TAP CiJJ CONS THtfdNG MOT SO DONG ccf THUC DAY VA RAO CAN HAN CHE QUA TRINH KHCfl S\J KINH DOANH CUA PHU Ntf VIET NAM • N G U Y I N TH! THANH TAM - TRINH TH! NHUAN TOM TAT: Phu nff Viet Nam sd hffu hdn 31% long sd'doanh nghiep tren thj trffdng, gdp phan ddng k^ vao phat trien kmh te chung cua ca nffdc, tao nhieu viec lam cho xa hpi (dieo Didn dan Doanh nghiep Viet Nam 2018) Do dd, khuye'n khich phu nff khdi nghigp khdng chi gidp nSng cao sff ddng gdp Clia phu nff vao nen kinh te ma cdn giup hien thffc hda chie'n Iffdc cua Chinh phii vl \ay dffng hinh dnh qud'c gia khdi nghiep Tuy nhien nidi trffdng kinh doanh hien tai khdng ngffng thay dd'i vdi nhieu rao can khien ti le nff gidi tham gia vao hoat ddng kinh te van d mffc irungbinh vdi cac nffdc khu vffc \a tren the'gidi Bai vie't tap trung phan tich m0ts^ ddng cd thiic dd'y vd rao can han che qua trinh khdi sff kinh doanh cua phu nff Viet Nam, tff dffa mdt so bien phap de giup phu nff khdi nghiep vffdt qua nhffng rao can thdch thffc vd khuye'n khich hp cd nhieu ddng cd khdi nghiep dam bao cdng Tiif khoa: Khdi sff kinh doanh, phu nff khdi nghiep, ddng cd, rao can l.Dat vande Khu vffc doanh nghiep dac biel la cac doanh nghiep nhd \d vffa phu nff lam chiJ, ddng \ai trd quan dd'i vdi tang trffdng kinh te'cua \"iet Nam Ke't qua cudc Tong dieu tra Doanh nghiep ndm 201 "^ Clia Tong cue Thd'ng ke cung cho thay cac doanh nghiep phu nff lam chu cd quy md lifdng Iff nhff cdc doanh nghiep nam gidi lam chii vdi doanh thu trung binh hang ndm tffdng tff Cu the doanh thu trung binh hang ndm ciia cac doanh nghiep nhd phu nff lam chu la 548.000 USD so vdi 543,000 USD cua cac doanh nghiep nhd nam gidi lam chii va 5.69 trieu USD dd'i \di cac doanh nghiep vffa phu nff lam chii so \di 5.76 trieu USD dd'i vdi cac doanh nghiep \ffa nam gidi lam chu De nang cao hieu qua va ddng gdp ciia cac phu nff khdi nghiep vk doanh nghiep phu nff lam chii nen kmh te ban ihan phu nff can nhdn ihffc rd rang dffdc nhffng bie'n ddn2 khdm: ngffng irong mdi irffdng kinh 140 So 3-Thdng 2/2020 doanh hien va dac biet Id nhffng rao can de khdi Slf kinh doanh ma phu nff phai ddi mat, khdi day nhffng ddng cd kinh doanh cua ban than ngffdi phu nff de giup nang cao td'i da kha ndng ihdnh cdng bat dau khdi tao va dieu hdnh doanh nghiep cua rieng minh M6t so' ly luan cd ban vd phu nff khSi nghiep 2.1 Phu nff khdi nghidp Phu nff khdi nghiep (Women EntrepreneurWE) cd the hieu theo nghTa hep la nhffng ngffdi phu nff tff md doanh nghiep va dieu hanh doanh nghiep kinh doanh cua minh Hp cd the chi 1& doanh nghiep mdt vien hoae thue eac nhan vien lam viec cho minh Hieu theo nghTa rdng hdn, cd the md rdng trd nff doanh nhan - phu nff Iam chli va dieu hanh doanh nghiep cua minh Lam chu d day cd nghTa la ngu'di phu nff phai cd du sdcd' phan hoae quyen sd hffu de quye'l dinh dffdc boat dpng eua doanh nghiep (Ngu\ dn Hdng Sdn- qUANTR!-QUANiy Phan Chi Anh 2013) Gan day chu de phu nff vdi khdi nghiep da nh^n dffdc nhieu sff quan tam, nghien effu Macdii, da sd'cac tde gia deu chi rdng, phu nff it cd kha ndng phat tnen va md rdng quy md doanh nghiep nhffng khdng dong nghia ho khdng cd tham vpng khdi nghiep \a phdt irien Cu the, Kelley va cac cpng sff (2010) ffdc linh.cd 126 trieu phu nff dang tham gia va dieu hanh cac ITnh vffc kinh doanh mdi tai 67 nen kinh te'lren the'gidi va cd 98 trieu phu nff dang dieu hanh cdng ty ciia chinh hg Hp tao cdng dn viec lam va ddng gdp dang ke vdo tang Irffdng vd phiic ldi xa hdi ciia cac qud'c gia 2.2 Dgng co thiic day Theo Maier vd Lawer (1975), "Dong cd thtic da'y la sff khao khdt vd tff nguyen cua moi ca nhan dffdc kich thich bdi nhffng cdng cu phu hdp mdi trffdng td' chffc, doanh nghiep" Trong md hinh ve kel qua thffc hien cdng viec ma cac tac gia de xud't (ket qua thffc hien cdng viec bdng kha ndng vd ddng tffc) cho tha'y dpng cd thuc day cd iac dpng ra't ldn de'n thffc hien cdng viec ciia mdi Cii nhan Dieu giai thich viec tai cd nhffng ca nhan cd trinh chuyen mdn, nang lffc lam viec cao nhffng ket qua cdng viec lai tha'p hdn ky vpng Clia to' chffc, bdi ngifdi dd khdng cd ddng cd Iam viec boac ddng cd lam viec ye'u Ddng cd la nhu cau da trd nen bffc thie't den mffc budc ngffdi phai hdnh ddng de dida mdn nd "Ddngcd la ddng life gay sffc ep thiic da'\ ngffdi hanh ddngde thda mdn mdt nhu cau hay ffdc mudn ndo dd ve vat cha't hodc \ e iinh dian hoae cd hai" (Tran Minh Dao 2018) 2.3 Rdo cdn do'i vdi phu nif khdi nghiep "Rao can" la td't ca nhffng gi gdy trd ngai, khd khan cho hoat dpng tie'p can mpt dd'i Ufdng ndo dd cua chu the Trong ta't ca cac linh vffc deu cd the gap phdi nhffng rao can nhd't dinh vdi mffc dp anh hffdng khac Rao can khdi nghiep la nhflng khd khan can trd qud trinh ngffdi khdi sff kinh doanh di de'n cdng Do vi the'ye'u hdn irong xd hpi phu nff bdt dau khdi nghiep kinh doanh thffdng gap phai nhieu rdo can hdn so vdi nam gidi Cac rdo can de'n tff ban than ngffdi phu nff va ca ben ngodi \d hdi Vdi nhieu ngffdi phu nff rdo can den tff phia gia dinh la dp lffc ra't Idn yeu cau dd'i vdi ngffdi khdi nghiep can cd sff cd'ng hie'n cho cdng ly va hi smh ban than Ke'i hdp vdi mdt so'nghien cffu iren the gidi va hoancanh thffc te tai Viel Nam, mdt so'rao can va khd khan dd'i vdi phu nff khdi nghiep bao gdm: rdo can ve tai chinh canh tranh, han che' Bieu dd I: Doanh nghidp thdnh lap mdi giai dogn 2012 - 2016 Deyit VI: SO hfcnig doanh nghidp • SoDNdo nOlam chu • TdngsdDN Nguem: Cue Ddng ky kinh chanh Be) Ke Iwach vd Dau lif 2017 So 3-Thdng 2/2020 141 TAP CHl CONG IlKdNG Bieu 2: Ty le khdi nghiep kinh doanh theo gidi tinh d \ lel Sam ndm 2017 Dati rf: % Ty le kh6i nghiep cf nam gicji Ty le khiiri nghiep of nO" gidi \gid' le khdi nghiep de tan dung cd hdi giffa nff gidi va nam gidi dii Viet Nam dat 0,94 lan dffng thff 27/54 Dieu cho tha'y phu nfl d Viet Nam tham gia vao kinh doanh yeu eau cua cudc sd'ng hdn Id sff chu ddng de tan dung ed hpi so vdi nam gidi vd dieu se anh hffdng nhieu de'n hieu qua kinh doanh ciia hp Da so' cdc hoat ddng kinh doanh ciia phu nfl cd quy md nhd va sieu nhd chii ye'u linh vffc diffdng mai \d pham vi kinh doanh hep Trong khu vffc doanh nghiep, ty le nff gidi iam chii doanh nghiep tha'p hdn nhieu so vdi nam gidi Theo so' lieu dieu tra doanh nghiep nam 2016 cua Tong cue Thd'ng ke ty le nff gidi/nam gidi la chli doanh nghiep nam 2016 chi dat gan 37/100 nghTa la sd Iffdng chu doanh nghiep la nff gidi chi bdng khoang 1/3 so vdi nam gidi (Bieu 3) 3.3 Thiic trgng cdc rdo cdn hgn che qud trinh phu nff khdi sii kinh doanh Tren thffc te, qua trinh khdi nghiep, phu nfl gap khdng it nhffng rao can khd khan, cac rao can de'n tff ban than ngffdi phu nffva tff ben ngoai xa hdi Cdhpi tie'p can cdc khoan vay,hd trd tai chinh: Vdi ba't cff doanh nghiep ndo tdi chinh la "ddng mdu "duy tri sff sd'ng cua doanh nghiep Nhffng vdi Bie'u 3: Bong ccf khdi nghiep kinh doanh theo gidi tinh m T^ le nam Ty le nu"gid't Ty le nam Ty te nO giai gWi khdi kh&i nghidp giai khai_ khdi nghiep nghiep vi nhu vi nhu cau nghiep ai tan dung c5u thiet yeu thiet y & tan dung ccf c a hpi hpi Dm vi: % I Ty le nam gidfi khcfi nghiep vi nhu cau thiet yeu I Ty le nu' gicfi khcri nghiep vi nhu cau thiet yeu i T y le nam gio'i khai nghiep 6i tan dung ca hpi i T y le nCf giai khai nghiep dS tan dung c a hpi Ngitott: GEM 12017) Clii sti Itliiii ivftiiip Viet Nam 20i7l2lim So 3-Tliong 2/2020 143 IAP Cll CONG IHiraNG nfl doanh nhdn khdi nghiep, mdi van de thffdng xay la hp ihieu ngudn lffc tai chinh va thieu \d'n Iffu ddng Rat it phu nff khdi nghiep ed dffde tai san hffu hinh irong lay Dieu \a\ bdi Iy chinh Tff nhat, phu nfl diffdng khdng cd sdhffu tdi san tren danh nghia chinh hp de cd the dat dffdc the cha'p tai san dung lam khoan \a> ngan hang Nhff \d\ kha nang lie'p xiic vdi cdc khoan \ay cua hp bi ban che Thff hai, cac to chffc tai chinh khdng lin tffdng vdo kha nang kinh doanh eda phu nff va khdng khuye'n khich phu nff \a\ Theo bao cao phal hanh cud'i ndm 2017 ciia To chffc Tai chinh qud'c le (IFC) thupc Nhdm Ngdn hdng The gidi (WB) phu nff Viet Nam dang trffc tie'p quan ly vd dieu hdnh boat ddng ciia gan 100 nghin doanh nghiep nhd vd vffa (DNNVV) thupc cdc linh vffc khde nhau, chie'm khoang 21% long sd' DNNVV lai Viet Nam Dieu dang ndi la cdng viec md rdng pham vi hoat dpng kinh doanh nhu cau tai chinh chffa dffdc dap ffng ciia bd phan doanh nghiep ndy len de'n 1.2 ty USD Bao cao nghien cffu Clia IFC cung chi ra, ndm qua chi 37'^