Doan Timg Anh Cudc chinh phuc Tdy A ciia Mdng Cd - Cuoc chinh phuc Tay A cua Mong Co TriroTig hop Baghdad nam 1258 Dodn TUng Anh* Tru&ng Bgi hgc Khoa hoc xa hgi vd Nhdn vdn, Bgi hgc Quoc gia Hd Npi Ngdy nhdn bdi: 28/05/2019 ngdy gui phdn bien: 29/05/2019 ngdy duyet dang 06/06/2019 ^T^rong the ky XIII, nguai Mdng Cd dd ihiit lap dugc mdt de che trdi ddi tie Ddng sang Tdy J- bao trum len mot khu vuc rdng l&n vdi nhiiu nin vdn minh ndi tieng thi gi&i Neu nhu tham vgng cua nguai Mdng Cd a phia Ddng Id Trung Hoa thi & phia Tdy muc lieu cua ho Id Tdy A v&i su gidu cd vi thuang mgi Baghdad, v&i vi tri yiu he thdng giao thuang chdu A Id mdi muc tliu quan trgng md ngu&i Mdng Cd phdi chiem duac neu mudn khdng che todn bd khu vuc Tdy A cdng nhu tgo bdn dgp cho cdc cugc chinh phuc liep theo vi phia Tdy Bdi viit lim hiiu qud trinh xdm chiem Tdy A cua ngirai Mdng Cd, trong tdm la nhiing nguyen nhdn vd he qud ciia cudc chinh phuc Baghdad ndm 1258 Tu khda: Mong Cd, Tay A, Baghdad, cupc chinh phuc T3y A tinh toan chien lugc cua Mdng Cd Nam 1206, cac bd lac du muc Mdng Co da dugc thong nhat Iai dudi sy quan che ciia mpt Khagan (Kha Han) co ten la Thiet Mdc Chan (1162-1227), nguai thucmg dugc biet ddn voi cai ten Thanh Cat Tu Han (cq 1206-1227) Dudi sy chi daa cua ong, ngudi Mong Cd da nhanh chong banh trudng thi lyc ciia minh trgn ca phia Ddng Ian phia Tay Den nam ! 218, bign giai cua dg che Mdng Co mai ndi da tiep giap vdi khu vuc Tay A giitu co Vao thdi diem Thanh Cat Tu Han xay dyng dg chg ciia minh, khu vyc Tay A nim dudi sy khong chi ciia bin thi lyc chinh: De chi Ayyubid (1171-1250); Hdi qudc Seljuk Rum (1075-1308); D I chi Abbasid (750-1258) va De che Khwarizmian (1077-1231) Bi phan tam bdi cac mau thuan vg chi'nh tri-tdn giao, khdng co nha nudc nao san sang trudc moi de dpa dang cang hien ro dii da dugc canh bao' Dgn thap nign 20 ciia the ky XIII, Tay A cang tra muc tigu quan trpng chign lugc hudng ve phuong Tay ciia nguai Mdng Cd Trong Ijch su, cac de chg du muc noi Ign d khu vyc Trung A khong chi dya vao quan su ma nhd vao thuang mai Ddng - Tay Cac Kha Han Mong Co luon khat khao chiem giii' nhirng du'dng giao thuang va nhieu trung tam kinh te lan a TSy A^ Digu duac the hien ro qua no luc chinh thuc hoa quan he giao thucmg cua Thanh Cat Tu Han mpt biic thu dng giri cho Khwarezmian: " Tdi Id vua cua viing ddt mat ir&i moc, ngdi la vua ciia vitng ddt mat tr&i ldn Chung la hay citng thiit lap mdt hiep u&c ciia hda binh vd tinh bgn, hay di cdc thuang nhdn vd karwan (lir khdch) lie cd hai nudc cd the tu di lgi hay de cho ho mang nhirng xa xi phdm cdng nhu hdng hoa tdm thu&ng ctia ddt nuac tdi din cho ngdi, vd tuang tic nhu vdy hay di hg *thangktfu v@gmail.com ^ Abu Osman Minhajuddin bin Sirajuddin (H.G Raverty U-ans 1995); Peter Jackson (2017) ^ Thomas T.Allsen (1989) Nghien ciru An Dp va Chau A S6 - 2019, tr.24-31 Do3n T6ng Anh Cudc chinh phuc Tdy A cita Mdng Cd dem [hdng hda] din cho tdi"^ Tuy nhign, ngudi Khwarezmian da tir chdi Idi de nghj, va tham sat phai doan ciia Mdng Cd Khi biet dugc tin nay, Mdng Cd da quyet dinh chien tranh vdi Khwarezmian Cupc chien ba nam vai Khwarezmian (1219-1221) da thay doi muc tidu ciia ngudi Mdng Co ddi vdi Tay A Trong chien lugc ciia Mdng Cd, Tay A khdng chi cd y nghTa kinh tg ma cdn co y nghTa chinh tri, quan sy: Ve kinh tg, Tay A vira la tram trung chuyen hang hoa giira phuang Ddng va phuang Tay, vira co cac mat hang gia tri cao nhu vai lua, thep, da quy Ci day ciing c6 cac thao nguygn ldn vdi hau kho phil hgp cho ngn kinh te du muc Do do, muc tieu cua ngudi Mong Cd vdi Tay A khdng chi la kiem soat hoat dpng thuang mai giau cd ma cdn nham khai thac nhtmg tigm nang cho viec ehan nudi gia siic Trgn phuang dien chinh trj, siic manh ciia ngudi Mdng Cd phu thupc vao kha nang quan sy ciing nhu mdi lien ket huydt thdng gia dinh Cac Kha Han luon phai ddi mat vai kha nang bj canh tranh quygn lyc nguygn tac binh dang viec kg thira ngai vang (polygeniture) Do vay, hp phai loi keo sy ung hp tir cac bd lac chu hau Iam suy yeu cac ddi thii Nguai Mdng Co phai chinh phuc them cac lanh thd mdi de tri he thdng be da cua chinh the Cac Kha Han ciing can cd thgm dit dg chia cho ngudi than tin dg tao thg kigm tda cac ddi thii Vai Mdng Kha (Cq 1251-1259), viec chinh phyc Tay A la mdt myc tigu chi'nh tri quan dl can bing sue manh giiia the lyc chdng ddi va iing ho, ngan ehan cudc npi chien giai cam quyen Mong C6 Ong can thgm dat dai de phong cho em trai nham tao them vay canh chdng Iai phe ddi lap d Chagatai va Sarai Batu Ve quan sy, Tay A la mpt nhtmg khu vyc chien lugc ma ngudi Mong Cd can nam giu de banh trydng anh huong Nim d giao diem ciia ba chau luc, Tay A la ban dap de md dudng cho cac cupc chinh phuc tigp theo xa hon vg phia Tay Tim quan trpng ciia Tay A cac myc tieu cua ngudi Mdng Cd dac biet quan trpng kg tir thdi ky ciia Mdng Kha Trudc do, mac dii da chinh phuc Khwarezmian va thilt lap chg dp cai trj tai day, nhung viec ngudi Mdng Cd khdng tao da tiln xa cho thay hp khong qua chii trpng dgn Tay A The cupc chi thay ddi Mdng Kha Ien cai tri va cu Hiic Liet Ngdt dem quan vg phia Tay nham thye hien nhiing toan tinh chinh tri sau xa ciia minh Qua trinh chinh phuc Tay A cua Mdng C6 (1219-1260) D I chg Mong Co da td chirc nhilu chien djch quan su nham vao khu vyc Tay A Qua trinh chinh phuc Tay A chii ygu diln giai doan 1219-1260, vdi ba giai do^tn chi'nh: - Giai dogn 1219-1221: Mdng Cd hudc dhu tien vi khu vuc Tay A Cac chiln djch giai doan dugc dich than Thanh Cat Tu Han chi dao Muc tigu chu ygu la danh chilm dl che Khwarezmian, dap tra viec hp giet mdt phai doan Mdng C6 nam 1218 va giai quyet cac tranh chap thuang mai ma ngudi Khwarezmian ngan can cac thuang doan* ' Abu Osman Minhajuddin bin Sirajuddin (H G Raverty Uans 1995), ibid, p.966; Jack Weatherford (VS Phuong Linh djch, 2018) * Nhu chii thich s6 02 Nghien cim An Dp va Chau A S6 - 2019, tr.24-31 25 Doan Tung Anh Cudc chinh phuc Tdy A ciia Mdng Cd Quan Mdng Cd tran vg phia Tay nam 1219 Cac phd ciia Khwarezmian nhanh chdng that thii vao dau nam 1220^ Sultan Muhammad II chay den mpt hon dao tren bien Caspian va chet tai nam 1220 Hoang tu Jalal al-DTn tigp tyc khang cy den cuoi nam 1221 roi thao chay dgn Hdi qudc Delhi Dieu da danh dau hoan cudc chinh phuc Khwarezmian Trong tam nam sau Thanh Cat Tu Han nit quan (1222-1230), Ba Tu tra ngn kho kigm soat Nguai Mong Co bi diy vl Transoxiana bdi viec Jalal al-DTn quat khai nam 1224 Do cupc chign tranh vai nha Kim va sy tranh chap ngdi vj tai Mong Cd sau cai chgt ciia Thanh Cat Tu Han (1227), chi den nam 1229, Kha Han mdi la Oa Khoat Dai mdi Iai co thg chii y den van de phia Tay - Giai dogn 1230-1250: Mong Co tdi lap su cai tri tgi Ba Tu va tien hanb cdc cupc chinh phuc m&i vdo Tdy A Giai doan nay, cac cupc chinh phuc ciia ngudi Mdng Cd dugc chi dao bdi hai vign tuang Chormaghun (tir 1230 den 1241) va Baiju (tir 1241 den 1250) Muc tieu ban dau ciia nguai Mdng Cd la tai lap sy cai tri tai mign Tay Ba Tu Nam 1230-31, Chormaghun chigm dugc Khorasan va Azerbaijan.^ Jalal al-DTn bd chay va bj giet nam 1231 bdi mpt ndng dan nguai Kurd Sau do, cac tigu qudc nhu Isfahan (1236), Dai Armenia (1236) va Georgia (1239) da phai quy phuc Mdng Cd' Nam 1238, quan Mdng Cd td chirc mpt cupc tan cong vao Nam 1241, Baiju thay thg Chormaghun tiep tuc tan cdng Tay A Sau bi danh bai tai tran Kose Dag (1243), Sultan Seljuk Rum bupc phai chap nhan Iam chu hau cho Mong Cd Quan Mdng Cd dot kich vao Syria va Palestine, lam suy yeu De che Ayyubid Dii bi day liii cac cupc tan cdng lien tigp vao Baghdad, ngucri Mong Cd da ca ban cdng viec Cling cd che dp cai trj tai Ba Tu, Caucasus va Anatolia vao nam 1250 - Giai dogn 1251-1260: Su bank trie&ng mgnh me cua ngu&i Mong Co & Tdy A, chinh phuc Baghdad (1258) vd viec thdnh lap Il-khanate Giai doan ma rpng "chdm nhung chdc" ciia ngudi Mdng Cd tai Tay A kgt thiic vdi viec Mdng Kha len ngdi nam 1251 Ong trien khai hai chiln djch cad phia Ddng va phi'a Tay, do, Hiic Liet Ngpt lanh dao chien dich tdi Tay A bit diu nam 1255 Myc tieu ma Mdng Kha giao cho Hue Liet Ngpt la chinh phuc mpi lanh thd d Tay A va Ai Cap' De hoan muc tieu nay, quan Mdng Co trudc tign tigu diet diit diem lyc lugng Hashashin vao nam 1257 Viec tran ap Hashashin da ma dudng cho Hiic Liet Ngpt tdi Baghdad va chigm dugc phd vao 10 thang nam 1258 Phan Ion quan Mong Cd da bupc phai quay Iai Karakorum de tham gia cupc ban Kha Han mai Mong Kha tii tran (1259), mdt so lyc lugng tilp tuc tien danh Syria Thang nam 1260, Damascus dau hang Khi tien xuong Palestine, Mdng Cd da phai nhan lay that bai quygt dinh higm hoi sau nira the ky chinh phat the gidi tai Ain Jalut (3.9.1260) Budc tiln ciia ngudi Mdng Co tai Tay A da dirng lai Nhiing nguai kg vi ciia Hiic Liet Ngpt sau d6 da co ging to chirc cac dpt tan cdng nhung dgu that bai Lanh thd cua ngudi Mdng Cd dirng lai d ranh giai Syria Vao thdi diem 1260, cupc chinh phuc Tay A ciia ngudi Mdng Co ca ban kit thiic ^ Abu Osman Minhajuddin bin Sirajuddm (H.G Raverty trans 1995); Ata-Malik Juvayni (John Andrew Boyle trans., 1997) ^ Ata-Malik Juvayni (John Andrew Boyle trans., 1997) ^ John E.Woods (1977) Rashid al Din (John Andrew Boyle trans., 1971), y.190-91 ^ Reuven Amitai-Preiss (1995), tr 12 Nghien cuu An Dp va Chau A So - 2019, tr.24-31 26 Doan Tung Anh Cudc chinh phuc Tdy A ciia Mdng Cd - Nhan dinh cua Mong Co ve Baghdad va phan ung cua trieu dinh Abbasid Baghdad, kinh dd ciia Dg chg Abbasid dugc xem la trung tam ciia thi gidi Hdi giao nam thi ky Sy giau c6 cua Baghdad va vai tro cua no da dugc Mdng Cd bigt den rit sam, va tir thdi Thanh Cat Tu Han, hp da cd muc tigu danh chiem phd Kha Han Oa Khoat Dai hdi cac thupc ciia minh rang: "Ddu Id thdnh phd gidu cd nhdt du&i trdn gian" thi da nhan dugc cau tra lai ring: "Dd Id Baghdad"^° Tuy nbien, luc each tilp can cua hp vdi van dl Baghdad kha than trpng Dan so ddng, he thdng phdng ngy vdi cac cdng virng chac, cac hao sau dugc bao bpe bai dong Tigirs, kha nang cung cap nhu ylu pham va hau can khien Baghdad cd kha nang chdng Iai cac cupc tan cdng va vay ham lau dai Quan trpng nhit, Khalifah cd the huy dpng den 120.000 quan bao ve Baghdad cung nhu kgu gpi toan bp ngudi Hoi giao chdng Iai quan Mdng Co'' Do vay, thay vi ddi mat tryc tiep vai dg chg Abbasid, ngudi Mdng Cd da chuygn qua tan cong cac hudng khac tai Tay A, khien de che Abbasid da gan nhu bi cd lap hoan toan tir sau nam 1250 Trudc cupc tan cdng cudi ciing nam 1258, ngudi Mdng Cd da nhieu Ian tan cdng Baghdad nhung diu bat Cac khalifah van dii kha nang bao ve lanh thd ciing nhu danh bat cac dao quan Mdng Co ban hai thap ky iidn tyc, digu ma higm cd thg lyc Hdi giao nao cd bign gidi vdi de che Mdng C6 tai Tay A cd thg Iam dugc'^ Nha Abbasid dii dat dugc nhung thang Igi nhat dinh, cung tiln hanh cong nap moi nam cho ngudi Mdng Cd de cd gang tranh xay chien tranh'^ Ban than Mdng Kha ciing than trgng viec tin cdng Baghdad Hiic Liet Ngpt, tuong ty nhu vay, ciing dac biet than trpng'"* Dong thai, ngudi Mong Co ciing bj anh hudng bdi cac Idi tign tri ve nhung ke tin cdng vao phd'^ Ban dau Hue Liet Ngpt hy vpng c6 the khien Khalifah dau hang bing mpt tdi hau thu Nhung Khalifah da khdng mudn xoa dju nira, va ciing dap tra bang mpt Idi de dpa, ring nlu Hiic Liet Ngdt khdng quay trd lai Khorasan, quan dpi Abbasid se khdng chi tir thu Baghdad ma cdn tai chigm cac lanh thd d Ba Tu'^ Tuy nhien tren thye tl, Khalifah da khdng du kha nang ngan can quan Mdng Cd nhu trudc day nira Khi tin cdng Baghdad, quan Mdng Cd da xac djnh cac myc tieu tiep theo va nhung lgi the ma hp CO thg dat dugc neu chigm dugc phd nay: - Vi chinh tri: Viec danh chilm Baghdad la Iai canh bao cho bat cu the lyc nao giu y dinh ddi diu vai dl che Mdng Cd Hinh tugng trudng tdn va bit kha xam pham ciia nha Abbasid bj danh se gop phin dap tit nhung phan khang ciia ngudi Hdi giao Sunni vdi che dp cai trj ciia ngudi Mdng Cd - Vi kinh te: Danh chiem Baghdad dong nghTa vdi viec khdng che dugc chau thd Mesopotamia, giiip ngudi Mdng C6 kilm soat trung tam quan trpng ciia hoat dpng mau dich Ddng-Tay, cung cap luong thye va cd khd phyc vu cho quan sy '"Nhu chu thich so 08, U-.62; Urgunge Onon (2011), ff.262 " Rashid-al-Din (Wheeler M Thackston yans 2012), tr.281 '^Nhu chu thich s6 08, y 190-91; Peter Jackson (2017), y.84 '^ Fr Giovanni Carpini (Erik Hildinger trans., 1996); chu thich s6 08, fr.lSI; Peter Jackson (2017), y.83 '* Nhu chii thich so 11, a:.486 '^ J.A Boyle (ed 1968), n-.538-39; chii thich s6 03, tr.1252-1253 '*Nhuchuthichs6n,tr.488 Nghien cuu An Dp va Chau A S3 - 2019, tr.24-31 27 DoSn Tung Anh Cudc chinh phuc Tdy A cua Mdng Cd- - Muc tieu tdn gido: Thu tieu che dp Khalifah se giiip nguoi Mdng Co nhan dugc su trung tuyet ddi ciia nhirng tpc ngudi va tdn giao thieu sd timg bi dan ap dudi thdi Abbasid nhu Hdi giao Shi'ite, Do Thai, Kitd giao v.v tao mot ddi trpng truae ngudi Hdi giao Sunni tai Tay A - Muc tieu qudn su: Mdng Kha va Hue Liet Ngpt da khong ngan ngai bay to tham vpng rang Baghdad se la ban dap cho viec md rpng vao Levant va Ai Cap'^ Nhu vay, viec chiem dugc Baghdad khdng chi khich Ig sT khi, giiip Hiic Liet Ngpt thiet lap mot vj tri vung chac tai khu vyc trung tam Tay A ma tao mpt ban dap chinh phuc cac viing dit Hdi giao ve phia Tay Cugc vay ham Baghdad (1258) Khi Khalifah tir chdi quy phuc, Hiic Liet Ngdt dut khoat sir dung bien phap quan sy Thang 11/1257, quan dpi Mdng Cd da dugc huy ddng Quan Mong Cd de dang vugt qua Tigris va Euphrates, tien den gin al-Dujayl, pha hiiy cac dap nudc va tigu diet phan Idn quan Abbasid tai Midrafa'^ Cac tuyin dudng dan den nhirng lanh thd cudi cimg cdn dpc lap cua ngudi Hdi giao da bj cat dut Khdng cd bat cir sy ho trg nao den dugc phd Ngay 22/1/1258, quan Mdng Co "trdn nhu hen cd vd chdu chdu tie khdp moi hu&ng, bita vdy cdc thdnh ldy ciia Baghdad vd tgo mot hdng rdo khdng the xuyen thiing." Abbasid da cd gang dieu dinh nhung that bai Khalifah cam ket tuyet vpng rang se dan hang, nop cdng pham va quy phyc hoan toan Hiic Liet Ngdt Hiic Liet Ngpt tir choi vi bigt rang chign thang da tdi gan Mdt cudc cdng sau da dign Hue Liet Ngdt sai viet cac thdng diep buoc vao mOi ten ban vao tir mpi hudng tuyen bd bao ve an toan cho nhirng quy phuc Ngay 3/2, quan Mdng Cd danh chigm tudng phia Dong va ngan khdng cho bat cu Baghdad co thg thoat ngoai Ngay 10/2, Khalifah bupc phai ngoai dg trinh dien'^ Mac du Khalifah da phai ygu can binh linh cua minh vu khi, Hiic Liet Ngpt van giet sach nhirng ngudi di ciing dng Toan bp gia dinh cua Khalifah Al-Musta'sim bi giam lai, Baghdad bi cudp bdc va tan sat Cupc tan sat Baghdad da dign lien tuc tu 13 dgn 20/2/1258, gay ngn nhirng tdn that to Idn cho phd cung nhu thg gidi Hdi giao Khoang 200.000-800.000 nguai dan ciia Baghdad da bj gigt^" Ngay 15/2, Hiic Liet Ngdt cuong ep Khalifah giao nop toan bd cac kho bau ma nha Abbasid tich liiy hon 500 nam Ong cung cudp di 600-700 phu nir hau cung cua Khalifah Hau hit cac nai Iinh thigng nhu dudng Hdi giao ciia Khalifah, dien thd Musa-Jawad ciing cac Iang mp d Rusafa deu bi pha hiiy Cac thu vien va ca Ngoi nha Thong Tue ciing bi thigu trui Ngay 20/2/1258, Hue Liet Ngpt lenh ngirng cugc tham sat va nit quan Chigu ciing ngay, Khalifah citng cac trai cua dng bj tritm kin bao tai rdi bi ngya giam dap tdi chgt^' Tuy nhien, khdng phai toan bp Baghdad bj dot pha Nhffng khu vyc ciia ngudi Kito giao Do Thai lan Hoi giao Shi'ite da dugc bao ve dudi lenh ciia Hiic Liet Ngpt Hiic Liet Ngpt cho phep nguai Kito giao CO the pha huy cac Iang mp ciia nha Abbasid, nhung cflng lenh bao ve an toan cho mpt sd hpc gia cung nhu mdt sd Iupng khdng nhd cac tai lieu Hiic Liet Ngpt da dong y cho hpc gia Nasir al-Din " Nhu chii thich 56 09, ^.16-1"^ •^ Nhir cha thich so ll,y.495 '' Nhu chii thich s6 11, tr.495-97 ^''G.LeSn-ange(1972) -' Nhu chii thfch s6 03, y.1252-1253 Nghien cu-u An Dp va Chau A S6 - 2019, tr.24-31 Doan Tiing Anh Cudc chinh phuc Tdy A cita Mdng Co al-Tusi (1201-1274) c6 the chuyen 400.000 cudn sach cuu dugc tir cac van khd tai Baghdad Viec bao tdn tri thuc khdng phai la lan dau tidn xuat hien cac cugc chinh phuc ciia ngudi Mdng Cd Ngay tu trudc klii Thanh Cat Tu Han chinh phat Khwarezmian, dng ciing da de nghj cho phep mdt giao sT noi tigng ddng Sufi la Najmuddin Kubra dugc an toan khoi Khiva ciing vdi toan bp mdn ciia minh^-^ Ngay 20/2/1258, Hiic Liet Ngpt lenh tai thigt lai phd Mac dii danh mat vai tro la trung tam cua thi giai Hdi giao, nhung Baghdad tigp tuc phat trign thinh vupng tra lai dudi su cai tri ciia cac Han Mong Cd Vao thdi digm nam 1339, thi nop den 800.000 dinar thug, cho thay ring Baghdad van tigp tuc thinh vugng va giau co sau sy kien 1258 He qua tir cuoc chinh phuc Baghdad cua ngudi Mong Co Sy sup dd ciia Baghdad nam 1258 la mdt nhirng cau chuyen dugc truyen tung nhieu nhat thi gidi H6i giao, su kien quan trgng ciia Ijch sir Hdi giao va the giai, dau mdc kgt thiic thdi ky hoang kim ciia dao Hoi Tuy nhien, tam quan trgng cua Baghdad nam 1258 da dugc phong dai qua miic so vdi nhirng gi ma nd tbyc su cd Thu nhit, phin Idn Baghdad va cac khu vyc ngoai vi da bi tan pha bdi tran !u lich sir nam 1256 Khi Mong Co vao thanh, nhung gi lai sau tran lii tidp tuc bj tan pha bdi cac tranh chap ton giao va sy cai trj thilu nang luc ciia Khalifah Thir hai, Baghdad da mit din vj the trung tam the giai Hoi giao tir thi ky XI, ngudi Seljuk chilm Baghdad nam 1055 Thii ba, viec Khalifah ciing quan dpi cua minh dan dpc bao ve Baghdad nam 1258 cho thiy, ban than nguai Hdi giao ciing nhin nhan ring Baghdad va Khalifah khdng cdn la mpt thye thg quan trpng niia^^ Tuy nhien, yen binh dien tu tudng va chinh trj, sy sup dd cua Baghdad dugc danh gia nhu mpt diu hieu ciia khai huyen tu ca nhirng ngudi Kitd giao va Hoi giao^'* Sy thong nhit it oi cudi ciing ciia thi giai Hdi giao da bien mit Dii nha Abbasid tiep tyc dugc tri tai Cairo, thi vai tro ciia nguai A Rap nin chinh trj khu vuc da chim diit va bj thay the bdi nhu'ng kg ngoai lai Sy hinh nha nudc K-khanate tai Ba Tu da danh diu mpt thdi ky mai Trong 600 nam duai sy cai tri ctia ngudi A-Rap, Ba Tu dugc biet din vdi tgn ggi la Ajam {ben ngodi hay ngogi nhdn); nhung quan Mdng Co vugt sdng Oxus, mdt nha nudc Ba Tu thdng nhit lan diu tign da dugc tai lap va chi dp A Rap bj loai bd Vdi viec Hiic Liet Ngdt lap Il-khanate, Ba Tu da budc vao mgt giai doan phuc vg van hoa va chinh tri Sy sup dd cua nha Abbasid nam 1258 ddng nghTa vai sy sup dd ciia nha nucrc quan ligu cudi ciing tai Tay A thdi trung dai va sy noi Ign ciia mpt hinh thiic nha nudc ma cac su gia gpi la 'nha nudc bao trp quan sy' (military patronage state) Mo hinh nha nudc cd ba dac digm cot I5i nhat: (1) "ha nudc ddng nghTa quan dpi (2) sy tdn tai ciia ba he thong Iuat khac (3) mgi nguon luc deu nam tay mpt s6 it gia dinh quan su" Hiu nhu mpi nha nudc ndi len tai Tay A sau nam 1250 den truae 1500 diu khdng tdn tai dugc lau Trong sd cac nha nudc nhu vay, chi c6 de che Mamluk la " Touraj Daiyaee (ed 2012), n-.248,254-55 " Peter Jackson (2017), y.l30 ^* Joseph de Somogyi (1933), n-.41 " Marshall G.S Hodgson (1974), y.405-406 Nghien ciiu An D6 va Chau A S6 - 2019, tr.24-31 Doan Tiing Anh Cugc chinh phuc Tdy A ciia Mdng Cd trudng hgp ngoai Ie dya vao viec tri he thdng nd le quan sy song song vdi bp may quan ligu tir thdi cac khalifah Cairo^* Ket luan Cupc chinh phuc phd Baghdad nam 1258 la mgt nhimg chiln djch cudi ciing dugc tien hanh bai mpt dl chg Mdng Cd thdng nhat Baghdad, vai vj tri dac biet quan trpng cua minh tai Tay A, la myc tieu chinh phuc cao nhat tir thdi Thanh Cat Tu Han Vai viec chinh phuc dugc Baghdad, Mdng Cd da dat dugc mpt so muc tigu ma hp dg ra: - Vg chinh trj, Mdng Kha da cdng viec tri anh huang ciia gia tpc minh bang viec giao cho Hiic Liet Nggt cai trj lanh thd d Tay A Du dl chi Mdng Cd bj tan sau Mdng Kha qua ddi, nhung mdi lien ket giua hai gia dinh Hot Tat Liet d Trung Qudc va Hiic Liet Nggt d Ba Tu van tiep tuc dugc tri thdng qua thuang mai va ngoai giao den mia dau the ky XIV - Trgn phuang dien quan sy, ngudi Mdng Cd da cong viec thigt lap anh hudng ciia minh tai phan Ian khu vyc Tay A Cupc chinh phyc Baghdad ciia nguai Mdng Cd khang djnh siic manh quan sy cua hp da vugt qua mgi dl chg du muc khac, nhirng nguai da cd ging tin cong Baghdad nhung dgu that bai Sau chinh phuc dugc thi nay, dudng tien vg Ai Cap va Syria da ma cho nguai Mdng Cd Du bi ehan lai boi ngudi Mamluk, cac dpi quan du myc van tiep tuc hien dien nhu mpt thg lyc quan sy himg manh tai Tay A cho den Il-khanate sup nam 1335 - Vg kinh te, ngudi Mdng Cd da hoan toan kiem soat dugc dudng thuong mai xuyen luc dja tren dat lien ciing nhu khu vyc san xuit eac mat hang quy gia nhu da quy, ta lua, d Tay A Giao luu thuang mai giua phuang Ddng va phucmg Tay dugc day manh dudi sy cai trj cua ngudi Mdng Co Ben canh do, khdng gian sinh tdn cua cu dan du muc chuyen ehan tha nhiing dim gia siic Ion cua nguai Mdng Cd cting dugc md rpng nha viec chinh phuc Tay A va ddn ep cac bd lac Turk phai di chuygn vg phia Tay Trang gan mgt thg ky cai trj, Hiic Liet Ngpt va nhung ngudi kl vi dng da de Iai nhieu di san quan trpng dang sau cac chien djch quan sy cua hg tai Tay A: mpt Il-Khanate vdi sy tai xuat ciia nen van hoa Ba Tu' sau hang thg ky bj A Rap dan ap va tag ngn mong cho Iran hien dai; sy thjnh vugng cua thucmg mai: sy dn djnh va trat ty sau nhieu thg ky hon loan; su khoan dung tdn giao va bao trg hpc thuat Quan trpng nhat, hp da djnh hinh mdt md hinh nha nudc ndi trdi nhigu the ky tiep theo, "nhd nuac bdo trg qudn sg." Nhigu di san cua nguai Mdng Co da dugc cac dg che sau kg thira, dac bigt la dg che Ottoman Tai heu tham khao Abu Osman Minhajuddin bin Sirajuddin (H.G Raverty trans 1995), pp.963-965 Peter Jackson (2017), The Mongols and the Islamic l?or/(/, Yale University Press, USA Thomas T Allsen (1989), 'Mongolian Princes and Their Merchant Partners, 1200-1260',^5W Mj/or,2(2), pp.87-91 Jack Weatherford (Vo Phuang Linh dich, 2018), Thdnh Cdt Tu Hdn vd suhinh thdnh thi gidi hiin dgi, Nxb Khoa hpc Xa hgi, HN, tr 173 " Jo Van Steenbergen (2013) Nghien cihi An Dp va Chau A So - 2019, y.24-31 DoSn Tiing Anh Cudc chinh phuc Tdy A cua Mdng Cd Ata-Malik Juvayni (John Andrew Boyle trans., 1997), Genghis Khan: The History of the World-Conqueror., Manchester University Press, Manchester John E.Woods (1977), A Note on the Mongol Capture of Isfahan, Journal of Near Eastern Studies, Vol 36, No 1, pp.49-51 Rashid al Din (John Andrew Boyle trans., 1971), The Successors of Genghis Khan, Columbia University Press, USA Reuven Amitai-Preiss (1995), Mongols andMamluks: The Mamluk-Ilkhanid War 1260-1281, Cambridge University Press Urgunge Onon (2011), The Secret History of the Mongols: The Life and Times of Chinggis Khan, Publisher: Routledge; edition, p.262 10 Rashid al Din (Wheeler M Thackston trans., 2012), 'JamV al-tawarikh: A Compendium of Chronicles by Rashiduddin Fazlullah' Wheeler M Thackston (ed 2012), Classical Writings of the Medieval Islamic World: Persian Histories ofthe Mongol Dynasties, vol Ill, I.B.Tarus 11 Fr Giovanni Carpini (Erik Hildinger trans., 1996), The Story ofthe Mongols: Whom We Call the Tartars, Branden Books, p.70 & 108 12 J.A Boyle (ed., 1968), The Cambridge History of Iran V The Saljuq and Mongol Periods, Cambridge University Press, UK (Cambridge) 13.G Le Strange (1972), Baghdad during the Abbasid Caliphate: from contemporary Arabic and Persian sources (Records of Asian history) Publisher: Barnes & Noble; FACSIMILE edition, p.882 14 Touraj Daryaee (ed., 2012), The Oxford Handbook of Iranian History, Oxford University Press, USA 15 Joseph de Somogyi (1933), 'A QasTda on the Destruction of Baghdad by the Mongols,' Bulletin of the School of Oriental Studies, University of London, 7(1), pp.41-48 16 Marshall G.S Hodgson (1974), The Venture of Islam: Conscience and History in a World Civilization, University of Chicago Press, Chicago 17 Jo Van Steenbergen (2013), The Mamluk Sultanate as a Military Patronage State: Household Politics and the Case ofthe Qalawflnid bayt (1279-1382), Journal ofthe Economic and Social History ofthe Orient, 56 (2), pp.189-217 Nghien cim An Dp va Chau A S6 - 2019, tr.24-31 ... Baghdad van tigp tuc thinh vugng va giau co sau sy kien 1258 He qua tir cuoc chinh phuc Baghdad cua ngudi Mong Co Sy sup dd ciia Baghdad nam 1258 la mdt nhirng cau chuyen dugc truyen tung nhieu... Thir hai, Baghdad da mit din vj the trung tam the giai Hoi giao tir thi ky XI, ngudi Seljuk chilm Baghdad nam 1055 Thii ba, viec Khalifah ciing quan dpi cua minh dan dpc bao ve Baghdad nam 1258 cho... Tay A Cupc chinh phyc Baghdad ciia nguai Mdng Cd khang djnh siic manh quan sy cua hp da vugt qua mgi dl chg du muc khac, nhirng nguai da cd ging tin cong Baghdad nhung dgu that bai Sau chinh phuc