1 gp cm uan tgc ngc so:i - zuj y MOT S VAN DE VE DlT LUAN XA HOI QUA KHAO SAT CAC D A N TOC Of HAI TINH HA GIANG VA LANG SON' ThS Le Quang Ngoc Vien Xa hoi hoc Tdm tdt: Viet Nam la mgt qudc gia da tgc nguai v&i su da dgng ve vdn hda vd cdc quan he xa hgi Vi vgy, tim hieu du lugn xd hgi, ndm bdt tdm tu, nguyen vgng cua nguai ddn & cdc vimg ddn tgc thieu so cua cd nu&c cd y nghia rdt quan trgng ddi vai su phdt trien kinh ti - xd hot, cung co khoi dgi dodn ket ddn tdc vd gdp phdn thuc day su phdt trien bin vimg ddt nu&c bdi cdnh m&i Dua tren ca sa dieu tra 484 mdu tgi 11 ddn tgc a hai tinh Hd Giang vd Lgng San bdi viet ndy co muc tieu dua mdt sd nhgn xet ban ddu vd gai ma nhUng nghien ciru tiep theo ve du lugn xd hdi a vung ddn tgc thieu sd nuac ta thai gian tai Tie khoa: Du lugn xa hgi, du lugn xa hoi vung ddn tdc thieu sd, Lgng San, Hd Giang Ngdy nhgn bdi; I2/3/20I9; ngdy giii phdn bien; 7/5/2019; ngdy duyet ddng 10/6/2019 Bat van fle Toan ciu hda vd kinh td, van hda, khoa hpc cdng nghe da thiic diy viec md rpng cac quan he xa hdi ciia cac qudc gia va khu vyc Toan cau hda ciing tao ndn nhiing uu the nhat dinh ve kdt ndi kinh td, van hda; ddng thdi sy phat hidn ciia cdng nghe Men dai giiip tao ngn tinh phd cap thdng tm tdt ban, khidn ngudi cd ca hdi trao ddi va ban Iuan nliieu hon, ciing chung tay giai quydt nhiing vin de xa hdi chung ciia nhan loai (Nguydn Hoai Son, Ld Quang Ngpc, Nguyen Quang Tuan, 2017) Du Iuan xa hdi (Public Opinion) la tdng tich hgp nhimg quan didm ciia cac ca nhan, hinh tir rapt nhdm ngudi cu thd tai mot khdng gian nhat djnh tren nguygn tac tdn hpng cac quygn ciia ca nhan va tang cudng tieng ndi chung ciia cdng ddng Nghien ciiu du luan xa hdi la mdt chii dd dugc quan tam nhidu bdi cac nha khoa hpc va cac chinh thg dan chii hen thd gidi Trong cac tac phim nghien cim vd du Iuan xa hdi d Hoa Ky, menh dd ed the xem la phd dung nhung cung khing djnh vj tri cua cac nghien ciiu du luan xa hdi dd la "Nudc My tran ngap cac cudc tham dd du Iuan xa hpi" (Asher, 2012, tr 1; Berinsky, 2012, tx ' Nghien ciiu la san phim cila DS tai "Nhiing van de ly ludn vd thuc tien ve du ludn xd hgi a vitng ddn toe thiiu s6 nudc ta boi cdnh todn cdu hoa", ma so: CTDT.37,18/16-20 Le Quang Nggc 2) Chau Au la nai khdi phat vg nghien ciiu du Iuan xa hdi, nhung tir thd ky XX cho dgn nay, Hoa Ky dupc xem la qudc gia di diu viec nghidn ciiu vg du Iuan xa hdi Mdt sd td chirc nghign ciiu vd du Iuan xa hdi ndi tigng nhu: Hdi ddng qudc gia vd thara dd du Iuan; Hiep hpi nghien ciiu du Iuan Hoa Ky; Hiep hdi nghien cii'u du Iuan thg gidi da kliang dinh vj thg cua hp dd'i sdng xa hdi Hoa ky thdng qua cac cupc tham dd bau cir tdng thdng, bau cir nghi vien lien bang, tham dd y kien ngudi dan iing hd hay phan ddi cac cudc chien ciia chinh phil d dau dd (Bergh, 2011) Hoa Ky dugc bidt dgn la mdt qudc gia da ehitng tdc Klii de cap ddn van dd dan sd va chiing tdc d Hoa Ky ngudi ta thudng sii dyng danh tir chung la People of the United States, US Americans, hay don gian la Americans hay American people (Ngudi My) cung ddng nghTa la mdt dan tdc va la nhii'ng cdng dan ciia Hoa Ky (Adeno, 2002; Barreto, 2004) La mdt qudc gia da chiing tdc, nai sinh sdng cua nhigu ngudi cd ngudn gdc qudc gia va chiing tdc khac nhau, nhung mdt sd ngudi My khdng ty nhan tinh dan tdc ciia minh theo nhdm chiing tdc ma ty nhan minli vira la dan tdc My vira la dan tdc gdc eita td tien minh (Cottle, 2000) Ngoai dan sd ngudi My ban dja, gan nhu tat ca rapi ngudi My hay td tien ciia hp da di dan den the ky qua Thara dd, nam bat du luan xa hdi d Hoa Ky da ddng mdt vai trd quan ttpng giiip eho cac cap chinh quydn bigt dupc y kidn cua cae cpng ddng cdng dan, cac nhdm sic tdc, ehitng tdc O Viet Nam, nghien ciiu vd du Iuan xa hdi da phan dirng lai d ca sd Iy Iuan; nhirng nghidn ciiu du Iuan ve mpt van dg cu thg khdng thay dugc phd bidn nhieu, dac biet ia nhiing nghign ciru vg du Iuan xa hdi vimg dan tpc thieu so dang didn va cd nhii-ng tac dpng nhu the nao Iai cang hidm hoi Bai viet dua nhiing phan tich vd cac vin dd xa hdi dupe cac ca nhan, nhdm xa hdi dan tdc thieu sd quan tam; nhung y kidn ban Iuan ciia hp ciing nhu each thirc thg hien cac y kien, phuang thiic Ian truydn va thai dp, each iing xir ciia hp tmdc cac van dd xa hdi Tir dd dua nhiing ban Iuan vd he qua ciia cac ludng du Iuan va tac ddng ciia nhung phuong tien tmydn thdng hien dai den ngudi dan Ngudn dii lieu chinh ciia bai vigt dya tren sd lieu dieu tra xa hdi hpc nam 2018 tai hai tinh Lang San va Ha Giang vdi tdng so mau la 484 Trong dd, Lang San ehidm 53,3% va Ha Giang chigm 46,7% Sd lugng hd dan tdc dupe didu tra lin lugt la Kinh ehidm 11,0%; Tay ehidm 33,9%; Hmdng ehidm 27,7%; Nitng ehidm 19,4%; Hoa ehidm 2,5%; Dao chidra 2,7%; San Chay ehidm 0,2%; Giay chiem 2,1%; La Chi ehidm 0,2%; Phii La ehidm 0,2%; Ld Ld ehidm 0,2% Dp tudi tham gia tra ldi khoang tir 15 ddn 85 tudi Thuc trang ve du luan xa hpi 6' diem nghien cuu Thye trang vd du Iuan xa hdi d viing dan tdc thiSu sd dupc tac gia tap tmng vao hai ndi dung chii ygu dg phan tich gdm: Mgt Id, each thiie thd hien y kidn ciia ngudi dan; Hai Id, thai dp, each img xir ciia ea nhan va nhdm xa hdi ddi vdi du Iuan xa hdi Tap chi Ddn loc hoc so'3 -2019 55 1.1 Cdch thtrc the Men y kien ctia ngirai ddn D6i vdi cac van de du luan tai vung dan tpc thieu s6, phuong thiic thi hien y kiSn ciia nguoi dan la rit quan va can thiSt boi no gop phin bS sung hoac thay doi each traySn dat thong tin ve chii tru'ong, chinh sach, phap luat cua Dang va Nha nuac voi chit luong, day dii, chinh xac den vai nguai dan viing dan tpc thi8u s6 Bang 1: Phuong thiic thi hiln y lain cua nguoi dan viing dan tpc thiiu s6 tinh Lang Son va Ha Giang Lan§ Son Ha Giang Phuong thuc So lirong Tyle(%) So lirong Ty le (%) 37,6 124 55,4 De xuat y kien thong qua ngucri c6 uy tin cpng dong sinh song 96 Thong qua can bp thon/ban tren dia ban 207 81,2 194 86,6 Thong qua cac to chirc chinh t r i - x a hpi (doan nien, hpi phu nii hpi cuu chien binh, ) 69 27,1 59 26,3 Thong qua bao chi va diii truyen hinh/truyen dia phuang 1,6 0,9 Thong qua cac phuong tien cong nghe thong tin, intemet (facebook, Zalo ) 2,7 16 7,1 Thong qua cac cupc bau cic dia phuang bang cac la phieu 77 30,2 64 28,6 De dat liitc tiep tai cac ca quan cong quyen 65 25,5 28 12,5 Bang van biin (don, thu) len cac cap chinh quyen theo trinh tir 52 20,4 39 17,4 Bang van ban (don, thu) vuot cap 4,3 3,1 Ngudn; Sd lieu khao sat tai Lang Son va Ha Giang nam 2019 Qua so lieu didu ha, khao sat d bang cho thay, phuang thiic the hien y kign cua ngudi dan ed sy da dang la phan anh trye tidp va gian tidp Phan anh true tiep chii yeu qua hai each: Thic nhdt, thdng qua can bd thdn/ban (Lang San: 81,2% va Ha Giang: 86,6%); Thic hai, dd xuit voi mpt ngudi cd uy tin cpng ddng (Lang Son: 37,6% Ha Giang: 55,4%) Phan anh gian tidp la thdng qua la phidu biu cir Ve ca ban, hinh thiic phan anh true tiep LeQiiangNg£c_ 56 dupc ngudi dan eac dan tdc thd hien y kidn ciia ban than la bign han Viec tryc tiep trao ddi vdi can bd dja phuang, hoac de xuat vdi mdt ngudi cd uy tin cpng ddng vd mpt van dg gi dd vin la phd bign tai cac cdng ddng Phai chang ygu td gan kgt cpng ddng va tap quan giao tiep quan he xa hpi va Idi sdng van hda van chi phdi manh ddn nhung hoat ddng xa hpi ciia cac nhdm dan tpc dugc didu tra tai bai tinh? 1.2 Thdi va each img xii' ciia ngudi ddn cdc ddn tgc thieu so v&i dw lugn Khi tidp nhan mdt thdng tin bit ky, each iing xu eita ngu-di dan se cd hai tmdng hpp khac dd la: y kidn dupc thong nhit va klii y kien khdng dugc thdng nhat Ddng thdi, giiia nara va nii cung ed nhung each phan ung khac Theo kdt qua kliao sat vd phan iing eiia ngudi dan tdc thidu sd vdi cac ludng y kien thi kdt qua thu dugc nhu sau (bang 2): Bang 2: Thai va each iing xu' cua nguoi dan tpc tliieu so a hai tinh Lang Son va Ha Giang vo'i du Iuan dong thuan NO- Nam Cach ung xir So lu'ffng Ty le (%) So lirong Ty le (%) Thong bao lai cho nguoi khac cung biet 169 67,1 169 73,2 Ung hp bang viec lam cu the 180 71,4 182 78,8 Van dpng nguai khac cimg lam 133 52,8 125 54,1 Tiep tuc neu van de cupc hop thon, ban 66 26,2 45 19,5 Tiep tuc theo doi dien bien su viec 84 33,3 66 28,6 Ngudn: Sd lieu khao sat tai Lang San va Ha Giang nam 2019 Nhin chung, cac dan tdc dupc dieu tra, khao sat d Lang Son va Ha Giang ddu cd nhiing each irng xii tich cyc y kign di dgn su ddng thuan chung Didu dd dugc the hien qua cac hanh ddng, ngudi dan tiep nhan thdng tin cd thdng bao lai cho ngudi khac biet, img hd bang vide lain cu the ciing nhu van dpng ngudi khac eimg tham gia, So lieu khao sat thu dupc thay rang, giiia nam va nii cd su chdnh lech vd each ling xir y kien cd sy ddng thuan Ddi vdi cac each ung xii nhu- thdng bao Iai cho ngudi khac biet, ung hd bang viec lara cu the hay van dpng ngudi khac cimg tham gia thi nii giai Iai cd sy lya chpn cao ban so vdi nam gidi (vdi ty Id Ian lupt cua nii gidi la 73,2%; 78,8%; 54,1% va nam gidi ty le la 67,1%; 71,4%; 52,8%) Tuy nhien, each iing xir la "tiep tuc neu vdn de cuoc hgp & thdn, bdn " va "tiep tuc theo ddi dien biin ciia su viic " thi nam gidi Iai cd ty Id phin tram cao ban so vdi nir gidi (Ian lugt la 26,2%; 33,3% va nir gidi la 19,5%; 28,6%) Dii lieu Tap chi Ddn tdc hgc sd - 2019 57 cho ta cam nhan rang, nii gidi thudng la ngudi phd bidn thdng tin rdng rai hon so vdi nam gidi, img hd bang nhiing hanh ddng cu thd Trong nara gidi la ngu'di dua nhiing vin de d cudc hpp tiep theo eiing nhu theo ddi su viec didn Nhu vay ddi vdi du luan vimg dan tpc thidu sd, each iing xu cua ngudi dan cd su tich cue y kien cd sy ddng thuan Ngupc Iai, y kidn khdng cd sy ddng thuan thi each iing xu ciia ngudi dan dupc the hien nhu sau (bang 3): Bang 3: Thai dp va each ung xu cua nguM dan tpc thieu s6 d" hai tinh Lang Son va Ha Giang vdi dir luan khong cd su ddng thu^n Nam Cach ung xir So lirong Ty le (%) So lirffng 62 25,2 52 22,9 79 32,1 81 35,7 147 59,8 140 61,7 Khong lam gi Phan anh su viec len chinh quyen cac cap Dua su viec cupc hpp thon/ban NiiTyle(%) Ngudn: So lieu khao sat tai Lang Son va Ha Giang nam 2019 S6 heu Bang cho thay, dii khong co su dong thuan y kien thi cac cupc hpp thon/ban vfin la kenh thong tin chii yiu di ngutri dan bay to quan diim, cung nhu neu len y kiin cua minh Diiu ciing co su khac giiia nam va nil Doi vai nii, ty le dua van de cupc hpp a thon cao hon so vol nam gioi (nir - 61,7% va nam - 59,8%) Dieu cho thay, nir giai la nguai thi hien du luan ro rang hem so vai nam gioi qua each ung xu vai mot su viec duac neu, du no co ding thuan hay khong co su dong thuan Nhin chung, dua vao so lieu thing ke cho thiy ty le nit giai khong lam gi su viec khong co sir ding thuan chiem it hon so vol nam giai Trong do, nir gioi lua chpn dua sir viec cac cip chinh quyen, ciing nhu cac cupc hpp thon chiim ty le cao han Diiu cho thiy nir giai san sang noi len tiing noi ciia minh truoc mpt str viec khong di den su ding thuan K§t qua va thao luan 2.1 He qud ctia luong dw luan Nhiing y kiin nguoi dan chii yiu thong qua cac cupc hpp cip thon/ban, hi dd ludng du luan bat diu phat triin dua len du luan cip hai la din chinh quyin dia phuong cap xa Thuang din cip ca so cac luing du luan bi ehan lai va phat tan, tinh trang don thu vuot Le Quang Nggc cap khdng dang kg, du Iuan cd xu hudng quay ttd Iai va tidu tan dd Iai he qua la cac van de ciia ngudi dan khdng dugc giai quydt thau dao gay ndn biic xitc cpng ddng 2.2 Tdc dgng ciia nhitng phuang tien truyen thong hien dai den ngwdi ddn Hien nay, cudc each mang 4.0 la xu budng phat trien toan cau Viet Nam ciing can ed nhiing thay ddi de bat kjp xu the va thg hien rd ban ve mat du luan xa hdi Han nu'a, phuong tien ttuygn thdng nim nipt vai hd quan ttpng viee the Men du Iuan xa hdi Sy tae ddng ciia phuang tien tmyen thdng vdi cac nhdm ciing cd sy khac nhau, nhimg khac biet vg dja vj xa hdi, quydn Ipi giai cip, cac nhan td tara Iy va cudng dp giao tiep ddi vdi phuang tten tmydn thdng (Mai Quynh Nam, 1996, tr 53) Dien thoai thdng minh cd thd dugc coi la mdt nhixng phuang tien tmygn thdng hien dai nam mpt vai trd quan trpng Bdi sy phat tridn ciia mang intemet giiip cho ngudi ditng theo doi, nam bat tin tiic va the hidn quan didm eita minh thdng qua cac dign dan, mang xa hpi mdt each hieu qua va lan rdng ban den nhieu ngudi Theo kgt qua thdng kg tir khao sat ve phan tram sd ngudi dimg dien thoai thdng minh d tinh Lang San la 56,7% va Ha Giang la 49% Trong dd, ty Ie sir dung intemet/raang xa hdi d Lang Son la 55,6% va Ha Giang chiem 40% Qua sd lieu khao sat, ehitng tdi nhan thay mac dil la nhiing tinh mien nui, song ngudi dan d day tidp xuc vdi cac phuong tien cdng nghe hidn dai kha nhidu Dac biet ddi vdi gidi tre tudi tir 15 ddn 35 tudi, dien thoai thdng minh trd mdt phuang tien phd bign de hp sir dung Vi vay, can cd sy van dung phit hgp, dua nhiing npi dung thdng tin ca ban va can thigt thong qua mang intemet de nguoi dan vimg dan tpc thieu sd cd the tiep can dupc ve chii tmang, chinh sach eita Dang va Nha nudc tdt hon Ddng thdi, qua he thdng cdng nghe thdng tin, y kien eiia ngudi dan eung duac thg hien nhieu ban ben canh cac phuong tien tmyen thdng hien dai khae nhu ti vi, bao dai Sy ket hgp giiia hinh thire tmyen thdng hien dai vdi cac budi hpp eita thdn/ban de dua thdng tin chinh thdng ddn vdi ngudi dan nhu the nao cho hieu qua va phii hpp la vin dd can phai ban luan nhigu hon Mpt so nhan xet Qua mdt sd khia canh vd tinh hinh du luan xa hdi dang didn tai vung dan tdc thidu sd ciia tinh Lang Son va Ha Giang, bai viet dua mpt sd nhan xet nhu sau: Thu nhdt, phuong thiic neu y kign ciia ngudi dan vimg dan tdc thieu so vin mang tinh tmyen thdng va bj ban chg Ngudi dan vimg dan tdc thidu sd van cbii ydu neu len y kidn thdng qua can bd dja phuang nhu trudng thdn/tnrdng ban, dac biet la bay td quan didm ciia minh qua cac cudc hpp thdn/ban Ngoai ra, mdt phuang thiic khac de neu y kidn la trao ddi vdi mdt ngudi uy tin cdng ddng Day la nhiing "kenh thdng tin" ca ban ddi vdi ngudi dan tpc thieu sd Nhu vay, dieu cd thg dan dgn sy ngheo nan ve mat thdng tin va y kiSn Tap chi Ddn tgc hgc sd —2019 cua ngudi dan tde thidu sd khdng hoac it cd ca hdi dugc gdp phin vao y kidn chung ciia ngudi dan d khu vuc phat trien ban nhu thj, hoac khu vyc gin trung uang Thu hai, phuong tidn ttiiyen thdng hidn dai chua ed su phat huy dii manh ddi vdi du Iuan viing dan tpc thieu sd Hien nay, vdi su phat trien eua cupc each mang cdng nghiep 4.0, sir dung cac trang thiet bi hidn dai de kdt ndi tinh cam ngudi, trao ddi y kidn nham thiic diy cudc sdng tdt dep hon la dieu can thigt va tat ydu su phat trign toan ciu Thidt bi cdng nghe se giiip ngudi dan d nhiing khu vue vimg sau vimg xa nhu midn niii cd th8 thd hien y kien chung hieu qua va mang tinh cap nhat hon Song hgn thye te, qua cudc khao sat cho thay biic tranh ca ban vg su thieu vang viec sir dyng cdng nghe (dign hinh la dien thoai thdng minh) viec the hien du luan ciia ngudi dan vimg dan tdc thidu sd tai hai diem nghign ciiu Thic ba, ngudi dan vimg dan tpc thigu sd cd each iing xir tich cyc vdi cac y kien chung ttong cdng ddng Nhin chung, mpt y kien di ddn su dong thuan thi ddng bao da the hien sy tich cyc bang viec thdng bao Iai cho nhiing ngudi khac cimg biet, hay img hd bang viec Iam cy the Digu ciing cd su khac biet giiia nam gidi va nii gidi Trong dd, nir gidi the hien rd rang han ve sy ddng gdp cua minh ddi vdi mdt y kidn dugc dua Ngugc Iai, nam gidi Iai cd sy quan tam vdi su viec thip hon so vdi nii gidi Nhu vay, can cd su khuyen khich vai trd cua nii gidi vitng dan tpc thieu sd hon nua, thdng qua viec dao tao tri thii'c, tang quydn cho nii gidi de hp cd the neu y kien va the hien quan diem tdt ban Thic tu, xu thd toan ciu hda cang phat trien, dac bidt la bdi canh cudc each mang thdng tin Didu bidu hien qua du Iuan va tmyen thdng Cu the la bdi canh toan ciu hda sy gia tang nhiing cdng cu tmydn thdng mdi cang manh me hon, chinh vi thd du Iuan cang dugc cimg cd va cd siic lan tda tdi dai bd pban cdng chiing Cimg vdi vdi sy phat tridn nhanh chdng ciia each mang cdng nghe 4.0 cang khidn cho cac dang phuong tien tmydn thdng gia tang Didu ciing tao nen sy da dang cua cac ludng du Iuan Con ngudi dupc bay td y kidn cua minh cang dg dang, dupc nhigu ngudi bidt den va dat sy ddng thuan Vi vay, ttong thdi dai hidn khdng the phii nhan vj tti va vai ttd eiia cdng nghe ddi vdi du luan xa hdi Xa hpi cang phat tridn va tac ddng ciia each mang cdng nghe 4.0 cimg xu thg toan ciu hda lam cho Iupng thdng tin mdi trd nen nhieu ban, da chieu hon, dat van dg cin cd sy chit Ipc thdng tin, nhit la ddi vdi vimg dan tdc thidu sd Bdi vi, neu khdng cd sir chit Ipc va djnh hudng du Iuan se din ddn loan thdng tin, hoac thdng tin tiep nhan bi sai lech tao du Iuan xa hdi bit Ipi ddi vdi quan ly xa hdi va ttat ty an ninh ciing nhu Iam suy giam nigm tin ve Dang va Nha nudc ta Dd nghign ciiu du Iuan xa hdi viing dan tpc thidu sd dupc tdt, can c6 hudng tigp can nghien ciru lign nganh vd viec sir dung thdng tin, tmygn tai thdng tm, phan biet ngudn thdng LeQuang]fgQC_ tin chinh thdng vdi thong tin khdng chinh thdng Cd nhu vay mdi neu dugc giai phap phii hpp, hieu qua, de ngudi dan biet va sir dung thdng tin tdt ban, dupc hieu ve each neu y kien qua cac phuong tien hien dai nhigu hon nira Digu khdng chi tao dinh hudng du luan xa bdi tdt cac cpng ddng ma cdn phat huy hieu qua su tham gia ciia ngudi dan vung dan tpc thieu sd viec ddng gdp y kign vao cdng cupc xay dyng ndng thdn mdi, thye hien chinb sach dan tdc va gdp phin xay dyng, bao ve td qudc bdi canh mdi Tai lieu tham khao Addis, Adeno (2002), Individualism, Communitarianism, and the Rights of Ethnic Minorities, 2nd London: Sage press Asher, Herbert (2012), Polling and the Public; What Eveiy Citizen Should Know, CQ Press, Washington DC Barreto, Matt A., Segura Gary M., Woods Nathan D (2004), "The mobilizing effect of majority-minority districts on Latino tumout", ^me77caw Political Science Review, 9H(\), pp 65-15 Bergh, Johannes and Bjorklunk, Tor (2011), "The revival of group voting: Explaining the voting preferences of immigrants in Norway", Political Studies, 59 (2), 308-327 Berinsky, Adam (ed, 2012), New Directions in Public Opinion, Routledge Taylor & Francis Group Binkley, Robert (1928), "The concept of public opinion in the social sciences" Social Forces, Vol.6, No 3, 389-396 Cottle, Simon (2000), Ethnic Minorities and the Media, 1st Buckingham: Open University press Mai Quynh Nam (1996), "Truyen thdng dai ehiing va du luan xa hdi", Tgp chi Xd hgi hgc, Sd (53), tt 3-7 Nguyen Hoai San, Lg Quang Ngpc, Nguyen Quang Tuan (2017), "Mdt sd chidu canh bign ddi xa hdi bdi canh Cach mang cdng nghiep lin thii tu", Tgp chi Thdng tin Khoa hgc xd hgi Sd 11, tr 22-29 ... nhdt, thdng qua can bd thdn/ban (Lang San: 81,2% va Ha Giang: 86,6%); Thic hai, dd xuit voi mpt ngudi cd uy tin cpng ddng (Lang Son: 37,6% Ha Giang: 55,4%) Phan anh gian tidp la thdng qua la phidu... Ha Giang nam 2019 Qua so lieu didu ha, khao sat d bang cho thay, phuang thiic the hien y kign cua ngudi dan ed sy da dang la phan anh trye tidp va gian tidp Phan anh true tiep chii yeu qua hai. .. tinh Lang Son va Ha Giang Lan§ Son Ha Giang Phuong thuc So lirong Tyle(%) So lirong Ty le (%) 37,6 124 55,4 De xuat y kien thong qua ngucri c6 uy tin cpng dong sinh song 96 Thong qua can bp thon/ban