Ảnh hưởng của đạo đức nho giáo trong văn hóa gia đình việt nam hàn quốc

Trdn Dinh Thao Anh hu&ng cua dgo ddc nho g ANH HirdNG CUA DAO DlTC NHO GIAO TRONG VAN HOA GIA DINH VIET NAM - HAN QUOC Trdn Dmh Thdo* Dai hgc Ngi vu Hd Ngi Ngdy nhdn bdi: 9/04/2018, ngdy gui phdn biin: 01/06/2018, ngdy duyet ddng: 20/06/2018 T/'ie/ Nam vd Hdn Qudc Id hai nuoc co chung logi hinh vdn hda cda nhimg cu ddn ndng V nghiep liia nuoc, nen co nhiing net tuong dong suy nghi, cdch song vd ddc biet vdn hda ung xu Hai nuoc cd qud trinh giao lim tiep xuc v&i vdn hda Tnmg Hoa bdi c ddng vdn nhdt Id dnh hu&ng cita Nho gido Mgt nhirng dnh hu&ng dch cue day la vdn hda xu Ld quy cdch ung xu cua cdp duoi v&i cdp trin, cua chdng vol vg, cda cdi v&i cha me Til khda: Nho gido, van hda iing xir, tuong ddng van hda nhat thi du dao diic Nho giao ed du nhdp din ddu se khdng thay ddi Dd la "Ludn thu&ng": "Tam cuong, NgU thu&ng, Tam tdng, Tuduc"; Dao, Diic cua ngudi quan tir Nho giao dupe gpi la chdn h vThh eihi, cdc nha Nho d bdt kl thdi nao, bdt ky ncd nao, dSu phai dimg dao diic Nho gido de nhin mpi hien thuc, xem xet danh gia sy viec dd cd cae chudn myc dao diic de ddnh gia eon ngudi B£n canh dd, cd the thdy Nho gido Viet Nam, cflng nhu d Han Qudc vdi gid tri dao diic cua nd, song chan hda cimg vdi Phdt giao, Dao gido Trong lich sii chua hS cd chinh quyen Nho gido nao dan dp Phat giao, Dao gido; cung Mpt so npi dung co* ban ciia dao dih: nhu cdc ehinh quyen Phat gido dan ap Nho, Nho giao Dao Trong dd, eac gido phai, he tudng d Nho giao fruyin ba vdo Viet Nam, Han mpt sd nudc lai bai trir, cdng kich Su Quoe da dupe bien ddi cho phu hpp vdi truyin chung sdng hai hda dd thupc vl bdn chdt thing, tinh each eon ngudi Viet, Hdn^ Nhung ngudi Viet Nam, Hdn Qudc vd ciing la ban trudc het cdn khdng dinh chdc chdn rdng: chat, tu tudng dao diic, chii khdng phai ehi nhung gia tri cdt 15i, nhung cdi chung co ban tu tudng "dong nguyen" Dao diic Nho giao day ngudi dan dng phai "nhdn, nghia, li, tri, lin" hay "trungddng", cdn ngudi phu nii phai * quynhqlkh.vass@gmail.com "cdng, dung, ngon, hgnh", dilu ndy phii hop ' Chu Hy (1999), tr 103 Mo'dau Nho gido ciing nhu dao diic Nho giao ddi tir thdi Ha Thuong, din thdi Xuan Thu Chien Qudc frd he thdng tu tudng va nhanh chdng frd tu tudng chinh thdng xa hpi Nho giao vdi nhflng gia tri, chudn myc dao diic lam nen tinh tiiy frong kho tang vdn hda Trung Qudc Bdi vay, nd an sdu bdm chac frong ddi sdng tinh than eiia hp Ngudi Viet Nam, Han Qudc vdi tmh than ham hpc hdi va cd sy giao luu van hda, nen da hi hiit vao van minh, vdn hda Trung Qudc hi hang nghm nam nay' ^ Ly Xuan Chung (thang 6/2001), tr.5 Nghien ciiu An Do vd Chau A S6 - 2018 ngudi song ed phep tac vd theo nhiing chuan myc dao diie nhdt dinh Hgc ihuyit Tam cuong Hpc thuyet ndi ve ba moi quan he: quan he giflu nha vua va be tdi, quan he gifla cha va con, quan he giira va vdi chdng Trong xa hpi phong kien, nhirng mdi quan he ndy dupe cac vua chua lap tren nhiing nguyen tac khd Cling ran Trong quan he vua - tdi: Vua ndi gj be tdi phai nghe theo, thdm chi bdo be tdi chet be toi ciing phdi tuan lenh Nhu vdy mdi Id trung vdi vua Trong quan he cha - con: cha khien eon chet, khdng chet thi khdng cd hieu Trong quan he vp - chdng: chong ndi vp phai nghe theo bat luan dimg hay sai Ddng Trpng Thu cdn ndi: ba mdi quan he Trong dao diic eua Nho giao ed nhiing ndi quan than, phu tir, phu phu thi be tdi, con, vp dung ehinh la "Tam cuong, Ngu thuong, Tam phdi phuc tung vua, cha, chdng Hon nu-a vua, long, Tu due" Dd Id nhung chuan muc ma cha, chong Id duong; be toi, con, vp la dm; md nam gidi vd nii gidi phdi theo Theo Khdng Tir matfrditrpng -duong khdng trgng dm Cho nen frong xa hgi md cd dupe nhung pham chat dd khdng nhflng ve mat quan he xa hdi ma theo y trdi, be tdi, con, vp phai d dja vi phuc timg^ thi xa hdi mdi dupe an thinh Sau ndy Tam cuong cd sy bd sung hai mdi Anh hirong ciia dao diic Nho giao den quan he niia: anh - em (trudng du), ban be; nen dupe ggi la Ngu ludn van hda gia dinh Nho gido van edn anh hudng khdng nho Sy gdn giii va diem tuong ddng ve van hda frong cdc gia dmh Viet Nam va Hdn Qudc dd den ddi song gia dinh, eac phdm chdt, dao diic Id dlu dl eao chfl' "Hiiu" frong gia dinh Chfl: cua ngudi phu nu Viet Nam vd Han Quoc "Hiiu" da frd thdnh chudn mue van hda cua vdn cd nhflng quan diem coi thuong phu nii, cac gia dinh Viet Nam vd Han Quoe Ddn gian lay tieu chudn tii diic Idm ddu cong, dung, Han Qudc ed cdu: "Ngay cd udng nuac ngdn, hanh Truyen thdng quan he cha vd lgnh ciing phdi cd trin co duoi", cho thay hieu anh em den frong gia dinh Viet Nam vd le va tinh ton ti ludn hien dien frong mpi khia Han Quoc van giu dupe tu tudng cua Nho carih ciia ddi sdng gia dinh Ngudi Viet Nam giao Id net dep quan he van hoa xa hgi cimg cd cdu "Kinh trin nhuong duoi" Bieu Viet Nam vd Han Quoe Nhflng nghi thiic iing tupng ldn nhdt cua truyen thong van hda dan xir hang ngdy, nhiing ldi ran day cua dng cha, tdc Viet Nam chinh la luon khuyen ran nhflng gia hudn van giu dupe luu truyen den vdi tinh each ngudi Viet Viet Nam hdu nhu khdng ed su bai xich gifl'a cdc tdn giao Neu dao diic Nho giao Trung Qudc neu cao tu tudng "trung qudn" rdi mdi "di qudc" tlie lay quan he vua - tdi ldm ddu Cdn dao dire Nho giao Viet Nam lai "di qudc" rdi mdi "trung qudn ", viec nudc dat hdng dau, tat cd vl Ipi ich dan tdc Truyen thdng yeu nudc da ngam vdo mau thit ngudi Viet Nam Van de la dao dire Id vdn de co bdn nhdt, bao quat nhat cua Nho gido, ciia hpc thuyet Khdng - Manh Con ngudi sd dT Id chiia te mudn loai, xet eho cimg la dao diic cua ngudi Cho nen tir Chu Cdng, Khdng Tir den eac de tir tdt cd deu coi cdng viec frau ddi, ren luyen dao diic Id cdng viec cao quy hang ddu cua bdt cir ai, du Id thien hi hay thii dan ^ Dai hoc Qu6c gia Seoul (2008), tr.67 Trdn Dinh Thdo Anh hu&ng cda dgo ddc nho gido nhdt the Nhdn la cdi gdc l&n cua sir sinh hda tr&i ddt The gian nh& md dung vgn vat nh& ma sinh, qudc gia nho md cdn, li nghia nh& mdphdt hiin Cho nin, Khdng gido lay nhdn la cdi tong chi nhdt tong gido, chinh tri vd hgc thuat cua thien hg Nhdn la cdi tich tu duong cua nho hgc"^ "Ngd thu&ng": dupe eoi la nam tieu chudn Trong "nhdn " edn cd trung, hieu, le "Nghia": xet frong mdi quan he vdi thdng thudng nhdt cua ngudi qudn tir Ngfl Id nam, thudng la hang cd Ngfl thudng Id nam "nhdn " thi "nghia " la hinh thiic eua "nhdn " ^eu hdng cd trcmg d ddi: nhan, nghia, le, "Nghia " la phan ta phai lam, la menh lenh tdi cao Manh Tu bd sung them quan diem ciia tri, tin "Nhdn": Khdng Tir coifrpngnhat la nhan Khdng Tir ve "nghia" frong Ngu thudng vd Id tu tudng ehu dao hpc thuyet cua Manh Tir coi frpng nhat la nhan nghTa, do dng "Nhdn " dung daufrongcac dieu thien Vi khdng chii y den lpi, (vdi Nho gia "nghia " va vdy, Khong Tii ndi rang: "Qudn tu the nhdn '7p7" la hai tir hoan toan ddi lap) Manh Tir noi tuc di tru&ng nhdn, gia hgi tuc dihgp le, lgi vatrang: neu tii vua quan den dan thudng deu lite dihoa nghia, trinh cd tuc dicdn sir" (nghiatranh lpi thi nudc se nguy Trai lai, chua Id qudn tir lay "nhdn " lam the la du lam trudng timg thay ngudi cd nhan lai bo vo vdi ngudi thdnh cho ngudi, hpp cac cai tdt dep la du lam thdn, chua timg thay ngudi cd nghia lai quen cho hpp le, lpi cho van vat la dii lam hda cdi vua nghTa, biet cdi trinh chinh md cd giiia Id dii lam "Li": ben CEUih "nhdn" Khdng Tir cdn rat gdc eho mpi sy) chii frpng den "li", nhung "li" theo Khong Cdc de hdi Khdng Tii thi dng vdo tu Tir khong phai la mdt tieu chudn dao diie hoan each, hgc lyc eiia moi ngudi ma frd Idi Nhan toan doe lap ma la mdt van de ludn ludn gan Tii hdi "nhdn", dng ndi rdng: "khac ki phuc le lien vdi "nhdn" Trong mdi quan he giiia vi nhdn": sua minh theo le Id nhan Phdn Tri "nhdn - le", "nhan" la gdc, la npi dung, hdi "tt/idn", Khdng Tii tra Idi; "di nhdn", "di 'ie" la bieu hien cua "nhan" va cd the dieu nhdn" (thuong ngudi), "kisd bdt due vgl thi u chinh diic nhan eho diing myc Khdng Tii ndi: nhdn ": dieu gi minh khdng mudn thi dimg dem "cung kinh md khong biet le thi met nhgc, edn than md khdng biil le thi nhut nhdt, diing cdm dp dung cho ngudi khae Nhu vay, Le thdn Trdn Trpng Kim cd vilt md khong biet li thi ldm logn, thdng thdn md frong Nho gido: "c/ii? nhdn vdn hdm cd chd di khdng biit le thi ldm phdt y nguoi khde " cac ddi chau Viee thd ciing dng ba cha me frong nha gdn liln vdi viec thd ciing td tien hp, vi?c xay d\mg nha thd, sira sang md ma, smi tdm ghi ch^p gia pha, dlu gdp phan lam khdng khit hon mdi quan he frong gia i£nh, gia tpc Da cd nhieu bieu hien tdt dep cua tinh ngudi sinh tir Vi cd nhdn moi cd di cd di m&i cd long thucmg "Tri": la su thdng bilt 11 le, phan biet thien ngu&i yiu vdt, mudn cho vgn vdt bao gi& cUng dc, dimg sai Trong hpc thuyet cua Nho gia, tri cd cdi khodi Igc md sdng & d&i B&i co ldngId hieu biet dupe dao frong mpi mdi quan he nhdn ngu&i ta moi hgp qudn vtri nhau, m&i cd ldn nhd, rdng hep, cao thdp cua eon ngudi vdi long bdc di moi coi nhu anh em xem cd dodn thi nhu mgt ngu&i, xem ca vd tru nhu * Ngo Xuan Binh, Pham Quy Long (d6ng chu bien) (2000), tr 19 Nghien ciiu An Bp va Chdu A So - 2018 frdi dat, mudn vdt va vdi mpi ngudi khac frong thien Ndi each khac, thi hien d cho biet dupe mpt each diing dan ro rang dieu phai dieu trai mpi van de ndy tir mat dao diic Giang giai cho hpe frd la Trpng Do, Khong Tii ndi "hieu tri bdt hieu hgc ky te dd ddng" nghia la ham tri ma khdng ham hpe, cai hai che Idp mat tri la sy bira bai, lung tung (Ludn ngii) "Tin": giii diing ldi, dang tin cay Trong quan niem ciia Khdng - Manh, trung hay di ddi vdi "tin" Khdng Tir ty ddnh gid: "thdp thdt chi dp tdt hdu trung tin nhu Khdu gid yin ", nghia la mpt ap mudi nha, at ed ngudi trung tin nhu Khau thdi "Tin" ciing the hien ldng that tha Trong quan he giiia ngudi vdi ngudi, theo Khdng gido, diic tin la diie cua dao bang hflu Dac biet la ddi voi nhung ngudi tri nudc, tn dan thi diic tin cua hp frpng het siic Cd the ndi day la quan niem khd linh boat so vdi cae quan niem khac "Tam long": la ba dieu ngudi phu nu' phdi theo, ed nghia la: tai gia tdng phu (ngucd phu nu: cdn d nha phdi theo cha); xuat gia tdng phu (lay chdng phai theo chdng); phu hi tdng tir (neu chong qua ddi phdi theo eon) "Tu due": la bdn tinh nit tdt ma ngudi phu nfl' phai ed, la: cdng - dung - ngdn - hanh "Cong" la kheo leo frong viee lam; "Dung" la hda nha frong sac dien; "Ngdn" la mem mai frong ldi ndi; "Hgnh " la nhu mi frong tmh n l t ^ Vi thi, frong xa hpi Viet Nam trudc mac nhien thira nhdn: "Trai thi trung hiiu ldm ddu, gdi thi tiit hgnh lam cdu trau minh " Ngoai ra, cdn cd Luc ki la sau mdi quan he vdi nhirng ngucri ngang hang: ngang hdng vdi cha, ngang hang vdi me, ngang hang vdi anh em, voi thdy gido, vdi hp hang, vdi ban be Phan Ngoc (2006), tr.22 Nho giao nhat la frong tu tudng cua Khdng Tii thudng ehi ban den ngudi "Qudn tu" day cho hp cd diic hanh hoan toan va cd nhan pham cao quy, cdn ke "Tiiu nhdn" khdng duoc nhdc den Sach Luan ngfl- ed viet: ""'Qudn td thuong dgt, tieu nhdn hg dgt", nghia Id tiie quan tir ve cai li cao minh, tieu nhan dat ve cai h' de Cae nha tu tudng Nho giao de cao ngudi "qudn tu", coi thudng ke "tiiu nhdn" Liic ddu "qudn tu" la ndi ve ngudi cd dia vi tdn quy, "tiiu nhdn " la ndi ve thudng dan, khdng cd dia vi frong xa hpi Sau md rdng nghia hon, "qudn tu" la ngudi cd due hanh tdn quy, tieu nhan la ngudi ed ehi hen Vi vdy, ngudi "qudn tu" phai dat ba dieu qua trinh tu than: "Dgt dao": theo Nho gia, "dao" la quy ludt bien chuyen, tien hda cua frdi ddt, mudn vat Ddi vdi ngudi "dgo" la eon dudng diing dan phdi noi theo de xdy dyng quan he lanh manh tdt dep "Bgo " cua ngudi theo quan diem cua Nho gia Id phdi phu hpp vdi tinh ngudi, ngudi lap nen Tir Tu ndi rang: "Qudn tir chi dgo, tgo doan hd phu phu, cap ki chi gid sdt ho thiin dia ", nghia Id "dao " ciia ngudi quan tir lap mdi ddu d dieu nhd mpn tdm thuong cua nhiing ke didt phu thdt phu lam dupe, ma len den cimg cue, tM xet ro viec frdi dat "Dgt dgo Irong thien hg eo ndm diiu md ngu&i qudn tuphdi theo: dgo vua toi dgo cha con, dgo vg chdng, dgo anh em dgo bgn be " (sach Trung Dung), tuong duang vdi "qudn thdn, phu tu, phu phu, huynh di, bdng hdu" (do chinh la Ngfl ludn) Trong xa hpi cdch cu xii tot nhat la "trung dung " "Dgt due": (gdn chat vdi dao) tir "due" frong kmh diln Nho gia thuong dupe dimg de ehi mpt cai gi de chi pham chat tdt dep eiia ngudi tam hdn y thiic ciing nhu hinh Tran Dinh Thao Anh hu&ng cita dgo due nho gido thiic, dang dieu Vi vdy ngudi quan hi phdi dat ba due: "nhdn - tri - diing" Khdng Tu ndi: "due cua ngu&i qudn tu co ba "due " md ta chua ldm dugc Nguoi "nhdn " khdng lo budn, ngu&i "tri" khdng nghi nggi nguoi "ddng" khdng so hdi" (sach Luan ngir) Ve sau, Manh Tir thay "dung" bdng "le, nghia" nen ba "^wc" frd thdnh idn "due": "nhdn, nghia, le, tri" Han nho them mdt "due" la "tin", nen ed tat ca nam "due" Id: "nhdn, nghia, li, tri, lin" (tiic Ngfl thudng) Biet thi thu, le, nhgc: ngoai cae tieu chudn ve "dgo" "due", ngudi qudn tir edn phdi biet "Ihi thu, le, nhgc ", ngudi quan tu phdi ed vdn van hoa todn dien Sau nude Tan thdng nhdt Tmng Quoc, nhd Tdn tiep tuc sir dung tu tudng Phap gia lam ducmg loi tri nudc nen nhanh chdng bi lat dd Nam 136 (TCN), chdp nhan y kiln cua Ddng Trpng Thu, Han Vfl D I lenh "Bdi trudt bdch gia, dgc ton Nho gido " Tir dd, Nho gido frd he tu tudng chinh thdng eua xd hdi Trung Qudc "7am cuong, Ngii thu&ng, Tam tdng Tu due" frd thdnh nhiing tieu chudn dao due chu yeu xa hdi vd ddng vai frd rdt quan frpng frong viee bao ve frat ty frong suot chieu dai lich sii phong kiln Trung Qudc Ket luan Anh hudng ciia Nho gido frong lich sii phdt triln xd hpi, truyin thing van hda cua Viet Nam va Han Qudc van tilp tuc Day la mdt sy that khong phii nhdn dupe Vdn de "ggn due khoi Irong" Nho giao dl phuc vu muc dich tich cyc cho ddt nudc hien frong sy nghiep cdng nghiep hda hien daii hda la vdn dl edn ldm Tren dudng hudng din muc tieu dan giau nudc manh, xa hdi cdng bdng, dan chu van minh, chiing ta khdng thi phii nhdn hoan toan nhflng gi ma Nho giao dl lai nhung can phdi thay dupe nhiing dilm tich cue cdn phdt huy va han che ndo phai kbdc phuc Tki lieu tham khao Ly Xuan Chung, "Tim hilu mgt vai khia canh ve van hda truyen thong Han Qudc" frong Ngo Xudn Binh, Pham Qu;^ Long (dong chu bien) (2000), Hdn Qudc tren duang phdt trien, Nxb Thdng ke Ha Ndi Dai hpc Qu6c gia Seoul (2008), Xd hoi Hdn Qudc hiin dgi, Nxb Dai hpc Qudc gia Ha Ngi Chu Hy (1999), Tu thu tap chu, Nxb Van hda thdng tin Phan Ngpc (2006), Bdn sac vdn hoa Viet Nam, Nxb Van hpc Trdn Ngpc Them (2000), Ca s& vdn hda Viet Nam, Nxb Giao due Ly Xudn Chung, "Tim hilu van dl Nho giao du nhdp vdo Han Qu6c", Tgp chi Nghiin curu Ddng Bdc A, sd (33), thdng 6/2001 Le Thi Thu Giang, "Y thiic gia dinh Nho gido frong each suy nghT cua ngudi Han Qu6c", Tgp chi Nghien ciru Bong Bae A, so (48), thang 12/2003 Nguyen Van Hong, "Nhdn thiic vl gia fri van hda Nho gido truyen thdng Han Quoc vdi xa hpi hien dai", Tgp chi Nghien am Ddng Bdc A, s6 (45), thang 6/2003 Nguyen Ba Thdnh (chu bien) (2002), Tuang ddng vdn hda Hdn Qudc - Viet Nam, Nxb Van hda Choe Je-mok (2004), Ddi thogi giira Nho gido vd hien dgi, Nxb Hakjin, Han Qudc 10 Hwang Ui-dong (2002), Ddi thoai giira Nho gido vd hien dgi, Nxb YeMun, Hdn Qudc 11 Keum Jang-tae(1989), Tim hiiu Nho gido Hdn Qudc, Nxb Vdn hda dan tgc, Seoul  ... hda Viet Nam, Nxb Giao due Ly Xudn Chung, "Tim hilu van dl Nho giao du nhdp vdo Han Qu6c", Tgp chi Nghiin curu Ddng Bdc A, sd (33), thdng 6/2001 Le Thi Thu Giang, "Y thiic gia dinh Nho gido frong... hieu anh em den frong gia dinh Viet Nam vd le va tinh ton ti ludn hien dien frong mpi khia Han Quoc van giu dupe tu tudng cua Nho carih ciia ddi sdng gia dinh Ngudi Viet Nam giao Id net dep quan... Viet Nam hdu nhu khdng ed su bai xich gifl'a cdc tdn giao Neu dao diic Nho giao Trung Qudc neu cao tu tudng "trung qudn" rdi mdi "di qudc" tlie lay quan he vua - tdi ldm ddu Cdn dao dire Nho giao