Tiến bộ xã hội ở việt nam

Tien bo xa hoi d Viet Nam Nguyen Minh Tri ' Truimg D?i hpc C6ng ngh^ Tp Hi Chf Minh Email: nm.tri@hutech.edu.vn Nh^n ng^y 28 thing nim 2019 Chap nh|in dSng ngiy 10 thing nam 2019 T6m tat: Trong 30 ndm doi mdi, Viet Nam da dat nhiing tyu quan Upng Uong vi?c thyc hipn tien bp xa hpi gdp phan nang cao ddi sdng vat chat va tinh Ihdn cho nhan dan Tuy nhien, ben c^nh nhiing m§t dd dgt dupc, vipc thyc hipn tien bp xa hpi d Vipt Nam, nhirng hgn che Bai vilt phan tich ldm ro quan diem ve tien bp xa hpi va thirc hien tien bp x5 hpi d Vipt Nam Uong qud trinh doi mdi; qua gdp phan vao cung cap them cac can cii khoa hpc cho nhung quyet sach cua Dang va Nha nudc Vipt Nam nhdm hoan thipn chinh sach thuc hien tien bp xa hpi d nudc ta hipn Tu- khda: Tien bO xS hdi, doi mdi, Vipt Nam Phan logi ngdnh: Xa hpi hpc Abstract: Over the past more than 30 years of renovation, Vietnam has made important achievements in implementing social progress, contributing to improving the material and nonmaterial aspects of life of the people However, besides the achievements, there are things to be improved in the implementation In the article, the author analyses lo clarify the viewpoint on social progress and its implementation in Vietnam in the renovation process; thereby contributing to providing more scientific bases for the decisions ofthe Vietnamese Party and State in order to complete the policy for the implementation today Keywords: Social progress, renovation, Vietnam Subject classification: Sociology Dat van de ciing vdi sy tdn tai cua ngudi, gdn vdi udc mo, khdt vpng vi mdt cudc sdng hanh Trong riln trinh phat triln cua nhan logi, tiin bp xd hpi Id mpt yong nhtrng vdn dl co bdn ciia moi thdi dai, bdi nd duoc ddt phuc ciia ngudi Vi le dd, viec xac djnh gia trj dich thuc cua phat trien, ddng thdi tap hgp, sir dung vd phat huy hieu qud cac Khoa hpc xd hpi Vipt Nam, so - 2020 ngudn lyc thyc hien tien bp xd hdi y d thdnh nhu cdu cap thiet Trong hon 30 ndm ddi mdi, Viet Nam dd dgt dugc nhiing tyu quan trpng tren cdc llnh vyc kinh tl, chinh tri, vdn hda - xa hpi Tuy nhien, ben cgnh nhiing thdnh tyu da dat dugc thi vipc thyc hipn lien bd xa hdi d nudc ta van cdn nhiing ban che, nhu tinh trgng phdn hda giau ngheo, ti le that nghipp cao, gidm ngheo chira ben viing, bat binh ddng Uong thu nhdp, chenh lech miic song ngdy cdng tdng Trong bdi cdnh dd, viec • tiip tyc nghien cdu quan diem ve lien bd xd hpi vd thyc hipn tien bp xa hdi d Vipt Nam yong qud dinh ddi mdi Id mpt yong nhiing viec lam can thiet cd ve mdt Ii luan vd thyc lien Day ciing chinh Id nhiing npi dung chii yeu ciia bai viet ndy dogn da qua [2, y.44-45] Cdn d phuong Ddng, Khdng Tir cho rdng, sy suy ldn ciia c h l dp nhd Chu liic dd biiu hi$n sy vdn dpng ciia xa hpi theo hudng suy vong, dd, udc mo ciia dng ve xa hOi tien b0 chi cd thi quay y d v l thdi vua Thudn, vua Nghieu Trong quan niem ciia Khdng Tii, sy suy vong chit yeu llnh vyc quan hp dgo due cua xd hpi, vd sy suy doi dd biiu hien qua cdc ngn xa hpi nhu "tiem ngdi vipt vj", chu hau chiem dyng Ie nghia cua Thign Tii, dgi phu chiem dyng Ie nghia cua chu hdu Ciing vdi ngn "tiem ngdi vi^t vi", chl dp yieu cdng ciing bj cdc chu hiiu ty y phd bd [I, y.252] Do dd, d l tri mdt xd hpi ki cuong, ddi hdi phdi ludn chii y din thyc hipn tien bp x3 hpi, ma cy the la "Khdng sg thieu chi sg khdng ddng diu, khdng sg ngh^o chi sg Idng ddn khdng yen" ("Bdt hoan qud nhi hoan bat qudn, bat hogn Quan diem ve tien bp xa hpi bdn nhi bat an") vd dng quan nipm "tien vuong", "tien thdnh" Id mau myc cho hdnh D I cd thi nhan thuc day dii, sdu sdc ve lien vi cua thien hg, vdi chd truong vi^c noi bp xd hpi, trudc het can phdi ldm ro cdc guong ddi xua, viec bdt chudc dao diic ciia quan diem vl tien bp xd hpi yong ddng Ijch cdc bgc tien thdnh, tien vucmg dugc coi Id sir phdt trien ciia nhdn logi CJ phuong Tdy, xu hudng van dpng tdt nhien ciia cdc xd h^i tir thdi cd dgi, de cgp den tien bp Mdc du cdn nhirng hgn che nhdt dinh, xa hpi, nha Triet hpc Hy Lgp Plalon cho nhung neu chiing ta bill k l thira va phdt rdng, xa hpi lodi ngudi, yong bdn tinh ciia trien cai hay ciia Khdng T.ii Id d l cao sy tu nd se van dpng theo chieu hudng di len dudng dao diic ngudi, thi dilu dd van Trong sy van dpng ay, chinh yj, phdp cd tdc dung thuc ddy sy tien bd cua xd hpi quyin, nhd nudc lan lugt thay ddi cdc hinh thiic cua chiing va hinh thiic sau ludn uu Trdi qua hon 1()00 ndm dem trudng viet ban hinh thiic tnrdc, song dng coi trung cd, quan dilra tiin bp xd hpi khdng the gidi la mpt mdt cau ddng kin nao dd, dugc tiep tyc phdt trien, bdi dudi sy thdng cho nen quan nipra ciia Plalon, sy tri cua nhd thd Kitd giao, ngudi va xd van dpng ciia xa hpi khdng phai la qua hpi lodi ngudi da sa vao nhiing nghich li yinh vd tan, raa la nhiing dudng vdng cd ciia sy tiin bd, vi mpt mdt, ngudi dugc gidi ban, d dd chu ky ldp lgi nhiing giai xem nhu Ddng sang tao; nhung mdt khac Igi 48 Nguyin Minh Tri Id nd lp ciia Chiia, cdn cac quy ludt khdeh quan cua lich sii thi bi thdn hpc phii djnh Mpt nhiing nhd triet hpc tieu bieu yudc C.Mac cd cdng phdn tich ddy dii ve m$l triet hpc ve rien bp xa hpi Id G.Heghen, nhd Triet hpc cd dien Dire Ong cho rdng, liin bp xd hgi chinh la sy van dgng tien ve phia trudc ciia cai kem hoan thien den cdi hoan thipn hon Theo dng, cdi chua hoan thi^n mang Uong minh mat ddi lap cita nd cdi hodn thipn Cdi hoan thipn tdn tai tiem ndng, yong tinh xu hudng ciia cdi chua hodn thipn Cd the thdy rdng, dieu cdt I6i Irong li ihuyet cita dng ve tien bd xa hdi Id d chd da nhdn vd li giai mdt each sau sdc tinh bien chiing ciia sy van ddng xa hpi, dd xem xet lich su xa hpi nhu mdt qua yinh thdng nhdt vd hgp quy luat Mac dii de cao tinh ddc thil ciia mdi thdi dgi, song Heghen van khdng dinh rdng,raoithdi dai laraptgiai doan Idt yiu tien trinh phdt triln chung ciia nhan logi; dng xem tien bp xd hdi chinh la qua yinh van dgng ciia y niem Them vao dd, yong triet hpc xa hpi, Heghen ciing ty mau thudn vdi chinh minh Trong dng cho rdng, su phat trien, theo Idgic ndi tgi cua nd, ludn ludn la vd cimg, vd ban thi dng lai bipn minh rdng sy tdn tai cua nha nudc quan chii lap hiln Phd la dinh cao ciia sy phdt yienljchsu[2, y.50] Trong quan diem ciia chii nghta Mac, mdc dil khdng cd mdt tdc phara nao trinh bay mpt cdch chuyen bipt ve tien bd xa hdi, song nhihig quan dilm ay dugc thi hien gian tiip qua hp thdng chii nghia vdl lich sir, mdi quan he vdi phat uien xa hdi C.Mdc vilt: "Sy phdt triln ciia nhiing hinh thdi kinh tl - xa hgi la mpt qua ymh lich sii - ty nhien" [7, y.21], qud Oinh van ddng tien len cua cdc hinh thdi kinh te - xa hpi sy phdt trien khdng ngimg ciia lyc lugng sdn xuat; qua trinh dien het sue phong phu, phuc tgp, day mdu thuan vdi nhihig budc quanh co vd nhiing budc thyt liii; song qud trinh ludn ludn dien theo hudng tien bp, nghta Id theo hudng di lu thap den cao, tir kem hodn thien den hodn thipn Dieu ciing da dugc V.I.Lenin khdng djnh: "Ljch su the gidi tien len mdt each deu ddn, bdng phang, khdng cd - ddi - nhQng budc nhdy Itii ldn, thi la khdng bien chiing, khdng khoa hpc, khdng dung ve mat li ludn" [6, y.8] Nhu vdy, theo quan diem ciia cac nha sang lap chu nghta Mac, tien bp xa hpi ludn bao ham vd the hien sy van dpng lien tyc khdng ngimg Thdng qua sy van dpng, tien bd xa hdi se phdt yien theo chieu hudng di Ien vd theo dd thi ddi sdng xa hpi loai ngudi ciing ludn theo xu the ngdy cdng dugc ndng len Van ddng yong xa hpi chinh la su van ddng ciia hinh thdi kinh le - xa hdi ndy bdng mpt hinh thdi kinh te - xa hpi khac cao ve chat Quan diem Ho Chi Minh ve tien bp xa hpi Bdng sy hieu biet sau sac ve thyc rien cdch mang Viet Nam, uen nen tang tiep thu tinh hoa vdn hda phucmg Ddng va phuong Tay, Ngudi da de lai cho dan lpc Viet Nam mdt di sdn tu tudng 4iet siic quy gid, dd cd quan diem ve tien bd xa hdi Tien bd xa hpi ciia Hd Chi Minh the hien rd qua quan diem ve chii quyen dan tdc, dpc lap dan tdc, quyin tu dan tdc, ddng bdo ta cung cd cam dn, mac, cung dugc hpc hdnh Trong Ti^en ngon dpc lap, Ngudi dd nhdn manh: "Tat cd mpi ngudi sinh deu 49 Khoa hpc xd hpi Vipt Nam, so - 2020 cd quyen binh ddng Tgo hda cho hp nhiing quyen khdng cd the xdra phgm dugc; Uong nhiing quyen dy, cd quyen dugc sdng, quyen tu va quyen muu cdu hgnh phiic Ldi bdt hu dy d Uong Tuyen ngon dpc lap ndm 1776 cua nudc MI Suy rdng ra, cdu ndi ay cd nghia la: tat cd cdc dan tdc tren the gidi sinh deu binh dang; dan lpc ndo cung cd quyen sdng, quyen sung sudng vd quyin ly do" [8, t.4, tr.4] Chinh sy binh ddng gitia ngudi, giiia cdc dan lpc Id tiin de de thyc hien rien bd xd hpi vd Ngudi khdng dinh: "Chi cd gidi phdng giai cdp vd sdn thi mdi gidi phdng dugc ddn tpc; cd hai cupc gidi phdng ndy chi cd the Id sy nghiep cua chii nghta cpng sdn vd cua cdch mgng thi gidi" [8, t.l, lr.461], "chi cd chu nghia cpng san radi ciru nhan loai, dem lgi cho ngudi khdng phdn biet chiing tdc vd ngudn gdc sy ty do, binh dang, bde di, doan ket, am no tren qua ddt, vipc Idra cho mpi ngudi vd vi mpi ngudi, niem vui, hda binh, hgnhphuc "[8, t.l,y.461] Tien bp xa hdi theo Hd Chi Minh cdn phdn dnh muc lieu ddc lap dan tdc vdi chu nghia xd hdi, Ngudi giai thich: "Chii nghia xd hdi la lam cho nhan dan dii an, du mdc, ngdy cdng simg sudng, dupc di hpc, dm dau cd thudc udng, gid khdng lao dpng thi dugc nghi ,Tdm lgi, xa hdi ngdy cdng tien bd, vdt chdt ngdy cang tang, tinh than ngdy cdng tdt, dd la chii nghta xa hpi" [8, t.9, y.591] Theo Hd Chi Minh, muc tieu cua phdt uien kinh te la hudng den cai thien ddi sdng vdt chat va vdn hda tinh than cang cao cho nhdn dan Ndi each khdc, lien bd xd hdi cd dugc mdi ngudi cang cd dieu kien phdt trien, dd, dieu kien 50 tien quyit Id dugc lam chu van mpnh ciia minh vd ddt nudc minh Nhu vdy, thdng qua khdi quat ljch sii tu vl tiin bd xd hpi yong lich su, cd the ndi, tien bd xd hpi Id mpt phgm trii lich sii, cd ndi hdm hel sue phong phii, dugc tiep can dudi nhieu gdc dp khdc nhau, song cdc quan diera tren deu thdng nhat d nhiing diem CO ban nhu sau: Mpt la tien bd xd h$i cd ndi ham rdng, phdn dnh sy van dpng rien len yen cdc llnh vyc kinh te, chinh tri, vdn hda, xa hpi vi mpt xd hpi tdt dep, binh ddng, bde di, tiin bp tdn tgi vdi ddi sdng ngudi Hai Id, lien bp xa hdi Id ket qua hogt ddng sdng tgo ciia ngudi, the hipn qud trinh lac d^ng tich cyc sy phdt trien todn dien phdt trien cdc quan he xd hpi cdng bdng, dan chu vd vdn minh Ba Id,tienbp xa hdi la mpt Uong nhiing yeu td the hipn dac trung cho mdi cpng ddng ngudi, la thudc trinh dp tien bd pham vi timg qudc gia, ddn tpc vd md rdng pham vi khu vyc, qudc te, phii hgp vdi tirng thdi ki, giai doan lich su cu the Tren co sd ke thira nhtmg thdnh qud nghien cim lich su ve rien bp xd hpi, chimg tdi quan nipm: tien bp xa hpi Id pham trii uiet hpc phdn anh dudng tiin len ciia xa hdi (kinh le, chinh Uj, van hda, xa hdi) tir trinh dp thdp den trinh dp cao hon, mang lai nhiing gid trj thiet thyc vl vat chdt va tinh than cho mpi ngudi dan Nhu vay, tiin bp xa hdi cd ndi hdra rdt rpng phan dnh sy phdt triln todn dien tren cac Itnh vyc kinh te, chinh tri, xa hdi, vdn hda, giao due , bao qudt cac phuang dien vat chdt vd tinh thdn Tiin bd xa hdi dugc xem xel, danh gid timg phgm vi quoc Nguyen Minh Tri gia, dan tpc, khu vyc vd qudc te phii hgp vdi timg giai dogn lich sii cy the Tien bd xd hpi Uong thdi ky qud dd di len chu nghia xd hpi d Vipt Nam cd nhiing tieu chi nhu sau [3,y.l42-144]: - Lyc Iugng sdn xudt phdt trien vdi ham lugng khoa hpc cang cao vd vdi quan h$ sdn xuat phii hgp theo djnh hudng xd hpi chu nghia; kinh te tdng trudng nhanh, cd chdt lugng cao vd ben vting; - Quyin lam chit ciia nhan nhdn ddi vdi mpi mat ddi sdng xa hpi dugc dam bao; Nhd nudc phdp quyen xa hdi chu nghia ctia dan, ddn, vi dan, sach viing ragnh Dan chii dugc phat huy, ky ludt, ky cuong dugc tdn trpng; - Vdn hda, gido dye vd ddo tgo khoa hpc vd cdng nghe dugc rad raang, trinh dp dan tri phdt triln, quan he giiia ngudi vdi ngudi ldnh mgnh; nhting thdi hu, tdt xau, te ngn xa hpi dugc day lui Ddy Id thudc tri tu? vd dgo ditc ciia tien bp xa hpi; - Mdi trudng sinh thai dugc bdo ve va cdi thien; - Con ngudi cd didu kien phdt trien ttmg budc ve thi chdt, tri tue, dao diic, nghi nghipp; cd cudc sdng ngdy cdng am no, hgnh phiic; dugc cdng hien va hudng thy cdng bang thdnh qua ciia sy phdt trien Mdt xd hdi van dgng theo hudng di Ien chii nghia x3 hpi la mpt xa hdi ngdy cang giau cd ve cua cdi vgt chat, dem lgi cho ngudi cupc song cdng day dii, sung tuc hon Cdi dich hudng tdi cua tien bd xa hdi phdi la ngudi, la sy phat yien toan dien ngudi nudc Dang ta xdc dinh: "Thyc hien tiin bg vd cdng bdng xa hdi timg budc vd hmg chinh sach phdt trien: tang trudng kinh le di ddi vdi phat trien vdn hda, y te, giao dye , giai quyet tdt vdn de xa hpi vi myc tieu phdt trien ngudi" [4, y.77-78] Quan diem tiep tuc dugc cdc dai hdi ke thira, phdt trien va xem ngudi la trung tam chien luge phat trien; ngudi vira Id myc tieu, vtra Id ddng Iyc phdt trien, thyc hipn cdng bdng vd tien bp xa hdi timg budc, ttmg chinh sdch phat trien Dai hpi Dang XII da neu ro: "gdn ket chat che, hdi hda giiia phat trien kinh te vdi phdt trien vdn hda va thuc hien tien bp, cdng bdng xd hpi, nang cao ddi sdng ciia nhdn ddn" [5, U.299] Con ngudi vtra Id myc tieu, vua Id ddng lyc cua tien bp xd hdi Id ket qua boat dpng sang tgo cua ngudi yong qud yinh cdi tao tu nhien, cai tao xa hdi vd cdi tao chinh ban thdn minh Ngdy nay, tieu chuan cua sy tien bd xa hpi dugc the hien d cac tyu phat triln kinh tl, trgng thai chinh trj - xa hdi, yinh dp hpc van, bdo ve sire khoe, ldi sdng, y thuc dao due, the gidi quan, ky luat lao ddng, van hod lao ddng, qua dd anh hudng den hieu qud san xuat Xa hdi ndo dem lai nhiiu khd nang hon cho sy phat huy sire manh va nang lyc sang tao ciia ngudi, hodn thien bdn chdt ngudi thi xa hdi dd duac coi la tien bd Thyc trang thyc hien tien bo x3 hpi d Viet Nam 3.1 Thdnh licu thuc hien lien bp xa hpi Nhdn thiic sau sdc ve vai trd, y nghta ciia tien bd xa hdi, frong qud trinh lanh dao each Thu nhdt, vi kinh ti Nen kinh tl Viet Nam mang ciing nhu sy nghiep ddi mdi ddt 30 ndm ddi mdi da cd nhiing budc phdt Khoa hoc xa hpi Vipt Nam, sd - 2020 trien ngogn muc, dgt dugc nhieu tyu cd y nghta lich su Tdc dp lang trudng kinh te khd cao uong nhieu ndm, quy md nen kinh te da ldn ban rat nhieu so vdi trudc Tdng san pham nudc (GDP) tang trudng vdi tdc dp trung binh hang nam 6,6% giai dogn 1986-2017 vd dat 7,08% ndm 2018 Trong dd, giai doan tdng trudng cao nhat 1992-1997 vdi mirc tang trudng binh quan hang ndm dgt 8,1% So vdi mpt sd qudc gia cd tdc dp tdng trudng kinh le nhanh tren the gidi 30 ndm qua binh qudn tang trudng GDP ciia Viet Nam chi dung sau Trung Qudc la 9,4%, tren Hdn Qudc vd Malaysia la 5.9%, tren Thai Lan Id 5,2%, yen My Id 2,6%, Nhat Bdn la 1,7% vd Dire la 1,8% [12] Quy md kinh tl Viet Nam tir chd xep thii 90 the gidi nam 1990 dd tdng len 171,2 ly USD, xlp thir 57 thi gidi ndm 2013 Viet Nam lu mpt qudc gia thudc nhdm cac nudc ngheo nhdl the gidi da trd qudc gia cd thu nhap trung binh thdp vao ndm 2008 Nam 2018, quy md nen kinli te dat 240,5 ty USD gdp 34 lan nam 1986, dua Viet Nam Ipt vao lop 50 bang xep hang cdc nen kinh te manh nhdt Ihl gidi [10] Co cau kinh te Viet Nam da chuyen dich theo hudng tien bd hon Theo sd lieu Tdng cue Thdng ke, nam 1986, nganh ndng nghiep chiem ty trpng cao nhdt la 38,1%; dich vy 33%, nganh cdng nghiep chiem ty trpng thdp nhdt la 28,9% Din ndm 2018, ca cau kinli te da cd nhiing thay ddi quan Upng: dich vu vucm Ien Ud thdnh ngdnh ddng gdp cao nhat GDP vdi ty trpng 41.1% sau dd Id nganh cdng nghiep chiem 34.3°'^, nganh ndng nghiep giam xudng chi cdn 14,6% Co cdu lao dgng cung chuyen dich lu llnli v\[c ndng nghipp sang cdng nghiep vd dich vu Ty trgng lao dpng lara viec Irong cdng nghiep vd djch vu tdng tir 11,2% vd 16,3% (ndm 1989) len 26,6% vd 35,2% vdo quy 2/2018; yong ndng nghipp gidm tir 71,5% xudng cdn 38,2%; ty lp lao ddng cd chuyen mdn ky thuat (ddc biet Id ty le ngudi Iao ddng cd trinh dp cao ddng va dgi hpc trd len) tdng nhanh tu 1,9% len 12,5% cung tai thdi diem neu tren [10] Dieu ndy cho thdy, nen kinh le Viel Nam da cd sy phat trien vugt bac, cd dp md va hdi nhap cao Ket qud dd cd sy gdp phdn quan trpng ciia md cua vd hpi nhdp kinh te qudc te sdu rpng ciia Viet Nam Hpi nhdp quoc te Id mpt yeu td quan trpng thuc day nen kinh te Viel Nam phat trien Thir hai, vi xd hpi Kel qua lang trudng kinh te cao vd dn djnh d Viet Nara nhiing nam qua da lao dieu kien thuan lgi de Dang, Nhd nudc ta huy ddng cdc ngudn lyc giai quyet nhirng van de xa hdi vi mpt xa hdi van minh, tien bd nhu: - Thu nhap binh qudn ddu ngudi cd nhieu cai thien Neu nhu tir nam 2007 trd ve Irudc, Viet Nam la nudc cd thu nhgp thap vdi binh quan thu nhdp dau ngudi dudi 1.000 USD/ngudi/ndm, thi tir ndm 2008, Viet Nam trd nudc cd thu nhdp trung binh thdp, vdi thu nhap binh qudn ddu ngudi la 1.154 USD/ngudi/nam va tdng len 2.540 USD/ngudi/nam vdo nam 2018 [9, ir.816], Thu nhdp ctia ngudi dan tdng qua cdc nam da gdp phan cdi thien chi tieu cho ddi sdng, binh qudn ddu ngudi theo gia hien hdnh tdng tCr 705.000 ddng nam 2008 len 2.016.000 ddng ndm 2016 [9, tr.833] Nhu Nguyen Minh Tri vgy, vdi tdc dp tdng trudng cao, viec lam dn djnh, thu nhdp tdng nen chi tieu sinh hogt cdc hp gia dinh ngdy cdng dugc cdi thipn, gdp phan nang cao, cdi thien chdt lugng sdng - Gidi quyet viec ldm O Viet Nam, ngudn thu nhdp chu yeu ciia cdc hd gia dinh Id tir lao dpng, vi vgy, viec quan tdm giai quyet vipc Idra Id mpt nhiing yiu td CO bdn ciia tien bp xd hpi Dudi sy lanh dgo ciia Ddng, su dieu hdnh ciia Chinh phii thdng qua cdc chuong Uinh phdt triln kinh te - xa hdi, thyc hien cac dy an vl tin dyng vipc ldm vdi ldi sudt uu dai tir Quy qudc gia ve vipc lam da gdp phan thiic ddy chuyen djch CO cdu kinh te, co cau lao ddng, gin dgy nghe vdi tgo viec lam, nhd dd tang co hpi vipc ldm vd hodn Ihien quan he Iao dpng Nhin lai nhQng ndm qua, cdng lac gidi quyet vipc lam vd phat trien thj trudng lao dpng dd thu dugc nhieu ket qua rich cyc Giai dogn 1991-2000, trung binh hang ndm cd nudc gidi quyet cho khoang tu -1,2 yipu ngudi cd cdng dn viec lam; giai doan 2001-2005, mirc giai quyet viec Idm dgt khodng 1,4-1,5 yieu ngudi va giai doan tir ndm 2010 - 2015, sd da tdng len, gidi quyet vipc lam, tgo viec ldm cho khoang 7,8 tripu ngudi, dd lao dpng d nudc ngoai khoang 469 nghin ngudi [5, y.238]; cdng tdc dao tgo nghe dugc quan tam, timg budc phdt trien, gdp phdn dua ti I? lao dpng da qua dao tao tir dudi 10% ndm 1990 tdng len 51,6% nam 2015 va 56% ndm 2017; ti le that nghiep giam xuong cdn 2,24% [9, y.I53] Cdc phien giao dich viec lam, he thdng thdng tin thj trudng lao ddng timg budc gan ket ngudi lao ddng vd ngudi sir dung lao ddng - Cdng tac xda ddi, gidm ngheo Trong qud trinh phdt trien kinh tl - xd hdi, Ddng vd Nhd nudc ta da rat chii trpng hudng vdo ngudi, nhdt Id nhirng ngudi ngheo Viet Nam dugc du ludn qudc tl ddnh gia la rapt Uong nhirng nudc dien hinh Uong viec thyc hien Muc tieu Thien nien ki vl xda ddi, giam ngheo Theo chudn qudc gia, ti le hp ngheo da gidm tir 30% ndm 1992 xudng cdn 5,8% nam 2016; tinh theo chuan ngheo tiep can da chieu, gidm tir 14,2%i ndra 2010 xudng cdn 7,9% ndra 2017, rieng cac huypn ngheo giara 4% [9, y.837] Theo bdo cdo ciia Chinh phii ve Ket qud thuc hien kl hogch phdt triln kinh tl - xd hpi ndm 2017, ke hoach phdt trien kinh tl - xa hdi ndm 2018, den nay, hdu het cdc ddi tugng chinh sach xa hdi, tre em dudi tudi, ngudi ngheo, ddng bdo ddn tpc thieu sd d cdc viing khd khdn da cd bdo hiem y te; cap the bdo hiem y te cho Uen 34,3 trieu ngudi, ho trg mua the bao hiem y te cho tren 15,1 trieu ngudi Quyet tam chinh tri cupc dau tranh giam ngheo ciia Ddng vd Nhd nudc ta da tao dieu kien cho mpi ngudi dan thy hudng nhiing thdnh qud ciia tdng trudng kinli te, ttr dd vuon len thodt ngheo, cai thien ddi sdng vat chat va tinh than - Gido due vd ddo tgo Phat trien gido due vd ddo tao khong chi cd vai trd thiic day phdt yien kinh te, raa cdn tdc dpng den su phdt trien co ban cua ngudi dan, dam bao cdng bdng vd tien bd xa hdi ben vCrng Nhdm tao co hpi va dieu kien cho tre em cac hd gia dinh ngheo, tre em dan tdc thieu sd d cdc viing khd khdn, tre em khdng noi nuong tua tiep can giao due co bdn, Chinh phli da ban hanh nhieu chinh sdch Khoa hpc xa hpi Vipt Nam, so - 2020 raien, gidm hpc phi vd cdc chinh sdch uu ddi khdc Trong nhiing ndra qua, giao due vd ddo tgo cd sy phdt trien mdi ve quy md, da dang hda cdc logi iiinh Idp tu mdra non, tieu hpc den cao dang, dgi hpc Ndm 2000, ca nudc dd dgt chuan qudc gia ve xda mti chii vd phd cap lieu hpc; den cudi ndm 2010, hau het cac tinh, dat chudn gido dye trung hpc co sd Ti le hpc sinh tdt nghiep trung hpc phd thdng ndm hpc 20162017 chiim 97,94%; ti le dan sd tir 15 tudi Ird len bill chir toan qudc la 95,1%; 100%) tinh, thdnh phd dat chuan phd cap giao dye mam non [9, y.I20] Nhu vdy, thyc hien lien bd xa hdi gido due thdi ki ddi radi da dugc cdi thien, ddc biet Id tgo CO hpi, dieu kipn hpc lap cho ddng bao dan tpc thieu sd, vimg sau, viing xa, em gia dinh ngheo vd tre khuyet tat cd nhtrng budc lien rd ret He thdng gido dye da budc ddu dugc da dgng hda cd ve Ioai hinh, phuong thiic vd ngudn Iuc, timg budc hdi nhap vdi xu the chung cua gido due the gidi Tir radt he thdng gido dye chi cd cdc trudng cdng lap va chu yeu la loai hinh chinh quy, den da cd cac trudng ngoai cdng lap, cd nhieu loai hinh khdng chinh quy, cd cdc trudng rad, cd phuang thuc ddo tao tu xa, phuang thuc lien kit dao tao vdi nudc ngodi - Cdng tdc bao ve, chara sdc sue khde nhan dan cd tien bp Ti le tu vong d Ue em dudi tudi da gidm tu 81%o nam 1990 xudng cdn khodng 21,5%o nam 2017; ti le ye em suy dinh dudng da gidm tuang img lir 50% xudng cdn khodng 13,4%; li Ie tre em dudi I tudi dugc tiem day dii cdc logi vdc xin chiim 96,4% [9, y.802] Tudi thp tiimg binh ciia ngudi dan tii 63 tudi ndm 1990 tdng len 73,5 ludi ndm 2017 NIU so sdnh cdng tdc chdm sdc siic khde vdi cdc nudc uong khu vyc thi ddy Id mpt tyu rat ldn cua chinh sdch y te (Thai Lan, ludi thp binh quan la 72 tudi; Malaysia, ri sual chet d tre so sinh khodng 16% vd tudi thp binh quan la 73,3 ludi) Tinh den ndm 2017, cd nudc cd 13.583 co sd khdm, chiia benh [9, U.785], Id chuc bp may y te dugc hodn thien tir co sd den cdc tinh, phd theo hudng phd cap, chuyen sau vd hiSn dai, chat lugng dpi ngu can bp y te dugc nang cao vd ti le tham gia bdo hiem y te bao phii din 83% dan sd (tucmg duong 7.5915,2 nghin ngudi) [9, y.l98] Dieu ndy dd tgo dieu kien chdra sdc tdt ban ve y te cho cdc tang ldp dan cu xa hOi, thiic ddy tien bp xa hdi - Chi sd phat trien ngudi (HDI) Cung vdi nhimg tyu dat dugc cdng tdc giai quyet viec lara, thu nhdp ngdy cdng tang, ti lp gidm ngheo nhanh, chdm sdc siic khde nhdn dan cd nliiing chuyin bien tich cyc gdp phan cdi thien ddi sdng ciia nhan dan, chi sd HDI d nudc ta khdng ngimg dugc cdi thien, ddm bdo cdng bdng va tien bp xa hdi qua trinh phat triln Theo bdo cao ciia Lien Hgp Qudc: chi so HDI ciia Viet Nam dugc cdi thien qua cac nam, tu mirc 0,683 ndm 2000 Ien miic 0,695 nam 2016 vd 0,700 ndm 2017 [9, tr.776] Chi sd HDI cua Viet Nam hien dang thupc nhdm trung binh cao Dilu da chirng td su phdt triln kinh ll - xd hpi d nudc ta cd xu hudng tdng, ddi sdng nhan dan riep tuc cai thien va timg budc ddm bdo tien bd xa hpi Nguyin Minh Tri - Bdo tdn, phdt huy di sdn van hda cdc dan tgc dd dat dugc nhirng ket qud ddng Iran trpng, nhieu di sdn vdn hda vat the vd phi vat the dugc UNESCO cdng nhan Id di san vdn hda the gidi hodc dugc xep hang la di sdn vdn hda qudc gia (Vinh Hg Long, V u ^ Qudc gia Phong Nha Ke Bang, Quan the di tich Cd dd Hue, Phd cd Hpi An, Hodng thdnh Thdng Long, Nha nhac cung dinh Hue, Khdng gian van hda cong chieng Tay Nguyen, Ddn ca quan hp, Ca trii Tin ngudng thd ciing Hiing Vuong, Ddn ca tdi tir, Mpc ban trieu Nguyen ) da dugc giir gin, bdo tdn, tdn tao Sdn phara vdn hda, van hgc nghe thudt ngdy cang phong phli, da dgng; cdng nghe thdng tin, nhat Id thdng tin dgi chiing cd budc phat triln mgnh me Nhieu phong trao, hoat dpng vdn hda dgt dugc nhirng ket qua cy the, thiet thyc; phong trdo "Todn ddn doan ket xay dyng ddi sdng van hda", "Xay dung ndng thdn radi" vd cdc phong trdo xda ddi gidm ngh^o, den on dap nghia da tao mdi trudng tdt de nudi dudng, phat huy nhirng gia trj nhdn vdn ciia dan tgc Xd hpi hda hogt dpng vdn hda ngdy cdng dugc md rpng, gdp phan dang ke vdo viec xdy dyng cac thiet che vdn hda kinh te van cdn d muc cao (8,4% va 53,3% nam 2018), yeu td TFP ddng gdp vdo tdng riTidng kinh te cdn hgn chl, mdi d rauc 38,3% nam 2018 Dgc biet, yiu Id till chl chua dugc cai thien, nhieu thdi quen va each qudn ly cu vdn hien dien Uong cdc vdn bdn phap luat, co chl, chinh sach Theo Dien dan kinh te the gidi ndm 2018, chdt lugng Ihl chl Viet Nam xlp hgng 94/140 nudc tren the gidi [11] Hai Id, mac dii ti le that nghiep dp tudi lao dpng giam lu 2,88% ndra 2010 cdn 2,24% nam 2017 [9, U.ISO], nhung vdi trinh dp chuyen mon ky thudt ciia lao dpng Viet Nam van yeu ve chat lugng, thieu ve sd Iugng, gan 80% Iao dpng chua qua dao tao [9, tr.l42], rapt bd phan lao ddng da qua dao tao hoac dugc su dyng khdng diing ngdnh nghe ddo tgo, hoac phai dao tao lai radi cd the lam viec Uong cdc doanh nghiep, thieu nghiera trpng lao ddng ky thudt trinh dp cao, lao ddng djch vu cao cap (tai chinh, ngan hang, ); sd ngudi ngheo, thdt nghiep cdn nhieu Ba la, ti Ie that nghiep d thi va nhdt Id ti le thieu viec ldm d ndng thdn cdn cao Xda ddi, giam ngheo chua ben vting, tinh trang tdi ngheo cdn nhieu Khoang each thu nliap giiia nhdm 20% giau nhat va 3.2 Hgn che thirc hiin lien bp xd hpi 20% ngheo nhat tdng sd dan cu da tang tu 4,43% ldn (1992-1993) len 9,8 lan Mpt la, nen kinh te nudc ta dang diing trudc (nara 2016) [9, tr.l42] Khoang cdch chenh nhieu khd khdn thach thiic Mac du tdng lech giira tdng ldp cd thu nhap cao vd tang trudng kinh te cao, binh quan hang ndm dat ldp cd thu nhdp thap cang gia tang 6,3%, nhung van thap hon muc tieu de ca hdi va thdnh qua tdng trudng kinh te ciia Chien luge phdt trien kinh te -xd hpi 10 khdng dugc chia se mdt each ddng deu, rad ndra 2011-2020, d rairc 7-8% Ti le lao lai cd lcri cho nhdm ngudi vdn da cd cupc dpng va vdn gdp phdn tgo nen tang trudng sdng kha gia hon Theo so lieu ciia Tdng 55 Khoa hpc xa hpi Vipt Nam, sd - 2020 cue Thdng ke, nhdm (20% ngudi cd thu nhap thap nhdt) Id 711.000 ddng/thang, nhdm (20% ngudi cd thu nhdp cao nhdt) la 7.547.000 ddng/thdng He sd chenh lech thu nhdp giiia nhdm vd nhdm cd xu hudng ngdy cdng ddn 9,8 Ian (ndm 1995 la 6,99 ldn, ndm 2006 la 8,4 ldn, nam 2013 la 9,55 ldn) [9, y.825] Dilu cho thdy khoang cdch thu nhgp binh quan d Viet Nam giiia nhdm gidu nhdt vd nhdm ngheo nhdt khdng dugc cdi thien md cd xu hudng cdng gia lang Bon la, ndi dung, phucmg phdp giao due cdn Igc hdu; chat lugng, hieu qud giao due vd ddo tgo cdn thap so vdi yeu cdu, nhdt Id gido dye dai hpc, gido due nghe nghiep; ca cau, chat lugng ngudn nhan Iyc cdn nhieu hgn che, bat cap; ti le lao dpng cd Uinh dp chuyen mdn cao, tay nghe gidi cdn it Nganh nghe ddo tao chua that su gdn ket vdi nhu cau thi Uudng Iao ddng Mdt bd phdn Iao ddng tre dugc ddo tgo chinh quy chua cd viec lam hodc lam nhiing viec trdi vdi ngdnh, nghe, llnh vyc dao tao Tinh trang vua thua, vua thieu nhdn Iuc d mdt sd ngdnh, Unh vuc, td chuc kha phd bien Cdn ton tai khd ro ret ve dieu kien hpc lap, co sd trudng ldp giiia thdnh thj va ndng thdn, mien xudi va mien nguge Ndm Id, khdra, chiia benh vd eham sdc sue khde cho ngudi ddn cdn hgn che Trong Itnh vyc chdm sdc siic khde nhan dan, mang ludi y te dugc md rdng nhung phan bd chua hgp ly, chua thuan tien cho ngudi dan Chat Iugng kham, chiia benh chua ddp ling yeu cau, nhdt la tuyen co sd Viec khac phuc tinh trang qua lai benh vien cdn chdm [5, y.256] Ca che, chinh sach bdo hiem y te thu vien phi vd kham, chtra 56 benh cho ngudi ngheo, ddng bao \ u n g sdu, vimg xa, vimg dan tpc thieu so cdn bat cgp Sy ddu tu vd sy hudng thy ve gido due, sue khde vd cac dich vu khdc ngdy cdng nghieng ve phia ngudi cd nhiiu tien sdng d thi Sdu Id, ldi sdng ich ky, vy lgi cd nhan ciing bdt ddu hinh thdnh vd cdng xdm nhap vdo nhieu lang ldp xa hpi Loi sdng thien ve hudng thu, sdng gdp dang buy hoai dan nhan cdch ciia nhieu ngudi d§n den nhieu gid trj truyen thong dan y d nSn mai mdt Trong dd, khung hodng niem tin ciing dang la mdt trd nggi ldn ddi vdi viec thiet lap cdc quan he xd hpi vd thyc hien cac myc lieu kinh te, chinh trj Ciing vdi do, te xdm hai tinh due, nguge ddi tre em, hdnh vi lech chuan ciia hpc sinh, sinh vien cd xu hudng gia tdng; bgo lyc hpc dudng phd bien d ca nhtrng hpc sinh nQ-; radt bd phan thay, cd giao suy gidra nhan cdch, dgo due ldm dnh hudng xdu den hinh dnh nghe giao lara gia lang sy khiing hodng niem tin xd hpi Giai phdp thyc hien tot hon tien bp xa hpi d Viet Nam Thu nhdt, quat Uiet, nhan thiic m§t cdch day dil vd sau sdc viec thyc tiin bd xa hpi timg budc, timg chiln luge, timg chinh sach phat trien kinh le - xa hpi ndi chung todn bd he thdng chinh trj ciia Viet Nam Tir dd tgo nen sy thdng nhdt vl nhan thiic vd hanh ddng he thdng chinh tri hudng den muc tieu phdt triln vi ngudi Nguyen Minh Tri Thdr hai,thuc ddy tdng trudng kinh te nhanh, bin viing vi myc tieu tien bd va cdng bdng xa hgi Nhd nudc thyc hien ddng bp, hipu qua cac chii truang, chinh sdch phat yien kinh te, huy dgng tdi da mpi ngudn lyc cho phat trien kinh te; sir dung cdc ngudn luc, cdng cu dieu tiet, chinh sdch phdn phdi vd phdn phdi lgi dam bdo thyc hien an sinh xd hpi, timg budc nang cao phuc lgi xd hpi Thic ba, gidi quyet tdt lao ddng, viec ldm vd thu nhap, bdo ddm chat lugng ddi sdng dan cu Giai quyet vipc ldm la mdt nhiing chinh sach quan trpng ciia moi qudc gia, d^c biet ddi vdi cdc nudc dang phdt trien nhu Vipt Nam Thieu viec lara, khdng cd viec lam hodc viec lam vdi ndng sual va thu nhgp thdp se khdng the giiip ngudi dan bao dam cugc song va phdt trien ben viing Cd vipc lam vd tdng thu nhdp se giiip ngudi ddn cd kha nang ddp iing dugc nhting nhu cau chinh dang ve vat chdt va rinh thdn, giiip hp tiep can dugc vdl cdc djch vu chdt lugng tdt, nang cao vj the xa hpi, hda nhap vdi mdi trudng xung quanh Dgi hpi Dang XII xdc dinh: "Tao ca hdi de mpi ngudi cd viec lam vd cai thien thu nhap Bao ddm tien luong, thu nhdp cdng bang, du dieu kien sdng va tdi sdn xudt siic lao dpng" [5, y.l35] Qudn yiet tinh tiidn dd, cac cap, ngdnh can day manh khuyen khich ddu tu xa hdi, lao nhieu viec lara, xay dyng vd hodn thien chinh sdch tien luong, tien cdng, khac phuc co ban nhiing bat hgp ly Trong do, coi trpng ndng cao chat lugng ngudn nhdn lyc; viec ddo tao nghe vd gidi quyet vipc Iam cho ngudi lao dpng phdi gan vdi quy hogch kinh te - xa hpi, cac chucmg ti-inh phdt triln kinh te, ngdnh nghe vd dinh hudng chuyen dich co cdu kinh te cua timg dia phuang Tiep tyc hoan thien chinh sach bdo hd Iao ddng, day mgnh xudt khdu lao ddng la gidi phdp quan upng Uong gidi quyet viec ldm, ddp img nhu cdu thyc tiin, gdp phdn tdng thu nhdp, nang cao trinh dp tay nghe cho ngudi lao dpng hien Thic tu, Ddng vd Nhd nudc can phai quyet liet dua myc tieu gidm ngheo da chieu vdo npi dung chien luge phdt triln kinli te - xa hdi ciia cd nudc Chi dao cdc linh, xay dyng ke hoach chi tiet chuong trinh, chinh sach gidm ngheo hang nam theo Id trinh cy the vdi nhtrng gidi phap thiet thyc, sat nhu cdu trg giup ciia ngudi ngheo vdi dieu kien cy the ciia tinli, thdnh, tranh dot chdy giai dogn; rd soat, phdn logi hd ngheo, can ngheo mdt each khdeh quan, chinh xdc de cd bien phap ho yg thich hgp Thic ndm, tdng cudng qudn Iy xa hdi tren nen tang dan chu, thugng tdn phdp ludt Thyc thi chinh sdch phdt trien kinh te di ddi vdi gidi quyet tdt cac van de xa hdi vi muc lieu phdt trien ngudi; ddng thdi tgo dieu kien thudn Igi cho phdt trien y te ngoai cdng lap, thi diem hinh co sd khdm, chiia benh theo hinh thuc hgp tac cdng - tu va rad hinh qudn li benh vien nhu doanh nghiep cong ich; day nhanh tien dp thuc hien bdo hiem y te toan dan; khuyen khich, hd yg cho mpi y tudng sdng tgo, thiic day ddi mdi, phat trien, nhdt Id cac linh vyc kinh te, xa hdi, khoa hpc - cdng nghS, van hda, nghe thudt, Sdu la, tang cudng va ddi mdi cdng tac tuyen truyen, nang cao nhdn thirc Dang, he thdng chinh trj va loan xa hdi ve vi tri, vai trd cua su nghiep xdy dung va 57 Khoa hpc xa hpi Viet Nam, sd - 2020 phai trien vdn hda, ngudi Viet Nam Tich cyc dau tranh, bdi trir cdc sdn phdm van hda ddc hai, phan ddng, ddi truy; ddng thdi, hgn che hodc ggt bd nhiing hu tuc de tgo dyng ddi sdng tinh than ldnh mgnh nhdn dan [2] Nguygn Trpng Chufin (Chii bifin) (2000) Tiin bd xd hpi: Mpt sd vdn di U Iugn cdp bdch, Nxb Khoa hpc x5 h^i H i N^i [3] Ngo van Dy, Hong Hd (2006), 77m hiiu mpt sd thugt ngS- vdn kien Nghij quyel Ogi hpi X cua Ddng Nxb Chinh trj qu6c gia, H4 NOi Dang COng skn Vi§t Nam (2006), Van ki^n [4] Dpi hpi dgi biiu todn quoc ldn thir X, Nxb Ket luan Trong ban 30 ndm ddi mdi, Viet Nara da thodt khdi nhdm nudc ngheo, ddi sdng vdt chdt vd vdn hda khdng ngimg dugc cai tbien, vj thi nudc ta khdng ngimg dugc ndng cao tren trudng qudc te Tuy nhien, mat trdi ciia nin kinh ll thj trudng, hdi nhdp qudc te da tdc dpng tieu cyc den cudc sdng cua ngudi lao dpng, nhu that nghiep, phan hda giau ngheo, bdt binh ddng thu nhap Do dd, viec dam bao tiin bd xd hpi tiong qudti-inhddi mdi d Viet Nam hien cd y nghta ly ludn vd thyc tien to ldn, can dugc nhdn thuc diing ddn, triln khai thuc hipn cd hieu qud, nhdra hien thyc hda rauc tieu "dan giau, nudc mgnh, dan chii, cdng bdng, vdn rainh" Chinh trj q u i c gia, Hk Npi [5] Dang Cpng san Vi?t Nam (2016), Van ki^n - Dpi hpi dgi bieu loan quoc ldn thu XII Vftn ph6ng Trung ucmg Dang, Hk NOi [6] V.I.Lenin (1981), Todn tgp, t.30 Nxb Ti^n bO, Mdtxcova [7] C.MSc vk Ph.Ang^en (1993), Todn tgp, \2i, Nxb Chinh trj qu6c gia, Hk Npi [8] H6 Chi Minh (2000), Todn tgp, 1.1,4,9,12, Nxb Chlnh trj quoc gia Hk NOi [9] T6ng ci,ic Thong ke (2018), Nien gidm thong ke Vi^t Nam ndm 2017, Nxb Thong k£, Hd Npi [10] htrp://www.gso.gov.vn, tmy c§p ng4y 15-3-2019 [11] hnp://lyluanchinhtri.vn/home/index.php/anhchinh/item/2892-doi-moi-quan-ly-nha-nuocve-kinh-te-thich-ung-voi-hoi-nhap-quoc-te-va- Tdi lieu tham khao [1] Doan Chinh (2015), Lich su Iriet hpc phuang Dong, Nxb Chinh trj quoc gia, Hk Npi 58 cach-mang-cong-nghiep-40.html [12] http://www.brandsvietnam.com/17031-32nam-doi-moi-Viet-Nam-lot-Top-50-nen-kinhte-lhe-gioi, truy cap ngSy 15-3-2019 ... lan nam 1986, dua Viet Nam Ipt vao lop 50 bang xep hang cdc nen kinh te manh nhdt Ihl gidi [10] Co cau kinh te Viet Nam da chuyen dich theo hudng tien bd hon Theo sd lieu Tdng cue Thdng ke, nam. .. thu nhap binh qudn ddu ngudi la 1.154 USD/ngudi /nam va tdng len 2.540 USD/ngudi /nam vdo nam 2018 [9, ir.816], Thu nhdp ctia ngudi dan tdng qua cdc nam da gdp phan cdi thien chi tieu cho ddi sdng,... Hgp Qudc: chi so HDI ciia Viet Nam dugc cdi thien qua cac nam, tu mirc 0,683 ndm 2000 Ien miic 0,695 nam 2016 vd 0,700 ndm 2017 [9, tr.776] Chi sd HDI cua Viet Nam hien dang thupc nhdm trung