich ung vdi van hoa Vift Nam, chu khdng phai lam suy doi vd din tdi thu tieu van hoa Vift Nam vdn dd cd ban sac, difn mgo rieng ciia nd Vifc tim hi^u van dl tha hoa tinh than ttong ngudi phuang Tdy hifn dgi bdi canh tiep biln vdn hoa toan cdu va toan cau hoa hifn la nhdm tranh "vet xe d l " ciia nin vdn minh phuang Tay, tiep thu nhflng tyu tich cue ciia no dang trd vdn de cd ^ nghTa quan trpng ca vl mat ly lugn lan ve mat thyc tiln vd ddy ciing chinh la van dl ma chung tdi xem xet ttong bai viet Tft khoa: Con ngudi, tinh than cua ngudi, tha hda tinh thdn cua ngudi, xa hfi phucmg Tay hifn dgi Cd thi thdy rdng, hien nay, ttong xu the toan cdu hda, ehung ta lgi dang phdi ddi difn vdi mgt hilm hga khd Iudng la tdm thi siing bdi phuong Tdy, tuyft dli hda nhflng gid tri cua nd vd hon the nfla Id xu hudng "phuang Tdy hda" Trong do, ban than vdn hda phuang Tay ciing dang vdp phai nhflng vdn dl nan giai rieng cfta no Do v|ly, tiln hdnh hifn dgi hda vi myc tieu ddn gidu, nude manh, ddn chu, cdng bdng, vdn minh, duang nhidn, ehftng ta cdn phai nhan thuc dugc nhihig cam bay md xd hdi hifn dgi d phuang Tdy dd hi sa vdo dl ttdnh vd khdng Idp lgi chftng Vdn dl ddi hdi phdi dugc nghien eftu mdt cdeh sdu sdc tren binh difn triit hgc vdn dl Id d cho, triit hgc da, dang vd mdi mai cd mgt mye dich nhan vdn nhdt efta minh Id gidi phdng ngudi, dem lai ty eho eon ngudi, tfte Id ehi ban chat dfeh thye efta sy tha hda cfta ngudi vd eon dudng khde phyc sy tha hda ay Trong moi mpt thdi dgi lich sft, eon ngudi ludn bj ehi phoi bdi mdt hinh thftc tha hda ndo CMdc dd vgch trdn sy tha hda cfta ngudi dudi chu nghta tu bdn la sy thing tri cua chl df tu hfln va dng cflng da chi dudng khdc phyc sy tha hda bdng cdeh mgng xd hgi chu nghta vd xdy dyng chl df cfng sdn ehft nghta Gid day, hinh thftc tha hda ehilm uu thd ttong xd hgi phuang Tdy chinh la sy tha hda tinh thdn 53 MOT SO QUAN NIBM VE THA HOA Nghta Id, eon ngudi xa hgi phuong ddu phy thugc vdo trinh dp phat triin dao Tdy hifn dgi hi nd dich v l mat tinh thdn vdi dfte efta eon ngudi - trinh dg md ngudi tu edeh gid tti tdi cao, cd y nghta quyet dfnh y thftc duge thyc chdt cfta mfnh Ifnh sinh bdn ehdt ngudi Phdn tieh hinh thfte tha hda thdi vdi tu edeh mpt thdnh td efta hf ndy vd chi eon dudng khde phye no da thing dgo dfte chung - "mfnh Ifnh tuyft trd thdnh dl tai chft ylu cfta mgt sd ttdo luu doi", nhu Kant dd tiing noi Neu Itnh vye triit hgc phuong Tay hifn dgi dgo dftc tmdc ehi bao qudt nhung quan Ciing vdi thdi gian, chftng ta eang hf d ben ttong he thdng "xd hfi Ioai ngudi" nhdn thdy ro han rdng, thi ky XXI sd trd thi hifn nay, nd da duge md rdng ca thdnh mgt mIc quan ttgng ljch sft nhiing quan hf "xd hdi Iodi ngudi - ty Ioai ngudi Nd ddnh ddu su cdo chung cua nhien" Ldi ran "khdng dugc sdt sinh" dd thdi dai "chinh phyc ty nhien" eua trye tiip chuyen sang nhftng quan hd ay, ngudi Ndn vdn minh md eon ngudi da tgo bdi nhung quan hf ndy, bdi ednh hinh dyng nen Id manh, khd ndng tdc ddng thdnh Id bdt lgi, chung ed the dan den sy eua eon ngudi den sinh quyen da sdu rdng huy dift efta Iodi ngudi tten Trdi ddt theo tdi mfte de dga bdn thdn mdi sinh cfta dung nghta cfta tft Dilu ndi tten dd ti^ Homo Sapiens vd v|iy, den ca sy tdn tgi tam dilm ttong cdng trinh nghien euu cfta Iodi sinh vdt ndy vdi tu edch mdt ttong ciia N.I.Moiseev, nd duge coi Id mgt thft cdc hf thdng sinh quyen Thue chdt cfta nghiem thft vj nhdm phac hga triet hge ljch van dd la d chd, gid ddy, mdi quan hf qua sft sinh quyin [Xem: 9] N.I.Moiseev dd ddt lgi gifta ngudi vd ty nhien khdng the niem tin vdo ngudi vd dng hy vpng lap lai nhu trude kia, khdng thi dya tten co rdng, eon ngudi cd khd ndng ttdnh dugc sd sft dyng tdi nguyen thien nhien mgt tham hga Theo dng, "de nhdn thfte sdu sdc cdeh thilu suy nght, khdng cd gidi hgn vd han ve tuong lai eua Iodi ngudi, chftng ta thudng xuyen ldm tdn hai ty nhidn Dd din cdn phdi ehuyen tft nhiing vdn de sinh thai liic Iodi ngudi cdn phai y thftc dugc ddy du hgc vd chinh tri hgc sang vdn dd tidn hda sy phy thude cfta minh vdo khd ndng eua ttong thi gidi ngi tam cfta ngudi Ddy sinh quydn vife tti sy dn djnh vd chfnh Id ehiee chia khoa de md didu quan tiip tyc xdy dyng cufc song theo nguyen trgng nhdt - bdo t i n Iodi Homo Sapiens tien tde ddng tien hda (coevolution) Dd Id ngi hdnh tinh" [10, tt.30] Chung ta dang phai dung ehu yeu eua nhihig chuyin biln dang ttd ldi cho mgt van de nan gidi: Xdt ve bdt ddu diln Tdt cd nhiing vdn dl khdc phuong difn dao dftc, eon ngudi d ddu the diu la thft ylu ky XXI la ^ , eon ngudi ed khd ndng nhfn thue duge su bat ddu cfta tinh ttgng Cd thi ndi, ea hdi khde phyc su khftng khung hoang toan edu vd tinh edp bach cua hoang toan edu dd cfta Iodi ngudi, trude hit, mfnh Ifnh smh thdi d chimg mye ndo? Din khdng hdn phy thufc vdo khd ndng t l ehftc lugt minh, nhidm vu ndy lgi ddi hoi phdi - cdng nghe efta nin vdn minh nhdn logi, ldm sdng td bli ednh dao dftc cu thi vdi tu ma ehft yeu Id vao y thftc vd dgo due cfta edch phuang difn quan trgng bge nhat cua bdn tilian ngudi Vd, dudng nhu mgi edi 54 TRINH VAN TOAN tdn tai ngudi hifn dai Ndi edch khdc, ehung ta can phai xde dinh nhiing nhdn td cdn ttd eon ngudi ldm Ngudi, hay ndi ehinh xdc hon, edn trd ngudi ty hodn thifn minh vdi tu edch Ngudi, ciing nhu can ttd ngudi danh gid nhflng khd ndng khdc phue cdc nhdn to ay De gidi quyit nhflng vdn dl ttdn, edn phdi xdy dyng mft phuong phdp thich hgp Do viec khdo cftu thi gidi duong dgi vd eon ngudi vdi tu each mgt thye thi tinh thdn - xd hdi phftc tgp, t i n tgi thi thdng nhat hiiu ca, nen chung ta cdn phdi nhdn thfte duge phftc hf mang tinh chinh the: "Tinh thdn - vdn hda - vdn minh" ThI nhung, chiing ta lgi khdng thi nhdn thfte duge phftc hf ndy dp dyng phuang phdp ludn cfta khoa hge ed dien - phuong phap ludn quy qud trinh nhdn thue vd cdi biln thi gidi ve su tde dfng ddn the gidi tft phia chft thi bdng cdeh ddi lap nghidm ngdt khdch thi vdi chft thd Phuang phdp ma ehung ta edn phai cd Id mgt phuang phap gid dinh ve: Thu nhdt, cd sy tdc dgng lan giita khdch thi vd chu the, vd tha hai, chii thi la mgt thyc the tinh thdn Vdi nhflng gid dinh nay, cd the coi ban chdt xa hfi ciia ngudi la mgt tao phdm cfta chinh ngudi Nhiing tri thfte cd dugc ve eon ngudi nhd phdn tieh cdc dft lieu kinh nghifm tinh thdn dd dugc khach quan hda Id sy bd sung edn thilt cho cdc khoa hgc ed diln Nhiing dfl lifu ndy, vl thye chdt, phdn dnh mgt phuong difn khdc cfta t i n tai ngudi - phuong difn md ehung ta khdng thi dat duge bdng tu duy ly thudn tuy, nhung vifc bd qua nd sd ldm mdt ca mye dich lan ngi dung efta lich sft tinh thdn hda xahgi tinh Con ngudi sdng d thdi dgi ndo ciing ddu cd thidn hudng phong dai y nghta cfta thdi dai Tren thye tl, hg di din thidn hudng mpt each vo tinh, ehu khong phdi hflu f Chftng ta cflng di din thien hudng ay, quan nidm thdi hifn dgi nhu Id ket qud eiia todn bd tien trinh phdt trien lich sft nhdn logi Duong nhidn, do, chung ta dd khdng nhin nhgn thdi hifn dai bdng nhdn quan cfta ede the hf tuong lai, bdi chftng ta thudng coi edch nhin nhdn Id ehuan xdc Mae du vdy, ben cgnh nhiing nhdn td md ehftng ta dd bilt, ttong Uch sft nhdn logi vdn ed nhung nhdn td bugc ehung ta phdi tdeh biet thdi dgi thay the cho thdi Trung dai d chdu Au vd nhdn duge ten ggi Id "modem" (thdi Hifn dai) hay thdi dai cdng nghifp, tfte la giai doan dang di den hdi ket d trude mdt chftng ta Van de la d eho, ddy chinh Id thdi dgi ddu tien ma nhung ddc diem quyet dinh cfta nd la vifc gidi phong ngudi khdi the gidi quan tdn gido dd timg chiem vj tri thdng tri, id vife tft bo thft ehft nghta coi than la trung tam (theocentrisme) de chuyin sang thft chft nghta coi eon ngudi Id trung tdm (anthropoeentrisme) vd ket qua tdt ylu ciia nd Id vife the tye hda (secularisation) xa hdi Khung hodng xa hgi bdt ddu bge Id ro d thdi dgi vd ehinh Id sy khftng hodng eiia ldi sdng coi ngudi la trung tdm Den lugt minh, ehinh su khftng hodng ndy dd quyet djnh bdi ednh dgo due eua ngudi hien dai Tft gifta the ky XX, ngudi ta da bdt ddu ndi tdi khdi dilm cfta thdi dgi hgu cdng nghifp Nhiing thudt ngfl, nhu "thdi dgi cdeh mgng khoa hge - ky thudt" hay "xd hdi thdng tin", dd xudt hifn Nhung, nhin chung, nhftng ddnh gid nguge lai - postmodern - 55 MOT S QUAN NIEM VE THA HOA vdn chiim uu till Dilu ndy ehftng td rdng, ngi dung cfta thdi hifn dai van ehua duge khdo eftu mdt each ft nhiiu thda ddng; rdng, thdi hifn dgi cftng vdi tdt ed mpi each tdn cua nd vdn Id sy kl tyc hgp ldgic efla Uch sft Can dgi Tren thye tl, nhiiu ITnh vyc cfta ddi sing xd hgi hifn dai dang ddn rdi xa vdi qua khu tiieo nhung mfte dd khde Chdng han, neu cdc Iiiih vye kinh td, chinh trj - xa hfi biln ddi dd it nhiiu cho thdy sy xudt hifn cua mft chdt lugng mdi, thi quan nifm phi tdn gido v l thi gidi van dang ehftng td mfte df khung hodng sau sdc cfta thdi Celn dai Khiing hodng ndy dd dugc the hien nhu the ndo? Ngudi ta eho rdng, sy khftng hodng cfta thdi Cein dai ddu tidn xudt hien d cudi thdi Phye Nhd triet hge ngudi Phdp B.Pascal (1623 - 1662) da dua ldi ednh bao ve cdc mdi nguy hidm ciia vifc de cao ngudi mgt cdeh qud mfte Mudn hon, nha tridt hpc ngudi Dftc - I.Kant (1724 1804) da chta mui nhgn phe phan cfla dng vdo viee ehIng lgi sy ty hoai nghi eua ly tinh Vdo thi k^' XIX, nhd triit hpc ngudi Dan Mgch - S.Kierkegaard (1813 -1855) da ldn tilng ching lgi logic hpc mang tinh phi nhdn cdeh hda hpc thuylt Hegel Con nhd vdn, nhd triet hgc ngudi Nga M.Dostoesky (1821 - 1882) da dua tir tudng ve mdu thudn cua bdn tinh ngudi, vl nhflng mien sdu bi dn cfta nhdn cdeh Tu tudng ndy eua dng duge eoi Id thu djch sdu sac vdi quan nifm thi tye vl ngudi vin dac trung cho thdi Can dai Vd, CMdc dd dua tu tudng ve sy tha hda eua eon ngudi ttong xd hpi tu bdn ddi vdi ban ehdt xd hdi cua nd md theo do, eon ngudi dung dli lap vdi lyc lugng thft dich - kit qua hoat dfng 56 lao dfng efta bdn thdn nd (tu bdn) Nhd triit hpc ngudi Dftc - F.Nietzsche (1844 - 1900) da ndi mft edeh khinh mift ve sy "hdn hg" trdn phuong difn tinh thdn eiia ngudi hifn dgi vd kdu ggi khde phyc tinh trgng ndy Vao ddu the ky XX, xd hpi cdng nghifp I4u iaf dd bj phe phdn mft cdeh t o ^ difn v l sy phe phdn ndy, ehung ta cd thd kl din sy phe phdn cfta cdc nhd tridt hge ldn, nhu Ortega y Gasset, Nietzsche, Spengler, v.v Chdng hgn, Ortega y Gasset da chi xu hudng man rg hda xd hgi nhu Id kit qud eiia qud trinh "noi dgy eua dgi ehftng" va nhu la kit qud thong tri efta eon ngudi dgi chftng ttong xd hfi [Xem: 5, tt.55] Gvardini vach su doi lap gifla ede kit qud hogt dgng cfta ngudi hifn dgi vdi nhflng myc dich thuc sy nhdn van ciia nd Theo dng, ndn vdn minh nhdn Ioai (cu the Id quyin luc) da "nii logn" chong lai ngudi vd dan den nen "vdn hda phi - vSn hda"[Xem:15,tr.l8] Berdyaev nhgn thdy "cdi bi ddt" cfta todn bd thdi CEUI dai la d su "chdi bd Kitd gido" Vdi thdi hien dai, theo dng, dieu quan nggi nhdt Id niem tin thdi qud vdo ky thu$t, tftc quyen lue vd hgn ddi vdi ty nhien vd ngudi tft phia cdc lye lugng xd hfi vd danh tinh, ly hoa y thfte eon ngudi mft each bat edn va vdy, ldm tieu tan mue dich cfta tdn tgi ngudi Rang, dai bf phdn ngudi phuang Tdy dd timg Id nhiing ngudi da thdn gido, hg duge sinh tii mgt nin van hda tham dugm tu Kitd gido Hp di den giai dogn duge ggi Id "trudng thdnh", "dfe ldp", song vl thyc chdt, dd ddnh mdt qud khft cfta minh md lgi ehua dgt tdi hifn tgi, tftc mdt nin vdn hda khdc Hg ddnh mdt cfi ngudn Kitd gido, song Igi chua trdi TTUNH VAN nghifm mft nip sdng mdi theo Phue dm Do vdy, theo dng, dilu lo nggi nhdt la sy thdng tti hodn todn cfta vdn minh dli vdi vanhda[Xem:8,tt.485] Sorokin cho rdng, ndn vdn hda edm ciia thdi dai cdng nghifp tdt ylu phdi bi dift vong, bdi chu nghta tuong dli vl gid tri dang ehuyin hda thdnh ehft nghta hu vd pCem: ll,tr.427] Fromm vd Vyeheslavsev luu y rang, ttong xd hdi hdu cdng nghifp, ngudi dung ddi lap vdi mdt hd thdng td ehfte khong 16 - nhd nude eung vdi ndn cdng nghiep hifn dai md, hogt dgng vi nhiing Igi ieh rieng eua minh, thudng ttd ndn rdt xa la ddi vdi eon ngudi, thgm chi cdn thu djch vdi eon ngudi vd biln ngudi hodn todn khdeh thi - "vgt hoa" ngudi Theo Fromm, "eon ngudi bj xdm chiem bdi tdm ttgng bdt an vd mong mudn cdng hien toan bd ty cfta minh eho mgi ke dde tdi du logi; hay ngudi ddnh mdt ty do, bien minh thdnh cai dinh vft efta ed may: Khdng phdi Id ngudi tu do, ma la ngudi mdy duge nudi dudng tot, dugc dn mdc dep" [3, tt.9; xem tiidm: 2; l,tt.21-28] Tillieh nhdn xet rdng, "nhflng bao ddm dugc dem lgi nhd ede co che gidm sat ky thudt mgt cdeh ed hifu qua doi vdi ty nhien, nhung phuang phdp gidm sdt tdm ly doi vdi cd nhan va vide giam sdt sy phdt trien nhanh vl mdt t l ehftc ddi vdi xa hdi - tat cd nhihig bdo dam nhu vdy diu phdi tia mgt gid ddt: Ban thdn eon ngudi md tdt ed nhiing bao ddm dd dugc tgo nhu Id nhihig phuong tifn lgi trd phuong tifn b l ttg eho nhflng bdo ddm dy" [13, tt.l32] Tft nhung quan nifm do, ngudi ta cho rdng, cai ddc trung cho nen vdn minh dang TOAN "nii loan" chong lai van hda Id nhflng hf qud xd hpi vd tinh thdn sau ddy: Khi bj chuyin hda thdnh mft thdnh t l cfla hf thdng td chfte phftc tgp, "eon ngudi dgi ehung" ty thdy minh bdt luc va cd dfe Con ngudi hudng din nhiing gidi phdp don gian vd thdi qud, din bgo lyc vd sy "tdn thd thdn tugng", md nhflng gia tri dich thye ciia nd (nhdn vdn) bi thay till bdng nhiing hifn tugng xd hfi, nhu nhd nude, ddn tde, iif thudt vd thdm ehi Id thdn thogi (vl chiing tge, ddng hp, v.v ) Vdi tu edch cdi trye tiip thft djch vdi bdn nguyen tinh than tiong ngudi, "vdn hda dgi chung" dd khudn mdu hda y thftc cfla eon ngudi dgi chiing, khudn mdu hda ldi sing, nhflng nhu cdu va ldi ftng xft efta eon ngudi ndy Theo Ortega y Gasset, qud trinh "chuyen mdn hoa mft cdeh thdi qud" da diln ra: Ngudi lao dgng buf e phai tid thdnh chuyen gia ttong mft Itnh vyc rdt hep, xu hudng ndy tat yeu ddn ddn sy hgn che vd trinh phat triin tri tuf vd tinh tiidn cfta ngudi, ddng thdi ldm tdng sy phu thufc eua hp vdo nhiing to ehfte phftc tap Xu hudng lai cdng tdng len ttong thdi dgi md quyin thing tii thufc vl cae lyc lugng sdn xudt vd hinh Net dde tnmg cua khoa hgc hien dgi Id su hilu bilt ngdy mgt nhiiu hon vl nhung cdi mgt nhd hon Tft do, theo Sorokin, ngudi thudng hudng den tri thftc kinh nghidm, phdn ly thuylt - thft chft nghta tiiyc chftng de tifn nhdt [Xem: 12, ti.485] Tiln bg khoa hgc - ky thudt dem lai mdt sue mgnh chua timg thdy cho nhiing ngudi md, vl thyc chdt, chua trudng thdnh vl phuang difn dgo dftc Dd Id mgt hiem hga dli vdi sy sdng tren Trdi ddt (vu 57 MOT SO QUAN NiBM V£ THA H A , huy dift hdng logt, ngn d nhilm mdi tiudng) Cdi ggi Id cdeh mgng thdng tin dua tdi cho "eon ngudi ty nhgn thdy minh ngdy eang trd ndn hen mpn han, hp phdi ddi mdt khdng nhthig vdi mgt hf tiidng nhihig xi nghifp khdng 16, md vdi ed mdt thd gidi vi tinh ty qudn, suy nght nhanh hon vd thudng diing hon ngudi" [3, tt.I0] Nhu vdy, ed thi khdng djnh rang, nhung hau qud eiia cufc cdeh mang cdng nghf Id hit sftc da dgng Sftc manh ky thu^t cd the md nhihig kha nang to Idn eho sy phdt trien tinh thdn theo cdc phuang hudng khac nhdt Song, k^ thudt ty thdn nd kh6ng nhiing khdng tu ddng keo theo sy tien bd ttong liiih vye van hoa vd tinh thdn - dao dfte, md cdn trd thdnh nhdn td ldm phftc tgp hon niia bli ednh tinh thdn vin dang ngdy cdng ttd nen phong phu vd roi rdm hon rdt nhiiu so vdi trude Nidm tin mfl qudng vdo sftc mgnh todn nang efta k^ thudt cd thi lam cho ngudi ddnh mdt nhung gid tri nhdn vdn, nhu ndng lye thdu hilu vd ddng cdm vdi ngudi thdn, quan nifm vl edi thidn vd edi dc Didu ndy ed the ddn den sy phi nhdn van hda cdc quan hf xa hdi vd quan hf giiia cac cd nhdn vdi Ddnh gid chung v l thdi dai edng nghiep, ehung ta de dang nhgn thdy xd h^i hifn dai dang Idm ndy sinh cdc lye lugng thu dich vdi bdn than nhdn edeh eon ngudi Do vdy, hien nay, ben cgnh nhifm vu giai phdng ngudi khdi sy dp bftc ben ngodi, thue tidn xd hfi hifn dgi edn ddt mgt each gay gdt van de ty ngi tdm efta ngudi Sy gidi phdng ngudi khdi dp bftc xd hdi chua hdn dd gidi quyet duge vdn dl tu ngi tdm efta ngudi eiing vdi todn bd dung lugng cua nd Sau duge gidi phdng khdi xiing 58 xich eua che d§ dp bue, "con ngudi nhd be" lgi bf c If khdt vgng duge gidi phdng v l mat tinh tiidn ngdy mgt ldn hon Khi do, cdc "m|lt den toi" cfta bdn tinh ngudi bdt ddu dugc xem xdt khdng hdn tft gdc dg nhgn thftc, md chu ylu Id tft gde dp hifu qua tdy rfta, ldm sgch ban tinh dy Vifc im Igng vd che d|iy sd sinh tinh hilu chien Ngugc lgi, vife ldi "con ngudi den tii" dnh sdng lgi cd khd ndng logi bd dugc sy cdng thdng ngi tdm Thyc te ndy gan lien vdi qud trinh phi than hda vdn hda Nhdn dinh ndy edn duge ldm sdng td Vdi nhiing eau hdi, nhu "con ngudi hifn dai Id gi?", "edi gi dang ehd dgi no?", trude het edn phdi thira nhgn rdng, trd ldi cho cdc cdu hdi nhu vdy khdng he don gidn Sy nan gidi d ddy khdng ehi vi dy bdo tuong lai bao gid cflng khd, md vi tinh hgp ly cua ban thdn cdc cdu hdi ndy ludn dan den sy hoai nghi Theo Chaadaev, mdt nhd ttiet hpc ndi danh tft "con ngudi", thi khdng phdi bao gid 6ng ta cung hieu minh dinh ndi gi [Xem: 14, tt.468] Sy hodi nghi ciia Chaadaev rdt ddng phdi suy nglm Duong nhien, neu eho rdng, ngudi hoan toan thuge vl thi gidi xd hfi, thi cd the hgn che sl phgn efta hg mft each tuyft ddi d bdn thdn tinh xd h6i ndy Khi do, theo F.Fukuyama, thgm ehi cdn cd thi ndi den "sy cdo chung eua Hch sit" [4, tt.28] Theo quan diem nhan hgc triet hpc, nhiing quan nidm nhu vsiy Id rdt hdi hgt Thyc ra, sau han hai thi ky tim kiem eau tta ldi cho can hdi "con ngudi Id gi?", tu tudng triet hpc phuang Tay, mdc du mdc phai nhthig hgn chl mang ti'nh thyc ehftng ehu nghta, ludn gift quan dilm cho rdng, khdng thi quy ngudi chi vl thi gidi xd hfi TRJNH V A N T O A N Neu nhin nhgn myc dich song c i ^ eon ngudi chi Id khdt vgng dugc gidi phong ve phuang difn xd hgi, thi tu tudng v l ede cpi nguon ndo cfta ljch sft se ttd ndn vd nghta Khdng nen hilu so phdn cfta eon ngudi chi Id sd phgn mang bdn tfnh xd hpi (bdn thdn no cdn phdi duge nghien eftu m^t each sdu sde hon niia) Khdng thi hinh dung noi tuong lai eua nhdn Ioai se sao, neu khdng tfnh den so phgn cfta ngudi vdi tu cdeh mgt thye the tinh thdn, mft nhdn cdeh Mye dich vd triin vgng tdn tgi xd hgi hidn dgi nhu mgt thyc the tinh than cua ngudi Id gi? Dd ttd ldi cau hoi ndy, trude het chftng ta cdn phai quan tdm ddn vifc lya chgn mgt giai phdp nao dl cho vdn dl ndy khdng thi dugc ludn chiing mft each hodn todn ly Theo Berdyaev, day Id e6ng vifc lya chgn cu6i cung, doi hdi phdi c6 ty [Xem: 7, tt.393] Phuong an lya chgn phd bien d ddy Id sy lua chgn bat ngudn tft quan dilm nhan hgc cfta Kant - quan diem chft ylu dya ttdn quan nifm Kitd giao ve ngudi Do Id quan nifm cho rdng, ngudi ding thdi thufc ve hai thd gidi - the gidi tu nhien vd the gidi sidu nhien Mamardashvili ggi the gidi sieu nhidn Id "dat nude vd hinh", la "to qude bi an vd hinh eua bdt ky thye thi cd f thftc ndo" Theo 6ng, ngudi cd f thftc, nen hg diu CO t l quic thft hai vd, vdi tu cdeh thyc thi tinh thdn, vdi tu cdeh eon ngudi, hg la nhimg cdng dan cfta t6 quic thft hai do" [6, tt.l05] Bdn chat sidu nhidn efta ngudi till hifn ttong tinh thdn efta nd, trude hit Id f thftc tdn gido md, din lugt minh, f thfte tdn gido lgi bge Id thdng qua nhiing quy ^^ ^ ^'^^ ^^n eo efta ngudi Khi dd, mgi n l luc tinh thdn deu the hifn Id bg phdn edu thdnh quan trpng nhdt cfta hoat dfng tinh thdn Do vdy, mpt van de triet hgc quan ttpng dugc d?lt d ddy - vdn dl bifn minh eho ehft nghta ly dd bj bd qua Tuy nhidn, ehftng ta cdn phdi coi nhung no lyc tinh thdn Id dilu kifn can thiet cho ddi sdng van hoa Id sy khdch quan hda ddi sdng eua ngudi Vdi quan diem ndy, Mamardashvili cho rdng, "y thftc" (hay y thftc tdn gido) Id edi khdng thi quy vl hogt ddng ly tii; nd Id edi bieu thi Itnh vye khdng phan chia dugc, bao hdm mgi bieu hien cua ngudi nhu mpt thyc the thude v l hai thd gidi Rdng, thyc hifn hdnh vi y thftc ed nghta Id thye hifn no lye cd ban chdt tri tuf - dao dftc thing nhdt Nhu vdy, cd thi ndi, thugt ngii "y thftc" dd dugc Mamardashvili sft dyng theo nghta "tinh than" Vdi dng, khdng co no lye tin cflng khdng c6 eon ngudi vdi tu edch mot nhan each; ttd thdnh ngudi cung cd nghta la ttd thdnh thye thi dgo dftc Id sdng bdng nd lyc thudng xuydn cfta f thftc (tmh thdn) Chinh vdi nghta dd md Mamardashvili da noi rdng, vdn hda chi Id kha ndng eua vdn hda cao cd hem CJ ddy, ehung ta cdn phdi hieu quy tde dgo dftc ~ pham tru dao dfte hgc co ban cfta Kant - theo nghta Id ngoai luong tdm vd tri tue, cdn phdi khieh If cdi thifn, hay tdc dpng trye tiep va tich eye cua ban nguyen thien din chiing ta vd d chung ta [Xem: 16, tt.393] Tu tudng v l nang lyc bdm sinh ciia ngudi vife khu bift gifta edi thifn vd cdi dc, vl sy can thiet phdi tgo edi thifn dl ngudi trd thdnh ngudi Id tu tudng xudt phdt tft quan nifm Kitd gido ve ed nhdn nhu mft chft thi dOc M O T SO QUAN NIEM VE THA HOA lap cd gid tri ty thdn, cd ndng lyc tiip can vdi cdi tiidn thdnh nhd f ehi ty cfta nd Do vay, dudng ehdn chinh ddi vdi moi ngudi ehi co thd Id dudng no lye khong met mdi, ty sang tao bdn thdn minh nhu mft tiiyc thi tuang ty vdi Chua Mfte dp md ngudi y thftc dugc su cdn tiiilt phdi n l lyc nhu v^y, phdi hodn thifn dgo dftc, eflng nhu cdc ehuan mye dgo due tuong ftng ma hg ed nghta vu tudn thu dd chinh Id edi chftng td trinh phdt tridn tinh thdn cua eon ngudi Khi do, d mdi thdi diem ey thi, X\xf thufc vdo mfte df no lyc eua minh, ngudi trd nen khdc mgt edch ddng kl Ngudi n l lyc it hon, ngudi khdc nd lyc nhieu hon, nhung ddy khdng phai Id vdn de thufc ve ddn ehft, bdi ddn chu ddi hdi sy binh ddng vl nhftng dilu kifn xudt phat Dan ehft khdng ed nghta Id ehia deu Id eao bang Ngudi ta khdng the ehia deu nhiing edi khdng ed Con ngudi phdi ty minh tim kiim nhung edi ma mmh can CO bang no lye cua chinh minh Vd, vdi nghta dd, mii ngudi deu ed eudc sing rieng d mdt thdi diem nao dd Thyc tien cho thdy ngudi ta chi ed thd ndi den trinh dd phat trien tinh than eao ddi vdi nhiing ed the ndo do, edn sd ddng dugc phdn bd khdng ddng diu giiia hai ranh gidi tinh thdn Id vdn minh vd man rg Tu tudng ve "gidi tinh hoa tinh thdn" chi Id mft sy triiu tugng hda cd lgi eho nhftng suy ludn tu bien Vife phdn chia ngudi thdnh gidi tinh hoa vd dgi ehftng chi mang tinh tuong ddi Cit loi cfta vdn dl la ty y thftc ciia moi ngudi vl tu nhu mdt gid tri tinh than tii cao eua minh Id vifc hifn thye hda nd vd ehiu ttdeh nhifm ve nd dya tren nhirng gid tri nhdn vdn dich thyc ma nhan logi da tich iuf duge ttong suit ehiiu ddi lieh sft ton tgi vd phdt trien cfta minh Ddy cflng Id myc dich md tdc gid bai viit ndy mudn dgt nhu mgt van dl dl dfe gid cftng suy nglm vd tim dudng gidi phdng eon ngudi hifn dgi khdi nhihig cam do, nhthig khdt vgng tdm thudng ludn dn ndu ttong mdi ngudi chiing ta Tai lifu tham khao [I] B.P.VychesIavsev (1953), Khung hodng cua vdn hda cdng nghiip, N.Y [2] E-Fromm (1990), C6 hay tdn igi?, London [3] E.Fromm (1992), Chgy trdn tif do, Basel [4] F.Fukuyama (1990), Su cdo chung eda lieh si?, N.Y [5] H.Ortega y Gasset (1995), Sif noi dgy cua dgi ehung, London [6] M.Mamardashvili (1992), Tu tuang bi cdm dodn, Cambrigie [7] N.Berdyaev (1951), Vmmg qudc tinh thdn vd vuang qudc nd li, N.Y [8] N.Berdyaev (1994), Trgng thdi tinh thdn cua thi gidi hiin dgi, Mitxcava [9] N.I.Moiseev (1993), Vuon len l^ tinh Nhihig bdi gidng ve ihi^il tien hda phd qudt vd nhung ung dyng cua nd, Mitxcava [10] N.I.Moiseev (1995), S^r phdt sinh hdi ngudi hiin dgi vd nhiing buac ngodt cua nin vdn minh, Phdn tich chinh sdeh sinh thdi, "Nhiing vin de triit hpc", No.5 [II] P.Sorokin (1959), Khung hodng dia thai dgi chiing ta, - Con nguai van minh xd hgi, N.Y [12] P.Sorokin (1959), Khiing hodng cua thai dgi chung la N.Y [13] P.Tillich (1994), DSng cdm ldn Igi, Cambrigie [14] P.Ya.Chaadaev(1991), Toon/pp, t.2, London [15] R.Gvardini (1990), S^e cdo chung eua thdi cgn hifn dgi, Maiz [16] V.Sotoviev(199I),M«:'dfcftaia/tfi/i;«^Loodwi 60 ... dd phat trien tinh than eao ddi vdi nhiing ed the ndo do, edn sd ddng dugc phdn bd khdng ddng diu giiia hai ranh gidi tinh thdn Id vdn minh vd man rg Tu tudng ve "gidi tinh hoa tinh thdn" chi... mgt thye the tinh thdn, mft nhdn cdeh Mye dich vd triin vgng tdn tgi xd hgi hidn dgi nhu mgt thyc the tinh than cua ngudi Id gi? Dd ttd ldi cau hoi ndy, trude het chftng ta cdn phai quan tdm ddn... chgn phd bien d ddy Id sy lua chgn bat ngudn tft quan dilm nhan hgc cfta Kant - quan diem chft ylu dya ttdn quan nifm Kitd giao ve ngudi Do Id quan nifm cho rdng, ngudi ding thdi thufc ve hai