Dịch chuyển văn hóa gia đình ở làng ven đô

Xa hoi hoc, so (145), 2019 67 DICH CHUYEN VAN HOA GIA DINH LANG VEN DO (Nghien ciru trucmg hap ldng Tien Le, huyen Hodi Birc, Thdnh Hd Noi) Ll/ONG VAN THIET' NGUYEN TH] DUNG" Tom tdt: Tien Le Id mot ldng ven thuoc td ngan song Bdy thuoc huyen Hodi Bice, mang minh nhirng truyen thong vdn hoa ddc trung ciia ldng que Bdc Bo Dua sir tdc dong ciia moi truang, ngirai vd xd hoi, Tien Le vdn giir minh bdn sdc vd hoa gia dinh Viet, dac biet Id sic hieu nghia, tinh thdn tuang thdn, tuang di Bdi viet gop phdn ldm sdng to nhimg truyen thong dn chica moi quan he gia dinh, ldng xom vd thuc hdnh cdc nghi le gia dinh Theo thai gian, nhiing quan niem ve vdn hoa gia dinh, nhiing chudn muc, ne nep, gia phong dang dimg truae su thay dot manh me Van hoa gia dinh dang ngdy cdng mai mot, bieu hien su lai cdng, hon dung vdn hoa bo cdnh xd hoi mai Te nan xd hoi, bao lice gia dinh, ly hon dang Id nhicng vdn de nhicc nhd tai mot ldng que vSn yen binh Bdi viet gai ma eho nhicng nghien cim chuyen sdu ve vdn hoa gia dinh ven vd xu the bien doi vdn hoa gia dinh Viet hien Tie khoa: bita d5i, van hda gia dinh, lang ven do, ling xir van hoa gia dinh Nhan hai: 18/02/2019 Giii phdn bien: 29/02/2019 Duy$t dang: 16/3/2019 I Dat van de Kg tir bit dju sir nghiep d6i moi toan dien den nay, vin ik van hoa gia dinh da nhan duac sir quan tam cua cac hpc gia va ngoai nirac Vai tro va vi tri quan cua gia dinh dugc Idling dinh thong qua he thdng luat phap, chinh sach ve gia dinh, gop phin phat triin kinh ti Xay d\rng gia dinh van hoa cung cac chuan myc va gia tri moi phu hop vai su van dong, phat trifa cua dit nuac la nhiem vu trpng yeu boi canh hien Gia dinh tdn tai lich sur nhan loai hang van nam, da bieri doi qua nhieu kieu loai, quy mo va ca ciu khac Van hoa gia dinh cung co nhik bien doican ban, dug-c thS hien qua hanh vi ling xit gia dinh, quan he hon nhan, nghi le ton giao tin nguong Miic bito ddi vd van hda gia dmh thd hien rd net hon d thi so yen d ndng thdn qua trinh dd thi hda-hien dai hda Bai viet lam rd su dich chuyen ve van hoa gia dinh d mot lang ven dd, tit dd gdp phin lam sang td xu the bien chuyen van hoa bdi canh hipn Bdo tdng Ddn toe hoc Vi^l Nam "Bgi hQC Vdn hoa Hd Not 68 Dich chuyen vdn hda gia dink Nhfrng goc nhin \k van hoa gia dinh 2.1 Gia dinh Dinh nghia gia dinh duoc ti6p can dudi hai goc dp Thd nhit, gia dmh dugfc dinh nghia vai tu each la mot thilt chi xa hoi Thii hai, gia dinh dugc dinh nghia vai tu each la mpt nhom xa hpi khong thi quy vi nhiing nhom khac D\ra vao hai goc tren, tuu chung lai ta CO th6 hieu: gia dinh la mot nhom xa hpi dupc hinh tren ca so cac quan h? hon nhan va quan he huygt thdng sinh tu quan he hon nhan do, g^n bo vai ve mat tmh cam, chia se kinh tl, trach nhiem va quyln lai, chju su rang bupc c6 tinh phap ly dupc xa hpi va nha nuac thira nhan va bao ve, tao mot nen van hoa chung (Endrweit va Trommsdorff, 2001) 2.2 Vdn hoa gia dinh vdsubiin ddi Van hoa gia dmh dupc bilu hien bing nhiJng dau Sn de lai dai song vat chat, tmh thSn cua gia dmh bilu hien thong qua cac m6i quan he, ciu true, chiic nang, smh hoat, dcri s6ng tam linh Do la nhirng diu in duac tri qua lich sir, tra truyln th6ng an sau vao tiem thiic, tam ly, ehi phoi hanh vi, each ung xii giiia cae vien gia dinh Tu day, co thi hilu vl van hoa gia dmh: Van hoa gia dinh la he thong nhung gia tri, chuin muc khu biet dac thu, dieu tiet moi quan he giiia eac vien gia dinh va moi quan he giua gia dinh voi xa hpi, phan anh ban chat eiia cac hmh thai gia dmh dac trung cho cac cpng d6ng, cac tpc nguoi, cac dan toe va cae khu vue khac duac hinh va phat trien qua lich sir lau dai ciia dai song gia dinh, gan iien vai nhijng dilu kien phat trien kinh te, moi tnrang tu nhien va xa hpi (Endrweit va Trommsdorff, 2001) Bien doi la m6t thupc tinh, dong thai cirng la phuang thurc ton tai ciia mpi su vat va hien tuong Tuy nhien, s\r bien doi ciia cac sy: vat va hi?n tuang khong he giong va mot su vat hien tupng thi su bien doi ciing khac cr m6i nai, m6i luc Vi?t Nam dang tren duang day manh cong nghiep hoa-hien dai hoa ciing vcri su hpi nhap va toan cau hoa, thi gia dinh truyen thong Viet Nam da va dang co su bien doi sau sac ve eac gia tri van hoa, dac biet la tu thoi ky doi moi Do ehinh la su bien ddi mo hmh gia dinh truyen thong sang gia dinh hien dai nhu su tan eiia nhung gia dinh va ngoi nha truyen thong, su suy giam ve chiic nang giao dye, su hinh loi song thuc dung, tu tuong chil nghia ca nhan 2.3 Mpt vdi net ve dia bdn nghien cim Lang Tien Le thupc xa Tien Yen, huyen Hoai Diic, TP Ha Npi Lang nim a tnmg tam huyen Hoai Diic vira mang dac tnmg nong thon dong bang Bac Bp vua anh huong cua van hoa thi Lang dupe phan chia sau nhom cu dan, c6 nam xom tren lang, xom sau hay goi la xom Trai nam a ngoai ta de song Day Tiln Le eo loi song nl nep, c6 truyen thong hpc hanh, can cii, chiu kho va sang t^o lao done san xuit Tinh din nam 2012, lang eo 869 hp gom 3.658 nhan khiu v6i t6ng dign tich tu Licang Van Thiet, Nguyen Thi Dung 69 nhien la 169,7 ha, dien tich dit canh tac la 95,21ha (UBND huyen Hoai Diic, 2012) Nim it ven bd sdng Day, Tien Lp dupc thien nhien uu dai cho dai dit phii sa mau ma, hau thuan lpi, dia hinh bang phang, thich hpp cho viec canh tac rau mau, tao cac vimg chuyen canh san xuat Phan ldn dat canh tac d Tidn Le dupc dimg viec trdng rau mau va day ciing la cdn cdu cam ciia phan ldn cac hd gia dinh thdn Van hoa gia dinh a Tien L^ Gia dinh d lang Tidn Le la gia dinh nhd theo che dp phu quydn Dai da sd cac gia dinh gdm hai thd he bd me va cpn cai Tuy ca ciu gia dinh mdt vp mdt chdng va gia dinh nhd la chu ydu nhung vin cd mpt sd gia dinh la ngpai le: Gia dinh theo chd dp da the, gia dinh cd mdt chdng ngoai vp ca cdn cd vp le Cd gia dmh thudc dang da the, gia dmh chdng cd ngoai vdi ngudi phvi nit khac Ll ciia nhirng trudng hpp la ngudi vp ca vd sinh hoac khdng cd trai nen ngudi chdng di liy vp le vdi hi vpng dd trai ndi ddi tdng ducmg Gia dmh nhieu the he d mpt nha, thudng la 4, thS he d chung mpt nha thupng gpi la *Tu: dai ddng dudng", "Ngu dai ddng ducmg" Hp quan niem dd la nhirng gia dmh cd phuc diic ldn Ba tam niem ddng nhidu chau dupc nucmg tya ve gia, an nen lam mang dau an tu ndng nghiep Hien tupng cha me gia sdng rieng tach khdi cai hau nhu khdng cd vi ngudi dan ncri day ludn sdng theo dao li "Udng nudc nhd ngudn" Cd cap vp chdng gia sdng chung nha vdi cai nhung an rieng Day la hien tupng ca biet, d lang thudng di nghi, dam tieu ve tmh cam cua cai vdi dang sinh Gia dmh lang Tidn Le cdn theo che dp tdng phap: phan bidt giua tnrdng vdi thii, trai vdi gai, de vdi nudi Con gai va nudi dupc hudng thira ke tai san nhung bao gid cung dupc chia phan it hon Dac biet hpn cdn cd su phan biet giiia vp ca vdi cac va thii Cac gia dmh dupc lien ket, rang budc chat che thdng qua ddng hp Ddng hp tit lau da trd chd dua vd tim ly, tinh than cho cac vien ttong hp vdi nhirng nguyen tic irng xu chung Mdi quan he huydt thdng tren dupc tri bdi mdt loat cac thidt chd: gia pha (sach ghi chep vd ngudn gdc ddng hp va 11 lich cua tiing ngudi thudc cac ddi theo tdn ti trat tu) Ddng hp da tao su cd ket giira cac vien, dd ngudi ciing mpt hp giup dd lin cudc sdng thudng Hp la don vi thd ciing dng td hp Nhidu ddng hp cd nha thd hp, cac hp ldn lai cd nha thd cua cac chi Mdi nam hp td chuc gid td vao mit cua td hp dupc ghi gia pha S.L Chirc ndng Ngudi dan lang Tien Le chu ydu la lam ndng gin lien vdi rudng dat, vi vay phan cdng lao ddng gia dinh diin tu nhien hai hda theo gidi va dp tudi Nam gidi gia dinh dam nhan cac cdng viec nang nhpc nhu cay, bira , cdn ngudi phu nii lam nhflng cdng viec nhe nliang ban nhung ddi hdi siic deo dai, khdo tay, ti mi Trong gia dinh ngudi ldn dam nhan nhiing viec ldn, trd em phu viec Khi di lam ddng tre em ciing dupc dua di ciing dd Iam nhiing viec nhe: lam cd, nhd ma, thu hoach rau Mpi vien trpng gia ainh nhu nhiing mat xich dam bap cho hoat ddng san xuit thudng dien dem Iai 70 Dich chuyen vdn hda gia dinh nang suat eao, nlu thilu di rapt mit xich td hop lao dpng se bi x6 lech va Iam giam nang suat lao dpng Gia dinh la don vi tai san xuit sire lao dpng Lang Tiln Le la mpt lang thuan nong ben canh viec ciy Iiia vu mot nam, nguoi dan a day Iam rau mau va trdng eay an qua, cac cong viec diu doi hoi ngudn lao dpng rit Ion Con nguoi vdi siie lao dpng la quy nhit, la ylu t6 quan trpng &k lam eiia cai vat chat, nen viee tai san xuit siic lao dpng la yeu ciu biic thilt cua mdi gia dinh noi day Da phin nien a day diu liy vp sam d8 CO them nguoi lam Liy vo xong mong sdm c6 khong chi de eho vui eua vui nha ma sdm co giiip viec chiing vua Ion Gia dmh la dan vi tha ciing Ciing giong nhu truyln th6ng ngu6i Vipt, nguai lang Tiln Le theo chi dp phu quyln, phu he nen coi trpng viee tho ciing to tien theo dong cha Muc dich ciia viec tha eiing la de biet cong on to tien, eau mong cho Imh hon to tien dupc sieu thoat va mong dupc to tien phii hp cho chau duac gap nhieu may man, tot lanh cupc song Trong pham vi gia dinh nho, neu bo me mat, trucmg la nguai chiu trach nhiem tho ciing, bat huong tho eiing cha me dupe dat o nha truong, vao gio cac trai lam gio ehung nha trai trudng, gai da di lay chong eo trach nhiem gop gio va gui le vao eac dip Tet de ngudi truong thap huang CUng cd nhd anh em trai & gdn nhieng bdt hda den muc tie nin da lap th& cting riing Nhimg gia dinh ndy la rdt it vi nhimg li rdt dac biit m&i xdy viic nhu vay (Nam cao tuoi, lang Tiln Le) nhirng gia dmh dong trai, den cac doi sau phat triln nhilu nganh, song quyen tha eiing cu t6 ban diu vin thupc vl nganh truong, cac nganh thtr co trach nhidm gop gi6 giri 16 Vi$c xem trpng nguoi tho ciing nen gia dinh nao cung mong muon de dupc trai de n6i doi tong duong Ben canh vipc tho ciing t6 tien, gia dinh a lang Tiln Le tho thd eong hay thd dia Day la vi thin cai quan, nom nha, quyet dinh hpa phiic cho gia dinh, ngan can ma quy xam nhap quiy nhieu gia dinh Ngay tii nho cai luon song ciing cha me va o ben ong ba, cho nen gia dinh c6 dieu kien giao due tre nho cac cong viec gia dmh Cac ong ba hang nom tre nho van thucmg lam cac eong viec: nau cam, bam beo, quet san vudn day chmh la dip cac tre nho dupc quan sat true tiep eac thao tac va tap lam theo, rdi duae ong ba hudng dan, chi bao Ngay tir be (5-6 tuoi) cha me da ehi bao mpt s6 viec don gian nhu quet nha, dpn dep cac dae; 7-8 tuoi hpc each nau nudng, bam beo thai khoai Din len 9-11 tuoi bat dau hpe eac cong viec dong ang Vdi su quan sat kit hop viec chi day ciia cha me, den nam 17-18 tuoi, ca trai va gai da trd nguoi lao done vdi kl nang lam viec tuong doi thuan thiic Luomg Vdn Thiit, Nguyin Thi Dung Bdn thdn toi da duac gido due cdc cong viec gia dinh mot cdch tu nhien nhu bao dua tre khdc Cdc gid tri cua vdn hoa gia dinh duac chiing toi hap thu, tiip nh^n tic cdc thi h? cha anh cac sinh ho^t gia dinh (Nii nien, lang Tidn Ld) Gia dmh cdn la nai giao due each ung xir, dap dire va nhan each Ngay tir nhd mdi dira tre dupc day each nhan bidt nhiing ngudi than quen nha thdng qua tir chi vai vd: dng, ba, cha, mp, anh, chi, em Sau dd nhan biet nhiing ngudi khdng thudc pham vi gia dinh Gan vdi vide nhan bidt timg ngudi thupc timg vai vd la each xung hd, ldi an tidng ndi, nghTa vu ddi vdi moi bac Bdn canh viec ling xir vdi ngudi cd quan he hp hang thi ling xir vdi lang gidng cung dupc coi trpng Trong nhieu trudng hpp lang gidng cdn quan trpng han ca anh em rudt, thai dp ddi vdi lang gieng ciing la mdt tidu chi de danh gia tu each ngudi d ndng thdn Ngudi Viet thucmg cd cau "Ban anh em xa mua lang gidng gin" Nhung dua trd lang Tien Le tir nhd ciing sdm dupc giao due tu tudng coi trong, kinh trpng ngudi hem tudi Ciing vdi cha me, cac anh chi em nha la mpt chd dura ldn lao Khi be dupc day dd bao bpe, dupc bd me, anh chi nang niu cham sdc, ldn len cd cac anh chi ciing chia se ganh vac cac cdng vide nang nhe gia dinh Mpi vien quan quyt ben dpng vien nhirng liic khd khan va chia se ciing thuan budm xudi gid Khi dat, nhung ngudi vui nhat chinh la cha me, anh chi em bdi dd lit niem vinh du, tir hao ciia gia dinh Nhu vay, cd thd thiy lang Tien Le ludn giii mmh ne nep gia phong, nhiing chuc nang va thuin phong my tuc tidp tuc dupc trao truydn cudc sdng 3.2 Quan hf hon nhdn dldng Tien Le Quan niem truydn thong coi hdn nhan khdng chi la vide rieng cua ddi nam nii ma la viec chung cua ca gia dinh, ddng hp Bo me nao trudc nham mat ddu mudn dung vp ga chdng dupc hdt chp cac Hdn nhan cd vai trd rat quan trpng ddi sdng cua ngudi dan, dd la nghia vu cua ngudi ddi vdi bd mp, trudc het la sinh dd cai ndi doi tdng dudng, sau la tang siic lao ddng phat tridn kinh td Tieu chuin va didu kien tidn hanh hdn nhan trudc ciing rat kbit khe, ngudi quydt dinh hdn nhan chu ydu la bd me BOii dyng vp ga chdng cho con, cha me quan tam dik diu tien la mdn dang hau ddi, tuc la quan he tuang ddng vd kmh td, dia vi xa hpi, tudi tac, trinh dp hpc vin cua hai bdn bd mp Sau mdi chii trpng ddn su tuong hpp ve tudi tac, sire khde, tinh ndt va tmh yeu cua ddi trai gai Nhung ngudi nha ngheo, gia dmh don thSn ddu rit khd lap gia dmh Dac biet, vide xem "tdng tich' va "gidng" ciia ddi ben dupc coi trpng hang diu Sic dep khdng dupc coi trpng ma chu y den tmh tinh, dao due cila cd gai Ngudi dan d day da so ddu ket hdn sdm 3.3 ifng xir gia dinh truyin thing d ling Tien Le 3.3.1 Ung xic va chong Trong gia dmh ngucii chdng giir mpt vi tri quan trong, lam tru cdt, ngudi vp phai phuc tung chdng Tuy nhien tmh chit gia trudng gia dmh ngudi lang Tidn Le khdng 72 Dich chuyen van hda gia dinh gay gat, nguai vo van co mpt vi thi dupc ton trpng Ngoai viec lam rupng doi hoi su hop tac siic lao dpng ciia ca hai vp chdng, ngudi vp phai buon chai d eac chp de kiem them thu nhap eho gia dinh Ngudi vp la mot phan khong thi thilu ciia mdi gia dmh va su hoa hop vp ehong la ylu to quylt dinh su thinh ciia t6 i m (PVS, nam, lang Tiln Le) 3.3.2 Lfngxti cha me v&i cdi Gia dinh la moi tnrdng nuoi dudng, giao due cho moi ngudi l^ng Tien Le Dao nghTa trude sau giiia hai thi he luon dupe dl cao La lang lam nong nghiep nen cha me luon quan niem ring ddi minh da kho phai eho cai hpc hanh de thoat khoi canh ehan lam tay bun Cha me luon c6 ging cham soc cho cai hpc hanh dat roi dung vp ga ehong cho yen be gia that Con eon chau ludn lo tron chu hieu, hpe tap khong ngiing bao dap eong an bo me, ong ba Dac biet nha co cha me hay ong ba mat eon chau kieng eii khong den nhiing nai ddng vui hpi he, dam cudi Chii hieu luon dupc cac ngudi l^ng Tien Le dupc dat len tren het, la thudc pham chat dao diic eua mdi ngudi 3.3.3 Ungxie anh em hp hdng Ngoai viec an d c6 hieu voi cha me thi doi vdi anh chi em nha ludn c6 su yeu thuong ton trpng, nhuong nhin, cd hon ca quan he vp chdng trudng hop ngudi vp cu xu khong diing muc Tuy khd tranh khdi viec bat hoa anh em vdi nhau, nhung cd su viec gi thi tat ca van chung tay vao giiip dd theo quan he "Mau chay rupt mim", "Chi nga em nang" (PVS, nam cao tuoi, lang Tien Le) Con vdi anh em hp hang, dao li ngudi Tien Lp coi trpng su doi nhan xii the tren tinh than cua nhung ngudi ciing chung mau mu "Gi6" la dip de anh em hp hang gap nhau, ngudi ldn, tre deu vui ve than mat Neu cha me da mat, ngudi ay thudng la eon trai ldn nhit Nlu eha me cdn sdng, ngudi Cling gid se la ngudi dang sdng vdi cha me, bit k l la trudng, thti hay lit Nhiing ngudi khac cd trach nhiem dua cai ve "an gid" Day la mpt co hdi vd cung quy gia dl anh chi em gia dinh cimg gap go va silt chat tinh than, gin bo hon niia SK dich chuyen ve van hoa gia dinh o Tien L^ 4.1 Bien doi quan h$ hdn nhdn cita gia dinh Tinh trang hdn nhan hien d lang Tiln Le van dupc tri Ly hon va ly than gia tang nhiing nam gin day Ke thira truyln thing van hda gdc nong nghiep, da sd ngudi dan vin danh gia cao vai trd ciia gia dinh cupc ddi cua mdi ngudi cdng nhu su dn dinh cua xa hdi Quan niem gia dinh la cho dua cho mdi ngudi chinh la li ca ban dan den viec ket hon cua nam nd nien Hon nhan dang chuyin din theo nhu eiu cua ca nhan nhieu hon cua gia tdc hay cpng dong Gidi tre tu yeu duang va lua chpn ban ddi it CO su dinh hudng, can thiep tii bd me Hp thudng lira chpn eae ylu td nhu nhan sie hpc vin, quan he xa hpi, bilt Iam an thay din cho cac yeu td khde manh, tang nhan khiu cho ddng hg, nil cdng gia chanh, cung lang (PVS, nii nien, lang Tiln Le) Ben Luang Vdn Thiet Nguyin Thi Dung 73 canh xu hudng mdt xera trpng viec gia dinh la ehd dua cua ban than, giam nhe quan niem gia dmh la de sinh de eai thi lai xuat hien quan nipm: Hdn nhan anh hudng din tu ca nhan cua mdi ngudi Day la ly khien cho mpt sd thaidi nien lang din dp tuoi kit hdn nhung van sdng dpc than Su xuat hien cua quan ni?m thich song tu chi vdi ti le nhd, khdng phai la xu hudng chinh, nhung da phan anh su anh hudng manh ciia loi sdng de cao tmh ca nhan Quan ni§m ddng nghia xem nhiing nghia vu eua m6i vien ket hdn la su ngan trd ty: Viee hdn nhan cua nien lang vin coi trpng y kiln ddng gdp eua gia dinh nhung khdng phai bd me ap dat nira Cac cudc hdn nhSn ddi ban tre chpn I^ra d\ra tren eo sd xin phep va lay y kien eiia eha me van la chu dao Con cai tiln hanh hdn nhan tren co sd cd tham van y kien cha me chiem ty le cao, hdn nhan thuc tl d lang hien chiing mmh su dn dinh co ban quan he hdn nhan gia dinh Su ddc lap, tir chii quylt dinh hanh phue ea nhan khdng mau thuan nhieu vdi quan dilm cua eha me cho thiy mpt mat nhan thiie ciia eac bae lam cha lam me cting da thay ddi theo hudng tdn trpng tinh cam va nhan thdc eua eai, tin vao su lira ehpn cua eon minh va thau hieu: hanh phdc phai xuat phat tu ehinh cam nhan eua cae con; mat khac nd van phan anh su gan bd, tin cay va tdn trpng cha me (PVS, nii, lang Tien Le) Xu hudng cai tu quyet dinh hon nhan cua mmh ciing se la mot hudng tat yeu mdi trudng giao tiep va lam viec ciia cai dupe md rpng hon Dac biet, vdi su trp giup eua cdng nghe thong tm, cac mdi quan he ciia cai trd nen vupt khdi tam kiem soat eiia cha me Viec hdi y kien cha me da chuyen biln co ban vl npi dung nd ehu yeu mang y nghia the hien su kmh trpng ciia cai chii khdng phai de bo me can thipp Tieu chuin kit hdn cua nien lang hien cd sir thay ddi ldn, khong dat nang vin de mdn dang h^u ddi, ma cai chinh la d ngudi ban ddi cua minh Yeu cau ve viec bilt each lam an, ed thu nhap dn dinh, cd trinh dp hpc van va ed siie khde cho thay cac tieu chuin cua ngudi ban ddi trd n6n cu the va thilt thue hon tuong quan vdi cac ca nhan cu the, chu khong phai theo nhirng tieu ehuin chung ehung ve phSn xuat than Dam cudi thay ddi vl ddi tupng va dia dilm td chuc Xu hudng to chiic dam cudi tai nha hang, phdng cudi cang tang Bilu lam cho vai trd cua quan he hang xdm lang gilng eang md nhat quy trinh td chuc hdn 18 Ciing tinh chat cdng viee va cac CO hdi phin diu, hpc tap, thdi gian td ehire dam cudi cung da xuat hien thue te khong nhat thilt phai theo rapt khoang thdi gian nhit dinh nam Quy trmh td ehiic dam cudi ciing cd nhilu thay ddi Rd nhit la viec td chiic ddn khach chung cua hai ho, day la dilu khdng xuit hien dam cudi truyen thing cua lang tnrdc Nhimg nghi thuc quy trinh to chuc dam eudi cung dang theo hudng gian lupc Nghi thiic dam ngo hay thach cudi dang dupc don gian hda Thdi gian an hdi den td chiic dam cudi khong cdn keo dai ma goi gpn mpt thang hoac mdt den hai tuan, cd Ie hdi va le cudi t5 chuc chung Cd dau chu rl sau le cudi da sip xep thdi gian, cong 74 Dich chuyen vdn hda gia dinh viec va tien bac dl cd nhirng khdng gian rieng phu hpp gpi la di tuan trang mat (PVS, nu nien, lang Tiln Le) 4.2 Bien doi cdch img xii-gia dinh Biln ddi ung xu gia dinh bilu hipn d nhilu khia canh khac Dd cd the la s\r biln doi ung xu vp ehdng, bd me vdi cai, biln ddi iing xii vo chdng vdi cac vien khae gia dinh va gia tdc Tuy nhien phin biln ddi each iing xu gia dmh ciia lang Tiln Le, d bai vilt nay, cac tac gia chi ban din biln ddi ung xii vp chdng va biln ddi ung xu cha me vdi cai, vi day la hai van dl ndi com, rd net d cac gia dinh lang Tien Le Men Trudc tien la biln ddi each iing xii vp chdng Tinh tdn ti trat tu van dugc coi la ylu td can cdt tri quan he cua cac vien gia dmh Ngudi dan dng van dupc coi la tru cdt, la ngudi giir vai trd quylt dinh mpi van de cua gia dmh Su phd bien cang ro ret han xu hudng bmh ding ca vl vai trd, trach nhiem va quyen lpi cua mdi vien Xu hudng binh ding ung xu vg chlng dugc nhm thiy ro nhit qua vai tro cua ngudi phu nu mdt dupc dl cao Ngay mdt tang viec ngudi vg dugc hdi y kiln, tham chi la dupc chu dpng quyet dinh nhirng van de co ban eua gia dmh Mdt bilu hien khac ciia xu hudng bmh dang quan he vg chdng, dd ngudi vp dugc khang dinh nhieu hon, dd la viec dat ten cai hien nay: hp hoae ten eua me da dupe dat nhu mpt phan ten dem ten ggi ciia sau phan hg cua bd Viec la rat hiem trong xa hpi truyen thdng (PVS, nam nien, lang Tien Le) Bao luc gia dinh dang tang manh theo nhieu dang thuc khac lai dang tao nen ddng chay ddi nghich Hien bao lue khong chi la chdng bao luc vg ma xuat hien bao luc ngugc lai ciia vp ddi vdi chdng, la bao lire bang ngdn ngd, bang nhung ldi ndi chi trich ma ngudi vp danh cho chdng Cho dii dupc nhin nhan dudi gde dp nao thi bao lue gia dinh cung la bieu hipn xau cua iing xii vg chdng Ben canh dd la Idi iing xii ciia cha me doi vdi cai Vai trd va vi thi ciia eai gia dinh dan dupc xac lap each nhin nhan cua eha me Dieu khien quan h^ giua cha me vdi cai dang cd xu hudng trd nen gan gui, than thien va binh ding han Do tinh ca nhan ty lap cang dupe de cao viec dua quyet dinh nhilu vin dl mang tinh rieng tu Tuy nhien, tre vi nien dang dan hmh mpt xu hudng phan ling thai qua trudc nhiing can thi?p ciia cha me Chinh dieu khiln nhilu tre vi nien pham phai sai lam dan den bi kich eua gia dinh Cd nhieu nguyen nhan din tdi viee quan he cha me vdi cai mpt bmh dang, dan chii va tre em cang tu quylt dinh nhieu van de ca nhan Cd the ke den cac nguyen nhan ve kinh te, ve sd vl cae phuong tien thdng tin hd trg Nhung bien ddi tam tu tmh cam va quan he ban be cua cai van dang la mot viing thieu thdng tin ciia eha me Dieu dan den nhung diia tre dupc eham sde tot vin thay be tae phai ddi dien vdi nhirng vin dl rieng tu Luang Vdn Thiet, Nguyin Thil Nhiing thay ddi theo hudng bmh ding ban quan he cha me-con cai ehinh la bieu hien eda quan niem chir hieu bi thay ddi Da cd su diit doan nghd nghiep tmydn thdng ciia nhieu gia dmli, cd lira chpn khdng sinh cpn thit ca hai ddu la gai, cd vide cai bd nha di dd phan ddi quydt dinh vide hdn nhan ciia gia dinh Tit ca cac vin dd ddu dupc nhin nhan va giai quydt dudi gdc dp tich cue chit khdng hoan toan mang tmh tieu cue, bat hieu Su thay dpi khidn nhieu ban tre trd ndn qua dem gian trpng ling xii vdi cha me 4.3 Bien dot nhifng nghi le gia dinh Cac phpng tuc, nghi Id tdn giao, tin ngudng pham vi gia dmh nhu tang ma, IS tdt Cling gid dang theo hudng didu chmh dd giam bdt mau sic md tin, hudng tdi nhiing gia tri gan bd true tidp den cudc sdng cua ngudi Ydu td tam linh tin ngudng se cdn tidp tuc dupc tri dai lau ddi sdng tam thiic mdi gia dinh Nd gan vdi khat vpng dupc che chd, bao ve cua ngudi su nghiet nga ciia kinh te thi trudng Bien ddi cac hmh thirc nghi le, nhiing sinh hoat tin ngudng truydn thdng pliam vi gia dinh va ca nhan van dupc tri d miic thucmg xuydn Nhung le tiet nam van dupc tidn hanh, thdng qua nhirng dip thuc hanh nghi le lam cho quan he gia dinh dupc cung cd Khdng chi dimg d xu hudng luu giu y nghia va tri cac huih thuc sinh hoat tin ngupng trpng pham vi gia dmh, viec tuan thu nghi thirc dien cac sinh boat so vdi nguydn gdc truydn thdng cdn d mirc kha cao va dang cd xu hudng tun hidu khdi phuc lai diy du nhit Cd the thay bat dn cua kinh td thi trudng la nguyen nhan din ddn cac gia dinh ddn gan ban vdi cac boat ddng tam Iinh tm ngudng Cd Ie, chi den vdi thuc hanh tm nguang tam linh, ngutri mdi tun thay sir bmh yen va cau mong su phii trp cua dng ba td tien cho mdi ngudi Kinh td thj trudng vdi nhidu uu didm va khuydt didm da Iam thay ddi nhieu thudc gia tri, nhung ddi vpi cac hoat ddng sinh boat tdn giao tin ngudng thudng didn chSm hon Su tac dpng din den nhiing dich chuydn nhung mirc dp khdng qua ldn de tap nhiing budc chuydn khac bidt so vdi chuin muc truyen thdng Quan niem truyen thdng ve cac hoat ddng tam linh va su tac ddng ciia boat ddng kinh td dan ddn nhung bidn ddi khd ludng Cac thuc hanh tm ngudng cd sir Iai cang, phd truang qua miic, tao mdt su mat can bang cac smh boat tdn giao tm ngudng da tdn tai liiu ddi Mdt su dich chuyen niia la thay ddi vai trd cua cac vien gia dinh vdi nghi le Mpt didu de nhan thiy cac hoat ddng giao tidp vdi td tien thin linh gia dinh cung dang duac chuydn din sang cho ngudi phu nii Thuc trang tren anh hudng cua van de binh ding gidi, trinb dp nhan thiic cua cac vien gia dinh, su ddng gdp ngang bing vd kinh td Nhu vay, cac boat ddng tam linh tm ngudng mang tinh chit gia dmh va ca nhan, ngudi phu nii Iai dang la ngudi giir vai trd quan trpng Y nghia cac nghi ll cd nhung bidn ddi nhit dinh, ben canh ciu siic khde la ldi cau bpe hanh tan tdi, kinh dpanh phat dat 76 Dich chuyen vdn hda gia dinh 4.4 Xu hu&ng biin ddi vd nhung van de dat 4.4.1 Xu huang bien ddi i Gia dmh lang Tiln Le tuong Iai se tilp tuc xu hudng giam vl quy md hp Gia dmh se phd biln d miie ngudi/hd, tham ehi edn nhd hon Xu hudng phu hpp vdi quy Iuat chung eiia lieh su hinh va phat triln gia dinh (Vu Ngpc Khanh, 1998) v l loai hinh gia dinh, vdi siie nang truyln thdng, gia dinh Iang Tiln Le vin se tri loai hinh gia dinh phu he, ngudi dan dng vin la tru cot va chiu traeh nhiem chinh ddi vdi cac vin dl ciia gia djnh Tuy nhien se xuat hien them nhilu loai hinh gia dinh nhu: gia dmh khuylt thilu, gia dinh ddng gidi, ba me dan than v l chiic nang cua gia dmh, nhieu ngudi chap nhan gia dinh khdng cd eon Vipc sinh trai cdn phd biln nhung dang cd xu hudng trd nen bmh thudng Dieu ddng nghTa vdi viec vai trd cua ngudi phu nir dang dan dupe nang cao Cham sdc giao due tre em se dupc chu trpng hon d cae gia dinh Van de giao due tre khdng chi dimg pham vi gia dmh nhu truygn thdng raa cd sir hd tro bdi nhieu lue lupfng ben ngoai Chuc nang kinh te cua gia dinh dang dan theo hudng tdn trpng su dpc lap ciia cae vien gia dinh Chiic nang thda man nhu cau tam ly tinh cam cua gia dinh se dugc uu tien hon Day se la thach thuc ldn doi vdi gia dinh, bdi le khdng dat dugc ehiie nang gia dmh se rat de vd Trong dd viee thda man nhu cau tinh due dang cd xu hudng dugc de cao Ve van de hdn nhan, tap quan va quy dinh eua luat phap, d lang vin chpn hmh thiic hdn nhan cd vg, cd chdng, cd hdn thii Ty le ngudi sdng doe than dang cd xu hudng tang Quyen chu ddng quyet dinh hdn nhan tang dua tren tinh chit dan ehu quan he gia dinh va xa hpi Ty le ly hdn, ly than tang, dilu xay ea sd tu sp: ky vpng qua eao vao hdn nhan, kha nang tir chu cua ngudi phu nu gia dinh va dac biet sy anh hudng cua gia dinh, ddng hp din hdn nhan giam sut (Dd Thi Binh va Nguyen Ngpc Van, 2002), v l ling xir vp chlng, xu hudng binh ding se tilp tye rd ret hon quan hp vp chdng Dieu khiln chit lupng eude sdng gia dmh tang len, nhien day cung la nguyen nhan khiln nhilu mau thuin quan he gia dmh d nhiing vin dl nhu: giao dye cai, quylt dinh viec nha hay tham gia eac hoat dpng xa hpi Giong nhu quan he vg chdng, quan he giiia cae vien gia dinh ciing se mang xu hudng bmh dang hon Tre em dupc quan tSm cham sdc, ngudi eao tudi la chd dya ea ve vat chit lin tinh than Tuy nhien su bmh ding lai dang xay nhung quan niera vl ldi sdng khae giua cac thi he Ngudi cao tudi khdng sdng ciing cai se cd xu hudng tang len Quan he hp mac giam xuong, khdng cdn gap nhilu nhu trudc vi gia dinh nao cung cd cong viec rieng, nhilu cap vp chdng tre cdn ehuyin phd sinh song Gia dinh cang cd quan he ch§t che hon vdi cae thilt chi van hda, giao due, y tl Hp y thuc duge vai trd cua giao due cung nhu hoat ddng cham sdc siic khde Luang Van Thiit, Nguyin Thi Dung 77 DSy se la co sd thuan lpi de Nha nudc tidp tuc diy m^nh vide thue hidn chu truong xa hpi hoa cac hpat dpng (Theo nii can bp xa, Iang Tidn Lp) 4.4.2 Nhung vdn de dat Nhiing vin dd dat ddi vdi gia dmh d lang Tidn Le cd nhung thuan lpi va khd khan sau: Trong nhiing nam gin day, trudc nhidu bidn dpng xa hpi va nhung lech chuin khong thd phu nhan, gia dinh dang thuc su dupc nhan thiic la td quan trpng tap nen s\r dn dinh xa hpi cung nhu la diem tv:a quan trpng nhit ddi vdi mdi ca nhan Su gin kdt vp chdng, nuong tua giup va ciing giao due cai, cham sdc phung dudng cha me la nhung gia tri thuc cua cudc sdng Gia dmh vi vay dang dupc tap nhitng didu kien tdt nhit dd cung cd phat tridn nham hudng tdi viec xSy dung mpt xa hpi tdt dep vdi nhirng ngudi dupc phat tridn toan dien Cung vdi vide danh gia cao vai trd ciia gia dmh, cac ca nhan dupc tao nhirng didu kiSn tdt nhit chinh la muc tieu hudng ddn cua quan he gia dinh hien Trong didu kidn gia dinh da thd he vdi quy md ldn, viec moi vien dap iing dupc diy dii nhit su quan tam den cac vidn khac la rat khd thuc hidn Khi quy md gia dmh thu hep cac vien gia dmh dupc danh nhidu thdi gian quan tara chara sdc tdi nhau, thda man d miic cao nhat van dd tam ly, tmh cam Gia dmh Tien Le khdng nam ngoai anh hudng tidn bd xa hdi mang lai Van de binh dang gidi, quydn tre em la nhiing cdng giup cho ngudi dan d lang ciing nhu toan xa hdi thay ddi nhan thirc va hanh vi, hudng tdi su tran trpng cac gia tri nhan ban Su anh hudng tao cho mdi gia dinh su thuan Ipi tac ddng tir nhan thuc cua mdi vien Su tac ddng ddn nhan thiic se la ydu td nhanh nbat dieu chinh cac quan he gia dinh Kinh td phat tridn khidn ddi sdng gia dinh dupc cai thien, khdng thd phu nhan vai trd ciia ydu td kinh td ddn quan h | gia dinh Trpng didu kien kinh te khd khan, ngudi ta phai qua cang thing vdi vin dd com ao gao tidn thi nhiJng mdi quan tam khac den ddi sing tam Iinh, ca hdi hpc hanh, phin diu ciia mdi vien la rit khd Chua kd den khd khan v6 kinh td la nguydn nhan chinh din ddn vide bap lire gia dinh Trong nhimg nam gin day, vd co ban ddi sdng kinh td hd gia dmh cua nhiin dan Iang da cd nhieu mat cai thien Mat bing kinh td chung la cao ban, ddi sdng kmh td phat tridn han la mdt nhung dieu kien thuan lpi de cimg cd quan he gia dinh Van hda truydn thdng dang dupc tao didu kidn thuan Ipi de phuc hdi Nhimg quy dmh mang tmh rang budc quan he gia dmh vdn la td van hda chiu anh hudng sau dam cua tu tudng Nho giao trudc dang din dupc Ipc, bd bcjt nhung gia tri khong phil hpp Trong nhiing nam gin day, nhan thiic dd dupc danh gia lai Van hda trayen thong vdi nhidu gia tri tot dep, cd kha nang tac ddng tot ddn ngudi dupc xem nhu kho gia tri cin duac phuc hdi Vdi su y thuc iy, van hda truydn thdng va nhung chuin muc van hda gia dinh dang dupc tao nhung dieu kidn dd phuc hdi 78 Dich chuyin vdn hda gia dinh Bdn canh nhitng mat thuan lpi, gia dmh Iang Tien Le dang diing trudc nhung khd khan can dupc cung co Trong mdi trudng xa hpi cang tu do, dan chu, ldi sdng ca nhan dupc dd cao thi mau thuin ldi sdng cang dd sinh, ly hdn tang la khd tranh khoi Bao luc gia dmh dang cd xu hudng bidu hien dudi nhidu hmh thiic phiic tap, dieu gay nen su ire chd va tdn hai din siic khde ngudi bi bao lyc, din ddn tu tu hay Iy hdn Cac nan nhan bi bao luc gia dmh khdng thd chung sire vdi ngudi gay bao hanh dd xay dung mpt gia dinh hanh phuc Thuc td cho thiy d Iang Tidn Le, ti Id ly than va ly hdn ddu cd xu huong tang Tudi Iy hdn cang trd Cd cap ddi dudi 40 tdng sd 11 cap ly hdn tir nam 20102018; dd ca biet cd mdt gia dinh tre mdi cudi mdt thang da sdng ly than, thang sau thi Iy hdn Didu phan anh thuc trang cac gia dinh trd thudng cd each nhm tao bao han vd hanh phuc gia dmh Theo chia se cua mdt nu nidn lang Tien Le: "Bon em bdy gia niu thay khong hanh phiic thi chia tay, khong nen niu keo ldm gi cho kho Em se khong cam chiu cho het cuoc dai nhu cdc cu ngdy xua" Mdt sd te nan xa hdi nhu cd bac, nghidn hut, vay np xau cd the la nguyen nhan dan den cac gia dmh bat hda va ly hdn tang manh va bien ddi van hda gia dinh d Tien Le Nhieu gia tri chuin muc khdng cdn dupc danh gia cao Tidu bidu phai ke den su danh gia rapt dem gian hem vd cac khai niem trinh tidt, chung thuy, hidu dd, nu cdng gia chanh, te gia ndi tra, khoan dung vi tha, bao dung chiu dung Dd la nhung gia tri chuin muc tao nen su bdn viing cbo hdn nhan gia dmh Cho dit nhiing quy dinh chat che va Cling nhac ciia npi ham cac khai niem tren cd the chi phdi mpt mirc dp nao dd tu ca nhan ciia ngudi, nhung su dan gian hda va danh gia cao nhiing tieu chi tren cudc sdng gia dmh thuc su dang khien nhieu cudc hdn nhan di den tan vp Day la thuc trang dang didn cang phd bidn d Iang Tidn Lp va cac vung ven dd (PVS, nam cao tudi, lang Tien Ld) Thay IM kit Gia dinh d Tien Ld cdn bao luu nhieu gia tri van hda truydn thdng nhu hidu Id, tuang than tuong Thuc hanh cac nghi Ie la dip dd cac vidn, dac bidt la gidi tre, hieu vd gia tri van hdafruyenthdng, vd nhiing gia tri cdt Idi Van hda gia dmh dupc ngudi dan bao luu va trao truyen tir cac Id nghi, gia quy Trong cupc sdng nay, vd cp ban nhiing nghi le, truyen thdng gia dmh vin dupc ngudi dan Tidn Le bao luu, thuc hanh Tuy nhien, ciing vdi thdi gian, dudi su tac ddng ciia nhidu mat ciia ndn kmh td thi trudng, dd thi hda dang dien nhanh chdng, van hda gia dinh d lang Tidn Ld dang diing trudc sir thay ddi khdng hd nhd Bidu hien ro nhit la nhitng hidn tupng van hda mdi, van hda ngoai Iai xen lin van hda truydn thdng Didu dang lam mit di ban sic van hda truydn thong Nhiing td nan xa hdi nhu cd bac, bao luc gia dmh dang cang trd vin dd dang lo ngai Ly hdn cd xu hudng gia tang Trong bdi canh hidn nay, nhidu gia dmh khdng hidu hit cac gia tri giao due an chiia cac nghi Id Tham chi, khdng it gia dmh cd didu kidn Luong Vdn Thiet Nguyin Thj Dung 79 CO xiiy eho nhiing hinh thiie nghi le ton kem Dieu cang lam cho van hda gia dmh Tiln Le ddi mat vdi nhieu thach thiic qua trinh biln ddi Tai li|u tham khao Dang liy xa Tien Yen 2014 Qiey uac ldng Van hoa thon Tiin Le Ha Npi Dang uy xa Tiln Yen 2015 Bao cao tinh hinh kinh tl, chinh tri van hoa, xa hpi, an ninh, qu6c phong HaNoi Do Thi Binh, Le Ngoc Van 2002 Gia dinh Viet Nam vd nguai phu nir gia dinh thai ky cong nghiip hoa, hien dtfi hoa ddt nuac Nxb Khoa hoc xa hoi Ha Noi Endrweit.G va G.Trommsdorff 2001 7i> diin Xa hgi hoc Nxb Thg gioi Tai ban 2002 Le Minh 1994 Van hoa gia dinh Viet Nam vd suphdt trien xd hgi Nxb Van hoa dan toe, Ha Noi Le Nhir Hoa 2001 Vdn hoa gia dinh vdi vi^c hinh thdnh vd phdt trien nhan cdch tre em Nxb Van h6aThong tin Ha Npi Nh5t Thanh 2016 Ddt le que thoi Nxb H6ng Diic (tai ban) Phan Kl Binh 1915 Ki"e(A^om;?Aong(yc Nxb TP H6 Chi Minh Toan Anh 1992 Nep cU Tap 2, Nxb TP H I Chi Minh Tuang Lai 1996 NhOng nghien cim xd hoi hpc vi gia dinh Vi4t Nam Nxb Khoa hpc xa h§i, Ha NOi Tr2n Ngpc Them 1997 Tim ve bdn sdc vdn hoa Viet Nam Nxb TP H6 Chi NCnh TrSn Tir 1984 Cacdu to chuc cua ldng Vi^t c6 truyen crBac Bg Nxb Khoa hpc xa hpi Ha Npi UBND huyen Hoai Due 2012 Hodi Diec mgt vung Vdn hoa ddn gian Nxb Van hoa-Thong tin, Ha Npi VuNgpc Khanh 1998 Ka« Aoo gia tfi»A Nxb Van hoa dan tpc, Ha Npi  ... hda gia dink Nhfrng goc nhin k van hoa gia dinh 2.1 Gia dinh Dinh nghia gia dinh duoc ti6p can dudi hai goc dp Thd nhit, gia dmh dugfc dinh nghia vai tu each la mot thilt chi xa hoi Thii hai, gia. .. vien gia dinh Tu day, co thi hilu vl van hoa gia dmh: Van hoa gia dinh la he thong nhung gia tri, chuin muc khu biet dac thu, dieu tiet moi quan he giiia eac vien gia dinh va moi quan he giua gia. .. ldn cac hd gia dinh thdn Van hoa gia dinh a Tien L^ Gia dinh d lang Tidn Le la gia dinh nhd theo che dp phu quydn Dai da sd cac gia dinh gdm hai thd he bd me va cpn cai Tuy ca ciu gia dinh mdt