PHI/ONG PHAP LUAN BIEN C H O N G DUY VAT Vdi VIEC NHAN T H O C MOI QUAN HE G I O A TANG TRI/6NG KINHTE VA PHAT TRIEN VAN HOA, THI/C HIEN TIEN BO, CONG BANG XAHOI • PGS, TS NGUYEN T H I NGA Vien Triet hgc, Hgc vien Chinh tri quoc gia Hd Chi Minh %T6m tdt: PhUdng phdp luan bien chdng vat diidc coi la nhiing nguyen tdc xudt phdt chi dao cdc chu the viec xac dinh pham vi, phUdng phdp, cdch thdc, phUdng tien tdc dpng nhdm tao nhdng bien doi cho phii hdp vd hieu qud Van dung phUdng phdp luan bien chdng vat qudn triet vd xd ly mdi quan he Idn gida tdng trUdng kinh te vd phdt trien vdn hoa, thdc hien tiin bp vd cong hdng xd hpi d nUdc ta hien la gop phdn dinh hudng phdt trien ddt nddc theo hUdng bin vdng • Td khoa: phddng phdp luan, phep bien chdng vat, tdng tnidng kinh ti, phdt trien vdn hoa, tien bp vd cdng bdng xd hpi S uxuat hien cua chii nghia Mdc da tao mpt thuc tidn boat ddng ciia ngudi Phuong phdp budc ngoat triet hpc, mptttongnhiing bieu hien ndi bat ciia cupc cdch mang la su thdng nhdt cbii nghia vdt va phdp bien chiing Phep bien chiing vat trd ca sd ciia the gidi quan va phuong phap luan khoa hpc, \and Id mdt he thdng ly ludn phan anh nhiing mdi hen he, nhiing qua trinh bien ddi ciia ban than did gidi hidn thuc, can cii vao nhiing ket qua khoa hpc da dupc diic ket, ket hop vdi su tdng ket, khdi quat ludn ciia phep bien chiing la nhung ket luan dupc nit tir vide khao sdt cdc mdi lien he cua cac su vat, tii qud trinh phdt smh, phat trien cu the cua nd, "hi cac mat hen he, lien ket, van ddng, sinh va mat di cua cac sir vat" Vi vdy, phuong phdp ludn ciia phdp bien chiing vat duac coi la nhung nguydn tdc xuat phat chi dao cdc chii the vide xde dinh pham vi, phuang phap, each thiic, phuong tien tac dpng nhdm tao nhiing LYLUAN CHI'NHTRhSo6/2019 10^ NGHIEN CCfU - PHATTRIEN LV L U A N Le hgi giao liru van hoa Viet Nam - Nhdt Bdn vd ngdy hoi viec ldm Nhdt Bdn ndm 2019, tgi thdnh Dd Ndng _ Anh: viettimes.vn bien ddi cho phu hpp va hieu qua Cdc nguyen tdc caban cd the ke den, nhu: nguyen tdc khdch quan, nguyen tdc toan dien, nguyen tdc phat trien, nguyen tdc lich sii - cu thd Nguyen tdc khach quan ddi hdi, chii die nhan tiuic su vat, hmh tupng can phai ndm bat nd nhu nd vdn cd hien thtrc, khdng vi y mudn chii quan ma "td hdng" hay "bdi den", ttanh tidn dp dat cho nd cai xa la vdi nd Nhan thiic vd su vat phai xuat phdt tii chinh ban than suvdl bien tupng dd vdi nhiing thudc tinh, moi lien he ben vdn cd cua nd Vi vay, nhan thiic cdn dat tdi cai ban chat, cai quy luat chi phdi su vat Day la qua trinh khd khan va phdi trdi qua nhieu giai doan, bdi le cai ban chat the hien qua vd van cac hien tuong phong phii, da dang, phiic tap va ludn van ddng, bien ddi Bang thuc tidn, tiidng qua tiiuc tiln, ket qua ciia hoat ddng thuc tidn cho phep danh gid tri thiic dy cd khdch quan LY LUAN CHfNHTR!-S6 6/2019 diing ddn hay khdng V.LLdnin viet: "Quan diem ve ddi sdng, vd thuc tidn, phai la quan didm thii nhat va caban ctia ly ludn ve nhdn thiic"'" Vi vay, nhdn thiic can tranh thai dp thu dpng, cbii quan, bao thii, tri trd, thidu U'nh sang tao, ma can chu ddng, tich cue, thong qua boat ddng tiiuc tidn cua ngudi de nhan biet diing cac thudc tinh, cac cap dp ban chat, cac he thong quy ludt chi phdi su vat Nhu vay, nguyen tdc khach quan la didu kien can thiet cho mpi nhdn thiic khoa hpc Neu nhan tiuic vd phuang phdp boat dpng cua chii thd khdng tdn trpng quy luat khdch quan, neu hoat dpng thuc tien khong man theo quy luat khach quan, chung ta se phai ganh nhiing ket qua khdng nhu mong mudn V.I.Lenin viet: "Mudn thuc su tiidu hieu duoc su vat, cdn phai nhin bao quat va nghien ciru tdt ca cac mat, tdt ca cdc moi lien he va "quan he gian tidp" cua su vat Chiing ta khdng thg lam dupc dieu mdt cdch hoan toan day dii, nhung bidn ddi theo chieu hudng phat tridn Day la qua su cdn thiet phai xem xet tat ca mpi mat se dd trinh phiic tap, bdi Id, su bien ddi theo chidu phdng cho chiing ta khdi pbam phai sai ldm vd hudng phat trien ciia hien thuc Id qua trinh van su Cling nhdc"*^' Nhiing chi dan trdn cua dpng cd tinh quy ludt ndi tai, dien nd, la V.LLdnui nhdc nhd ngudi nhan thtic, qud trinh phii dinh bidn chiing, phu dinh cd kd mudn biet chan tudng cua su vat can phai xem thiia Xem xet hien tupng xa hdi, V.L Lemn chi xet su vat mdi lien be qua lai giira cdc bd dan rdng, can phai "xem xet vdn de theo quan phan, cdc yeu td, cdc thupc tinh khde cua diem sau day: mdt bien tuang nhat dinh da xuat nd; phdi xem xet su vat, hidn tupng mdi hidn hch sii nhu the ndo, hien tupng da lidn hd vai su vdt hien tupng khac ke ca khau trai qua nhiing giai doan phat trien chii ydu nao, trung gian cua nd, phai xem xet nd mdi hen va dling tren quan diem cua su phdt tridn dd dd he vdi nhu cau thuc tidn de tii thdy dupc vi tri, xem xet hien nd dd trd the nao?"'^' vai trd ciia cdc mdi lien he giiia cac mat mpt Phep bien chting vat khdng chi la mdt ly su vat, hien tupng hay giiia cac su vdt, hi^n tupng l u ^ khoa hpc cho phep phan anh diing ddn cac vdi Qua dd, xde dinb dupc nhiing quan he su vdt, hien tupng, nd cdn Id mdt cdng cu sde ben d-png tdmttpngdidm cdn duoc giai quyet de md xe, phan tich cac van de xa hdi vatimra nhiing didu kien hoan canh lich su cu the cdc giai phap thich hop cho tiing giai doan phat Nguyen tdc toan didn ciing chi rdng, mpt tridn lich su cu thd Chinh nhd cdng cu sde bdn ludn didm Id dting ddn nhiing quan he nay, chu nghia Mdc da tim cdc quy luat van lai trd sai lam nhiing quan he khac, ddng ciia xd hdi, dd nhm xd hdi nhu mdt co thd mOt ludn diem, mdt hudng di, mpt cdch ldm la sdng ludn van ddng, bien ddi nhiing mdi Uen diing ddn, huu ich didu kien lai cd the he npi tai cua nd tao ra; thdy dupc vai trd quyet la khdng phii hpp, cd bai dieu kien khde dinh ciia didu kien vdt chdt, cua ca sd kinh td Phep bidn chung vdt chi rdng, Uen he nhung cung thay vai trd hdt siic to lon cua kien la qua trinh tac ddng qua lai - cdi tao tnic thupng tdng chinh tri, cua tu tudng, van "nguydn nban cudi cimg cua mpi su vgn dpng va hda Dieu dd khde phuc dupc tu tudng bien ddi ciia su vdt" Cho nen, mdi lien he phd tdm, sieu hinh, ldi nhin nhdn phan bien chirng bidn giua cac su vat, hien tupng Id nguyen nhan tnrdc day Khai luoc dieu dd cho thdy cac nguyen tao nen su van ddng cua chiing Ciing chinh tdc phuong phdp ludn ciia phdp bien chiing cd mdi hen he phd bidn ma the gidi khach vdt la nhiing nguyen tdc co ban de nhdn thiic ve quan ludn tdn tai xu hudng phdt trien khdng cdc mdi quan he lon d nudc ta hien ngiing Vat chat khdng van ddng di tdi tidu vong Tai Dai hdi XI, Dang ta nhan manh: "Trong ma tao su chuydn hda (bidn ddi) theo nhiing qua trinh thtrc hien cac phuong hudng caban dd, hudng khac nhau, dd cd khuynh hudng phai dac biet chii trpng ndm viing vd gidi quydt van dpng theo chidu budng di len, tu thap den tdt cac moi quan he loir, quan he giira ddi mdi, cao, tu kem hodn thidn den hoan thien han (gpi dn dinh vd phdt trien; giua ddi mdi kinh te va ddi Id phat tridn) Cac chii the can nhan thiic vd mdi chinh tri; giiia kinh td thi trudng va dinh chuan bi cac didu kidn can thiet, cdc phuang hudng xd hdi chii nghia; giiia phdt didn luc lupng phdp hanh ddng cho phu hop dd cd dupc nhung san xudt vd xdy dung, hodn tbien tiing btrdc quan LY LUAN CHINHTRj-So 6/2019 n NGHIEN CtfU - P H A T T R i i N LV LUAN he san xuat xa hdi chu nghia; giiia tdng trtrong kinh te va phdt tridn van hda, thuc hien tien bp va cdng bdng xa hpi; giiia xdy dung chu nghia xa hpi va bao ve Td qudc xd hdi chu nghia; gitra ddc ldp, tu chu va hdi nhdp qudc td; giiia Dang Idnh dao, Nhd nudc quan ly, nhan dan lam chii; Khdng phidn dien, cue doan, y chi"'"' Viec ndm vung va giai quyet cac mdi quan he lon la nhting khia canh cu tiid de thuc hien muc tieu tdng qudt cua thdi ky qua dp d nudc ta la xay dung dupc CO ban ndn tang kmh te ciia CNXH vdi kidn tnic thupng tang ve chinh tri, tu tuong, van hda phu hpp, tao ca sd de nudc ta trd mdt nudc XHCN ngdy cang phdn vinh, hanhphiic'^' bang xa hdi la nhung bd phan quan trpng khdng tiie thidu, cd quan he thdng nhat, cimg ton tai, cd anh hudng qua lai, vira lam tien dd vira lam didu kien cho Trong dd, xa hpi mudn phat Mdn phai cd tang ti-udng kinh td de giai quydt cdc nhu can vat chat khdng the tbieu cua nguai, mat khac, tang truong kinb td till radi cd kha nang huy ddng cac ngudn luc vat chat cho viec phat uidn van hda, thuc hidn tidn bd va cdng bdng xa hpi Thuc te khdng thd cd mpt nen van hda phat trien lanh manh, phong phu va mot xd hpi tien bd, cdng bdng tren co sd mdt ndn kuih te yeu kdm, suy thoai hay mdt nen kinh td tdng trudng ndng lay sd lupng tdng trudng la thudc nhat Ngupc lai, mdt xa hdi ma dao diic xudng cap, tham nhiing, lang phi cao, nhieu lao ddng cd trinh dp hpc van va tay nghe thap, bi Idm vao cdnh that nghidp, ngheo ddi thi ciing khdng the cd kinh td tang truong nhanh, hidu qua cao va ben virng Ttr lau, chuong trinh phdt ttien ciia Lien Hpp qudc (UNDP) da canh bao ve kieu tang trudng kinh te can tranh, dd Id: Dai hdi XII cua Dang xac dmh, mpt cdc nhiem vu tdng quat la: "Tiep tuc quan triet va xii ly tdt cac quan he Idn: quan he giiia ddi mdi, dn dinh vdphdt trien; giiia doi mdi kmh teva ddi mdi chinh tri; giiia tudn theo cdc quy ludt thi trudng va bao dam dinh hudng xd hdi chii nghia; giua phat trien luc lupng sdn xuat va xdy dtmg, hoan thien timg budc quan he san xuat xd hdi chii nghia; gitia Nha nudc va thi trudng; giira tang trudng kinh te Tang truong khdng vide lam: tang trtrong va phat trien van hda, thuc hien tien bd va cdng kinh td nhtmg khdng md rpng nhiing co hdi tao bdng xd hdi; giua xay dimg chii n ^ a xa hdi va bao them viec lam hoac phai lam viec nhieu gid va ve Td qudc xa hdi chil nghia; giiia ddc lap, tu chii cd thu nhap thdp va hdi nhdp qudc te; giiia Dang lanh dao, Nha Tang trudng khong cd luong tdm: tdng nudc quanly, nhdn ddn ldm chil; "'^' trtrong nhtmg qua ciia nd chu yeu dem lai Nhu vdy, mdi quan he giiia tang trudng kinh loi ich cho ngudi giau, cdn ngudi ngheo dupc te va phat tridn van hda, thuc hien tien bd va hudng It, tham chi ngudi ngheo cdn tang them, cdng bdng xa hdi la mdt nhimg moi quan khoang cdch giau - ngheo gia tdng Tang trudng khdng cd tieng ndi: tang he Idn can diroc quan triet nhdn thtic cung nhu giai quyet cd hieu qua thuc tidn Vide truong kinh te khdng kem theo su md rdng ndn nhdn thiic va giai quyet mdi quan he can bao dan chu hay la viec tao them quydn luc, chan dam nguyen tdc khdch quan, todn dien, phat dung tidng ndi khac va dap tdt nhimg doi hdi dupc tiiam du nhieu hon ve xd hdi va kinh tg trien va lich su - cu the Tang trtrong khdng gdc rd: su tang trudng Trong su ngbiep doi mdi toan dien dat nudc theo dinh hudng XHCN, tang trudng kinh te, da khien cho ndn van hda ciia ngudi trd nen phat trien van hda, thuc hien tien bd va cdng ngheo nan LYLUAN CHINH TRI-So 6/2019 Tdng trudng khdng tuong lai: tang trudng ddng thdp, viec khai thdc ydu td van hda ma the he hien phung phi nhiing ngudn luc phat trien kinh te khdng nhieu Hai la, van hda - dao diic phdt tridn chua md cdc the he tuong lai can ddn Nhdn thiic va giai quydt tdt mdi quan he co tirong xiing vdi kinh te thd hien qua nhidu bieu bdn tren la dieu can thiet dd tranh nhiing dieu hidn, nbieu cap dp nhir budn ban va su dung ma da dupc cdnh bdo Thuc td cho thdy, vide quan tiiy didn bien phiic tap; bao luc dang cd xu triet va thuc hidn nhiing chu truong tren ciia hudng gia tdng, tren dien rdng, cd khdng gian Dang, ddi sdng kinh td - xa hdi ciia ddt ntroc cd gia dinh, hpc dudng, xa hdi; vdn hda chinh tri cd nhidu tidu cue, tdn tai tinb trang mpt bd phan budc chuyen bidn ca ban Ve kinh td, tdng sdn pham qudc ndi (GDP) dat khdng nhd cdn bd, dang vien suy thodi tu tudng tdc dd tdng trudng khd cao nhidu ndm chinh tri, dao diic, ldi sdng, ke ca cdn bd cap cao, Uen Ve van hda - xd hpi, nhiing gia tri va sac thdinhung chua ngan chdn, day Itii dupe Viec dau van hda ciia 54 ddn tdc anh em dupc ke thiia va tu cho phdt trien vdn hda chuatiJongxiing vol phdt tridn, gdp phan lam phong phii them nen tang truang kinh td Taitiianhphd Hd Chi Mmh, vdn hda Viet Nam thdng nhat da dang Idnh dao thdnh phd thua nhan: "Ddu tu cho thiet Giao Itm, hpp tdc van hda vdi nudc ngoai dupe che vdn hda chua dupc quan tam diing miic, vai md rdng Cac hoat dpng vdn hda, nghe thuat, trd qudn ly nhd nudc chua dap ling nhu cdu phdt thdng tin - truyen thdng timg budc ddp ting trien, vide quy hoach xdy dung va phdt trien kinh nhu cdu htrdng thu van hda cang cao cua te - xd hdi chua gdn bd chat che vdi van hda nhan dan Giai quyet viec lam, xda ddi, gidm Nhieu chuong truih, du dn cdn nang ve lpi icb ngheo, thuc Men chinh sdch an sinh xa hdi dat kinh td, xem nhe ydu td van hda, mdi tnrdng"'^' ket qua U'ch cue, ty le lao ddng qua ddo tao tang Ba la, ty le that nghiep d thi va nhdt Id len Hoat dpng nghien ciiu, iing dung tien bd tyle thieu vide Iam dndng thdn cdn cao; xda ddi, khoa hpc - cdng nghd dan duoc day manh Cdng giam nghdo chua ben viing, tinh trang tdi ngheo tac cham sde va bao ve siic khoe nhan ddn cd cdn nhieu, khoang each chenh lech giau - ngheo tidn bd Chi sd phdt trien ngudi (HDI) khdnggiua cdc tang lap dan cu, giiia thi va ndng ngimg gia tdng thdn, mien xudi va mien niii cd xu hudng ngdy Tuy nhien, ben canh nhiing tuu da dat cang gidn Bdo cao ciia Oxfam nam 2017 cho dupc, qua trinh nhan thttc vd giai quydt mdi biet, nam 2014, Viet Nam cd 210 ngudi sieu giau quan he giiia tdng tnrdng kinh td vdd phat tridn (tai sdn rdng tren 30 trieu la My), chiem 12% van hda, thuc hientienbd va cdng bdng xa hdi GDP cd nuac, sd se tang Idn 403 vdo nam 2025 Ngudi giau nhat Vidt Nam cd thu ciia nudc ta cdn nhidu bdt cap; Mpf la, tang truong kinh td chu ygu dua vdo nhdp mdt ngdy bdng 10 ndm thu nhap cua nhiing ydu td nhu: vdn, lao ddng gia re, dat dai, ngudi ngheo nhdt, va vdi tdi san nay, cd the dua tdi nguyen khodng sdn He qua la khan hiem cac todn bd 13 tridu ngudi ngheo thoat ngheo loai nguyen nhien lieu, mdi trudng thien nhien tiickhdc'^' bi huy hoai, cdn bdng sinhtiidibi phd va, chdt Trudc nhiing bat cap neu tren, vide nhdn thiic luong va hieu qua cua nen kinh td khdng cao, vd giai quyet ve mdi quan he dieu kien thu nhdp cua mdt bd phan dang ke ngirdi lao cu the hien can: LYLUAN CHI'NH TRj-So 6/2019 N G H l l N CtfU - PHATTRIEN LY L U A N Thd nhat, ket hop giiia tang trudng kmh te vdi phdt trien van hda, bao dam tien bd va cong bang xa hdi timg budc va ttmg chinh sacb phat trien Mudn vdy, mdi chinh sach phat uien kinh te khdng thuan chi vi kinh td ma phai bao ham muc neu thiic day phat trien vdn hda, xa hpi, phdt trien ngudi Mat khac, mdi chinh sdch phat trien van hda, thtrc hien tien bp, cdng bdng xa hpi khdng thuan tiiy vi muc tieu nhdn van, van hda ma cung bao ham muc tieu kinh te Vi nhu, dinh htrcmg vide giu gin va phat huy ban sac van hda dan tdc kbdng chi la vide bao tdn, bao tang, luu giii, phat trien ma can gdn cdc hoat ddng dd vdi cac boat ddng kinh te du Uch, quang ba siic manh mem Viet Nam Qua dd, khdng chi kinh td tang trudng cdn gia tang cahdi vide lam, thu nhdp cho ngudi ddn sd tai, han che bat cdng bdng viing midn, han che te nan xa hdi Thuhai, chuyen dich tang trudng kinh te manh me tiieo hirdng ben vung Cach mang cdng nghiep 4.0 khidn xu htrdng phdt tnen kinh te die gidi cd nhiing chuyen dich caban vd cong nghe, ddi mdi vd sang tao Xu hudng ddi hoi ngirdi lao ddng cd trinh dp hgc van va ky nang nghe nghiep cao, cd kha nang thich iing vai day chuyen cdng nghe hien dai va ttmg budc di vao linh vuc thidt kd, che tao, lam san phdm cd gia tri gia tang cao Mat khde, can day manh khai thac cac yeu td van hda - xa hdi, nhu: siic manh mem Viet Nam, nhting gia tri van hda ngudi Viet Nara theo hudng xdy dung nen kinh te xanh Theo dd, kinh te tdng trudng nhanh hon, chat lupng cao han va ngudi lao ddng cung cd tiiu nhap xiing dang de cai thien ddi sdng vat chat va van hda ciia minh Ve tiiuc chat, ddy Id giai phdp dua cac nhdn td vdn hda, tinh thdn nhan van, ciing cdc tieu chi tien bd va cdng bdng xa hdi chuyen nhap vdo ben Uong md hinh tang tnrdng mdi cua nen kmh td LYLUAN CHiNHTR!-S6 6/2019 Thd ba, kien quyet dau tranh chong lai xu hudng tim kiem lai nhuan bdng mgi gia, tach rdi muc tidu tang tiirdng kinh te vdi phdt trien van hda, bao ddm tidn bd va cdng bang xa hdi Thuc td thdi gian qua, khong it dia phuong chi chii trpng viec thu hiit dau tu, md du dn ma khdng chii trpng ddn van de vide ldm cua ndng ddn sau thu hdi dat, vdn de mdi tttrdng, dd Id mdt nhung nguyen nhdn dan den tinh trang kbidu kien ddng ngudi, td nan xa hgi Can ddu tranh khdng khoan nhugng nhdm ngan chan va day Itii CO hieu qua nan tham nhiing, Iam dn phi phap, te nan xa hgi (nhtr budn gian, ban lan, lua dao, ) Boi le, hau qua ciia nd khdng chi anh htrdng den tang truong kinh te ma cdn lam gia tdng bdt cdng xa hdi, bdng hoai vdn hda va cac chuan muc dao diic xa hdi Thu tu, tiep tuc phdt trien van hda, thuc hien cdng bang xd hdi ca phan phdi va ca hdi, ngudi ddn dupc tiep can cdng bdng vdi cac ngudn luc phdt trien va cac dich vu xa hpi co ban, nhir gido due - dao tao, cham soc sue khde, viec lam, thdng un; tu van phap luat Didu gdp phan thuc day tang trudng kinh td chung • (1) V.I.Lenin: Toan tap t.l8, Nxb Chinh tti qudc gia Ha Noi, 2005,tt.167 (2) V.I.Lenin: Toan tap, Sdd, t.42 tr.364 (3) V.I.Lenin: Toan tap, Sdd, t.39, tr.78 {A], [5] BCSVN: Van kien Dai hgi dai bieu toan quoc lan thdXI, Van phong Trung uong Dang, Ha Npi, 2011,U.72-73,71 (6} DCSVN: Van hen Dai hoi dai bieu toan quoc lan thu XT/, Van phongTrung uong Dang, HaNoi, 2016, tr,24 (7) Theo https://www.cpv.org.vn (8) https://baovanhoavn (9) https://thesaigontimes.vn ... cho phep danh gid tri thiic dy cd khdch quan LY LUAN CHfNHTR!-S6 6/2019 diing ddn hay khdng V.LLdnin viet: "Quan diem ve ddi sdng, vd thuc tidn, phai la quan didm thii nhat va caban ctia ly ludn... budng di len, tu thap den tdt cac moi quan he loir, quan he giira ddi mdi, cao, tu kem hodn thidn den hoan thien han (gpi dn dinh vd phdt trien; giua ddi mdi kinh te va ddi Id phat tridn) Cac chii... phan quan trpng khdng tiie thidu, cd quan he thdng nhat, cimg ton tai, cd anh hudng qua lai, vira lam tien dd vira lam didu kien cho Trong dd, xa hpi mudn phat Mdn phai cd tang ti-udng kinh td