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KINH N C H i g M Q U O C TE HON NHAN DONG TINH TAI HOA iOr VA NHUNG GOI MO CHO VIET NAM H d M i n h Thanh* *ThS GV Khoa Luat Dan sU.Trubnq Oai hoc Luat Dai hoc Hue Thong tin bai viet: Tir khoa- hon nhan, hon nhan dong tinh, phap luat Hoa Ky, LGBT, quan he dan sir dong ti'nh Lich su bdi Viet: Nhan bai : 03/01/2019 Bien tap : 17/03/2019 Duyet bai : 25/03/2019 Tom tat: Hon nhan ddng tfnh da trd m6t nhiJng van de chinh sach xa hoi gay tranh cai nhat thai dai chiing ta Cac cuoc tranh iuan ve quyen cho cpng dong ngudi dong tinh (LGBT) da dien nhieu thap ky va g3n day, hon nhan dong tinh dS trd ngi dung dan dau chuong tiinh nghi sir xa hgi cr nhieu niroc chau Au va chau My Mgt nhiing nuoc co sir thay doi chinh sach dang chii y ve h6n nhan dong tinh la Hoa Ky va cac chinh sach ciia quoc gia co the ggi m a cac y tudng cho viec xay dung chinh sacli ve hdn nhan dong tinh tai Viet Nam Article Infomation: Keywords: marriage, same-sex marriage, US legislation, LGBT, samesex relationships Article History: Received : 03 Jan 2019 Edited : 17 Mar 2019 Approved Mar 2019 Abstract "Same-sex mamage" (SSM) has become one of the most controversial social policy today While debates on rights for the Les-Gay-Bisexual-Transgender community (LGBT) have been going on for decades, SSM has recently risen to the top ofthe social agenda in European and American countries One of the most nouceable nations ofthe SSM policy is in the United States and its policies may be considered as references and suggestions for development of policy on "same-sex marriage" in Vietnam in the future C hinh sach cua cac qudc gia nham dam bao sir binh d5ng vh quySn kSt hdn ddi vol ngudi ddng tinh cd su khac biet dang ke tren toan cau, Theo Chi6n dich Nhan quyen, hdn nhan ddng gidi la hop phap d 20 qudc gia, hcrp phap d mot sd khu vuc tai phan d quoc gia, pham toi hinh sir d 75 qudc gia va bi trung phat bang cai chet d 10 qudc gia' Trong cac cupc tranh luan vh quyen ciia ngudi ddng tinh da dien nhieu thap ky, chi mdi gSn day hdn nhan ddng tinh (HNBT) mdi vuon leiJ dan dau chucmg trinh nghi su xa hdi nhigu nuac chau Au va chau My Tai Hoa Kv ben cetnh su thay ddi chinb sach vh thua nhan hon nhan dong gioi, Toa an tdi cao Hoa Ky Human Rights Campaign, 2016, International Policies on Same-Sex Manriage, , truy cap 20/12/2018 l NGHIEN CUU M I LAP P H A P ^ , So 10(386)15/2019 KINH NGHIEM QUOC TE phan quyet rang, quyen ket hdn cua cac cap ddng gidi se dugc bao ve tren toan bo 50 bang cua nudc tir nam 2015 Phan quySt da dugc sir hudng ung va ung hp cua du luan xa hdi Bao cao ciia Trung tam nghien cihi Pew 2017a cho thay, su ung hd cho HNDT da tang tir 35% nam 2001 len 62% nam 20171 Khai quat v^ hdn nhSn ddng tinh theo phap luat Hoa Ky 1.1 Cap doi ddng gi&i dau tien kit hon hap phdp lich sir Hoa Ky Ngay 18/05/1970, hai ngudi dan dng la Jack Baker va Micheal McConell da nop don cho Thu ky Toa an Gerald R Nelson tai Hat Hennepin de yeu cau dang ky kht hon (DKKH) Tuy nhien Thu ky Toa an da tu choi don vi hai ngudi yeu cau DKKH cd ciing gidi tinh Khdng ddng tinh vdi quyet dinh dd, cap ddi da khdi kien vai lap luan, phap luat vao thdi diem hien tai khdng he cd quy dinh cam ket hdn ddng gidi va hg hoan toan du didu kien dd dang ky k6t hon theo quy dinh tai Dilu 1,4, va Hidn phap My Tuy nhien, no luc cua hg th4t bai, ke ca sau da de dem khang cao len toa an cap cao^ Sau dd, Baker va McCoimell da nop dan DKKH lai, lan la tai Hat Blue Earth va hg da cdng viec xin giay phep ket hdn truoc Toa an Mirmesota tam dimg giay phep ket hdn ddi vdi cac cap dong gidi*^ Ca|> ddi nay, dd, dupe xem nhu la "cap ddi ddng gidi dau tien ket hdn hgp phap lich sir"\ Day cd the dugc xem nhu la mdt sir may m4n quygt dinh cdm KHDT nam 1972 "khdng hdi td doi trudrng bgp cua Baker va McConnell" vi hai ngudi da cd dugc giSy DKKH va da kht hdn "du sau tuan" trudc dd Nam 1977, Luat cua bang Colorado dugc thdn^ qua vdi quy dinh ring, hdn nhan la mdt moi quan he xuat phat tir mdt ngudi nam va mdt ngudi nu Va cho ddn nam 1980, han mdt nira sd bang tai My thdng qua quy dinh rarig, ket hdn phai dugc xuat phat tir hai thuc the khac giqi Mdt thap ky sau, sd la 40 sd 50 bang va ddn nam 1945 la 45 tren 50 bang tai My Nam 1996, Quoc hpi My da thong qua Dao luat Bao ve hdn nhan {Defense of Marriage Act - DOMA) va dugc Tdng thdng Clinton ky luat DOMA cho phep mdi tieu bang lua chgn co cdng nhan mdt lien minh ddng gidi d mgt tieu bang khac hay khdng Ke tu DOMA dugc thdng qua, hau het mgi tieu bang da tan dung ca hdi bang each ban hanh luat hoac sua ddi Hien phap cua bang minh de tuyen bd hon nhan ddng gidi la khdng hgp le, ca ddi vdi cac cap vg chdng ket hdn d mdt bang khac ma tai bang dd, cugc hdn nhan da dugc cap phep Vi DOMA va luat phap ciia cac bang khdng thira nhan hdn nhan ddng gidi va npi dung chua dugc tda an kiem tra tinh hgp hien, iien viec dua vao luat phap de giai quyet van de HNDT la van de gay tranh cai vao thdi diem^ bay gid Do dd, narn 2002, mpt van ban nham muc dich sira ddi Hien phap dugc de xuat vdi ten ggi la Sira ddi Hdn nhan lien bang (Federal Marriage Amendment - FMA) da dugc trinh trudc Qudc hdi Viec sira ddi se dinh nghTa hdn nhan la sir ket hgp cua mpt ngudi dan dng va mgt ngudi phu nii va cd the dugc sir dung de phii quyet sir bao ve ciia cac tieu bang hoac dia phuang ddi vdi cac cap dong^gidi va cai ciia bg De trd mdt phan cua Hien phap Hoa Ky, FMA can phai dugc hai phan ba Quoc hdi pbe^ chuan va sau dd dugc phe chuan bdi ba phan tu cac ca quan lap phap tieu bang Tnmg tam Nghien cihi Pew, n Baker vNelson, 291 Miim 310,191 N.W.2d 185 (1971) Anon,, "Minnesota Statutes Annotated", West Publishing Co (June 1969), c 517 01 - Marriage a civil contract "Mamage, so far as its validity in law is concemed, is a civil contract, lo which the consent ofthe parties, capable in law of conlracUng, is essential David E.Newton, Same-sex marriage, SecondEdition, Contemporary World Issues, 2016, trang 6, _ ^ NGHIEN Cini I C'l So 10(386)15/2019 ^ ^ L A p PHAPl • • ' KINH NGHIEM QUOC TE 1.2 Luge su th&i gian cho viec thay ddi chinh sdch hon nhan Sng gi&i tgi Hoa Ky Ke tir chinh phu lien bang im lang ve chu de nay, HNDT ludn la van dh gay tranh cai gay gkta Hoa Ky Trong vai thap ky qua, cac quyen va dac quyhn dugc md rpng cho cpng ddng LGBT da tang len dang ke Tuy nhien, nhieu tieu bang van cimg ran viec md rpng quyen binh dang cho cac cap ddng tinh theo luat Nam 2015, Tda an Tdi cao Hoa Ky phan quyet rang, quyen ket hdn phal dugc md rgng cho cac cap ddng tinh Phan quylt da thay^ ddi dang ke bdi canh ciia luat hdn nhan dong gidi tren ca nudc Tuy nhien, trudc di den phan quyet nay, cac bang dugc trao quyen quyet dinh lieu hdn nhan ddng gidi cd dugc phep pham vi ranh gidi cua ban^ hay khdng Bihu lam cho phap luat dieu chinh hdn nhan giiia nhiJng ngudi cung gidi tinh trd nen phiic tap mpt thdi gian dai 1.3 He qud phdp ly ddng sau sir thay doi cdc che dinh cua phdp lugt Hoa Ky a Muc dp dugc bdo vi theo tung ^nh Trudc cac bang cdng nhan hdn nhan ddng tinh (same-sex mamage) - hdn nhan hgp phap giua nhiJng ngudi cimg giai tinh^ - mdt so che dinh da dugc cac bang lua chgn nham dieu chinh cac quan he giiia nhung ngudi ddng tinh Cd the kg dhn cac che dinh ket hgp ddn su (civil union) va song chung nhu vg chdng (Domestic partner) Kit hgp ddn sii la mdt che dinh dugc tao de md rdng quyen cho cac cap ddng gidi NhiJng quyen chi dugc cong nhan d tieu bang ma cap vg chdng cu tni^ Ben canh dd, sdng chung nhu vg chdng^ ciing la mpt chh dinh dugc tao de md rdng quyen che cho cac cap va chdng chua ket hon, ^^^ ^ ^ (nhung khdng nhat thiet ^idi han a; ^ ^ ^ ^ ddng gidri "Quan he sdng f / ' f ^^p M t chdng; thudmg dugc quy dinh b J P^ F -^ cac tieu bang vdi nhUng.han CJJ ^ han so vdi che dinh "ket hoP ^ ^ f _ vi du^aNewJersey,mdtkethjfJ^^«^^ nhieu trach nhiem chung hon vc ^ no ddng thai cung mang lai nhieu quyen loa han ddi vdi tai san khac Trong k h i a c ^ nay, Sd Thud vu khdng cdng nhan HNDT hoac "ket hgp dan su cimg giai • Dieu cd nghia la cap vg chdng khdng du dieu kien de nhan cac loi ich lidn ban^ dua tren hdn nhan hoac nop td khai thue lien bang Vi du khac la, mdt vu viec lien quan den quy8n tham benh cua vg chdng, nam 2007 cd Lisa Pond da chdt tai Benh vien Jackson sau bj phinh ddng mach nao chuyin di nghi cimg vdi Janice Langbehn, ddi tac nir cua cd tren quang duong tir Washington dhn Florida Khi Lisa dang hap hoi tai benh vien, mdt nhan vidn xa hpi cua benh vien da tir chdi cho Janice vao phdng beiih cua Lisa Janice nghe ngudi da noi rang Florida la "mpt tiiu bang chdng ddng tinh" Janice kien tda va mdt tda an quan d Miami, Florida da bac bd vu kien cua Janice Tda an cho rang luat phap Florida khdng ydu cau benh vien cho phep ban tinh ddng gidi den tham, ca cd giay uy quyen y td hop le Day la thuc te ma hau het cac cap ddng gidi d Hoa Ky phai ddi mat va nd trai ngupc hoan toan vdi each ma cac cap vg chdng khac gidi dugc ddi xir d mpi nai'" ^ Viec cdng nhan HNDT da mang lai quyen Ipi cho cac cap doi mdt each day dii ban so vdi cac che djnh "k6t hgp dan su" hay "song chung nhu vg chdng"" Ndi mot each khac, chi hon nhdn mdi mang lai Igi https://www.usiegalforms com/familylaw/new-couple/domestic-partnership.htm, truy c^p 20/12/201S New Jersey (tir nam 2006) va New Hampshire (tir nam 2007) cho phep cac k6t hop dan su Vermont ban h^nh • 2000 https;//www.uslegaIforms com/familylaw/new-couple/domestic-partnership.htm, truy cip 20/)T/'in?° " ^ ^ Luat phap toan tiSu bang a Hawaii, Maine, Oregon, Washington va luat toan quan QuSn Columbia itao mot • ^ ' va ch6ng nhSt dmh cho cac cap dong gioi, ^° quySn 10 Equality Florida Action, tmy cap 20/12/2018 I N G H I E N CtfU 62 ' L A P ,—• P H A P ^ 3610(386)15/2019 KINH NGHIE^ ich va sy bao ve mgt each tron ven pham vi toan Hen bang HNDT la cupc hon nhan dupe cong nhan hgp phap giiia hai vg chong cimg gidi tinh Ka tir co phan quyet cua Tda an Toi cao t^i Obergefell, cac cap vg chong ddng tinh eo eac quyan va Igi ich hrang tu nhu cac cap vg ehong khac gidi kat h6n hgp phap khac, bao gom giam thul, quyan quyat djnh y te khan cap, tiap can luat quan he nudc, Igi ich vp ehong (bao gom ca boi thudng cho ngudi lao dgng), quyen thua ke va dae quyan chiing thye cua ngudi phdi ngau" Theo Van phong Ka toan Tong hgp eua Chinh phu Lien bang (GAO), tong cpng se co hon 1.100 quyan Igi va nhiing bao ve khac dugc trao cho cdng dan Hoa Ky sau ket hon hpp phap Cac ITnh vye duoc bao ve bao gom Igi ieh an sinh xa hpij quyari loi cua cyu chien binh, bao hiam y te, trg cap^ te, quyen tham benh, thuS bit dgng san, tiet kiem huu tri, luong huu, nghi phep eung vdi gia dinh cung nhu la nhap cu'^ Day eiing la mgt nhiing su khac biet can ban ve mat Igi ieh cua HNDT sau dugc chap nhan d cap lien bang^l b Xung dot phdp lugt giira cdc tieu bang giai dogn 1997 - 2005 Ben canh viec lam gia tang cac quyan va Igi ich hgp phap cho cac cap ddi dong tinh, phan quyat eua Toa ^n Toi cao My cung giai quyat dugc van de xung dot phap luat phiic tap tai day giai doan 19972005 Sau Hawaii trd tieu bang dau tian cong nhan moi quan he dan su giiia hai ngudi dong tinh (1997) den trude Toa an toi cao Hgp chiing quoe Hoa Ky bat bugc cac bang phai cho phep nhting ngudi dong gidi kat hdn, luat phap eua cac tieu bang tao nan mpt su xung dot phap luat nang na Diau tao su khac biet ve tinh trang phap ly ciia eac cap dong tinh, tir quyan kat hdn ^ s ^ — " - = - day du d mot so bang eho dan viec tir ch6i hoan toan bat ky su eong nhan nao d hau hit nhiing ngudi khac Do sy khae biet quy djnh eua phap luat giiia cac tiau bang, mgt hanh ddng don thuan nhu di chuyan qua bien gidi cua mgt tieu bang lanh thd My cung co the gay he qua phap ly khac biet cho cac cap dong tinh Ngay ca mot du hanh xuyan nudc My, hai eong dan dong tinh co tha trai qua cac tinh trang phap ly thay ddi mpt each dang ngac nhien Theo do, hp co tha duge xem la dang tinh trang ket hon hgp phap d mgt tiau bang, nhung chi cdn la cap doi tac mot bang khac hay dugc eoi la nhiing ngudi la hoan toan tai bang thu ba Chinh vi vay, nhiing cap dong tinh luon luon phai nhan thiie duge nhihig nguy CO phap ly va sy bao ve tir cae van phong lu|t su de giup hg ty bao ve minh, bao gom biau biat ve nhirng nii ro ciia viec di lai giiia cac tieu bang khong ton trgng cac moi quan he gia dinh Nhfrng ggi md cho Viet Nam Tir thue trang phap ly ve HNDT tai Hoa Ky, chiing toi nhan thay co mgt so ggi md cho viee xay dyng ehinh sach, phap luat ve quyan ket hon cua ngudi dong gidi tai Viet Nam: Thu nhdt, vdi cac trudng hop HNDT, chiing ta co tha cap mgt giay chiing nhan ve moi quan he dan sy, vdi he qua phap ly nhu hpp dong tian hdn nhan ciia phap luat eac nudc (civil union) Nhu da phan tich, d Hoa Ky, nhiau cap dong gidi da thiat lap moi quan he lau dai trudc co quyan kat hon dan su Tae dgng va loi ich co the co cua viec cong nhan hon nhan va hon nhan doi vdi cac cap vg chong lau dai da dugc kiam tra qua mdt nghian eiiu bang each sir dung dii lieu tir mgt mau cua cac vian cap https://familyfindlaw.com/mamage/same-sex-marriage-civil-u s-and-domestic-partnerships.html truy cap 20/12/2018 Mamage same-sex and opposite-sex: Legal and economic benefits of marriage iniy c?p 20/12/2018 https://www.uslegalforms.com/familylaw/new-couple/domestic-partnership.htmtniycapngay20/l2/20l8 — , KGHIEN euu I e o S610(386)15/2019 ^ L A P P H A P ' *'

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