Mot so ly luan ve nang cao quyen nang kinh te cua phu nuf nong thon mo hinh hop tac xa kieu m6i PHAiVi THI HC/OMG GIANG* Tom tat Bdi vie't nghien cffu mot sd ly ludn, cung nhu mdi quan hi giffa md hinh hgp ldc xd (HTX) kieu mdi vd quyen ndng kinh te cda phu nff ndng thon, tren ca sd dd, nghiin cffu dUa mgt sd ngi dung vd tieu chi chu yi'u de ddnh gid mffc quyin ndng kinh ti'cua phu nff nong thdn md htnh HTX kieu mdi Tii khoa: quyin ndng kinh te cua phu nff nong thdn, md hinh HTX kieu mdi Summary The paper examines previous theories, as well as ihe relationship between new-style cooperatives and economic empowerment of rural women On that basis, it provides some contents and key criterias to assess rural women's economic empowerment in new-style cooperatives Keywords: economic power of rural women, new-style cooperatives GI61 THIEU Hien nay, phu nff ndng thdn la iffc Iffpng to ldn vd cd ddng gdp quan trpng qud trinh cdng nghiep hda, hidn dai hda ndng nghidp, ndng thdn Vai trd eua phu nff eang trd nen quan trpng hdn qua trinh chuyen ddi nen kinh td', vdi sff tham gia cua lao ddng nff vao ITnh vffe sdn xua't ndng nghiep edng tang lao ddng nam giam dan Tuy nhidn, vi the'cua phu nff ndng thdn ke' ca ve kinh te va xa hdi cae linh vffe cua ddi sd'ng, quan hd xa hdi va gia dinh chffa tffpng xffng vdi mffc dp ddng gdp cua hp Viet Nam da ed nhflng nghien effu ve HTX, qud trinh hinh va phdt tnen cua HTX hodc ve vai trd cua phu nff d ndng thdn, phu nff hoat ddng ndng nghiep Tuy nhien, chffa eo nghien effu nao de cap dd'n vd'n de quyen nang cua phu nfl ndng thdn md hinh HTX kieu mdi Chinh vi vdy, vidc thffc hien nghien cffu mot sd' ly luan ve nang cao quyen ndng kinh td' Clia phu nfl ndng thdn md hinh HTX kieu mdi la can thid't KHAI NIEM VE MO H I N H HTX KIEU MCfl Kimberly A.Zeuli and Robert Cropp eho rang, hdp tac xd la td chffe/hiep hdi tff chu cua eac ea nhan hen kd't vdi mdt each tff nguyen nham ddp ffng cdc nhu cau va nguyen vpng ehung ve kinh te', xa hdi va van hda thdng qua mdt doanh nghiep dffdc sd hffu chung va dffdc kiem soat mpt cdeh dan chu (Berhane Ghebremichael, 2013) Theo Ludt Hdp tdc xa nam 2012, HTX la to ehffe kinh td' tdp the', ddng sd hffu, cd tff cdch phdp nhan, it nhd't vidn tff nguydn lap vd hpp tdc tffpng trp ldn hoat ddng san xud't, kinh doanh, tao viec Iam nham ddp ffng yeu eau chung cua vien, tren cd sd tff ehu, tff ehiu trach nhiem, binh ddng va dan chu quan ly HTX Ngay^nay, ngffdi ta hay ndi md hinh HTX kid'u mdi la ehi nhffng HTX ldm an eo hieu qua eao, thu huraude nhieu vidn giup kinh te ho phdt tri^n, thuc chat dd chinh la cdc HTX dien hinh tien tie'n ldm an cd hieu qua kinh te'cao, thu nhap cua vidn vd noffdi lao dpng dffde dam bao, ddi song vdt chat tinh tha'n dffde cai thidn Mat khac' khoa hoc va cdng nghe phdt tnen dd'n 'Trung ffdng Hoi Lien hiep Phy nff Viet Nam Ngay nhdn ba, 22/11/2019 Ngay phan bien: 19/12/2019: Ngay duyel d-h 102 trinh ra't eao kinh td'hd phat trien da den gidi han mud'n dp dung dffpc khoa hgc, cdng nghe, tao san pha'm cd quy md ldn, chd't Iffdng eao de' eo hdng hda xua't kh^u gia tri cao; ddi hoi ngffdi ta phai cd sff lien ke't, hdp tac de' cd nhffng canh dong mdu ldn, de dl ddng ap dung cd gidi hda, tff ddng hda Nhff vay, ta ed thd' hidu md hinh HTX kieu mdi Id cdc HTX die'n hinh tien tid'n dffde thdnh lap, chuye'n ddi theo diing ban ehd't, nguyen tde va Luat Hdp tac xa; hoat ddng san xu^t, kinh doanh, dich vu cd hieu qua cao theo chudi gia tri gia tdng quy md Idn, cd sffe lan tda QUYEN NANG KINH TE CUA PHU N Q NONG THON Theo td chffc Oxfam, nang cao quyen nang cua phu nfl la mpt qud trinh ma d cude sdng cua ngffdi phu nfl dffde chuyen tff trang thai han ehe ve quyen Iffc eae djnh kie'n gidi sang trang thai ma d hp ed quyen binh dang vdi nam gidi (Oxfam, 2017) Theo Team Workcategory, thuat ngff "Nang cao quyen ndng cho phu nff" diJng de' ehi vide tao mdt mdi trffdng d phu nff cd the tff quye't dinh ve ldi ich cua ea nhan ho eung nhff cua cdng dong Ndng cao quyen ndng cho phu nff la vide tang cffdng va eai thidn sffe manh ve xa hdi, kinh td', chinh tri va phdp ly Clia phu nff nham dam bao quyin binh dang Clia phu nfl vd tao cho hp sff tff tin de yeu eau dffde dam bao quyen ctia minh Cdc quyen dd bao gdm: (1) Quyen dffpc sd'ng tff vdi gia tri, uy tin va long tff trpng cua ban than; (2) Quyen quye't dinh toan bd cudc sd'ng eua ho ca va ngodi gia dinh, ndi ldm vide; (3) Quyen dffdc tff quyd't dinh va li/a chpn; (4) Quyen binh dang tham gia cac hoat ddng xa hdi, tdn gido va cdng ddng; (5) Quyen binh dang vd dia vi xa hpi; (6) Quyen dffPe thu hffdng vd kinh td- xd hoi; (7) Quyen dffPc quyet dinh ve tai chinh va kinh td'; (8) Quyen binh dang ve cP hdi giao due; (9) Quyen binh dang ve cd hdi vide lam ma khdng bi bd't cff rao can gidi nao; (10) Quyen dffdc lam vide mdi trffdng thuan tidn va an todn " Mdt (rong nhffng quyen nang ma the' gidi thffdng ban luan nhieu va hffdng de'n nhieu nha't, coi nhff mdt nhffng quyen nang mang tinh quye't dinh eho ^^^conomy and Forecast Review viec nang cao quyen nang toan dien cua phu nff dd la quyen nang kinh td' Mot sdkhai niem da dffdc qudc te' edng nhan lien quan de'n nang cao quyen nang kinh te' cho phu nff, dd phai ke' de'n eac khdi niem thdng dung nhd't nhff sau; Theo Oxfarm (2017), quyen nang kinh te' eua phu nff cd dffpc phu nff dffde quyen dinh doat vd hffdng ldi tff cdc ngudn Iffe, tdi san, thu nhap vd thdi gian cua hp va hp cd kha nang quan ly rui ro va cai thien tinh trang kinh te va dieu kidn sd'ng cua minh Nang cao quyen nang kinh te' cua phu nff se ddng gop vao viec nang cao quyen ndng eho phii nff bdi nd nhd'n manh kha nang phu nff dffdc tie'p can vd kie'm soat ngudn Iffc san xud't va dffpc cdng nhan la chu the tham gia day dii vao nen kmh td' Qua nghidn cffu eac quan diem lien quan dd'n quyen nang cua phu nff, quyen nang kinh te' eiia phu nff, dffdi gde dp kinh td' phdt trien Nghien effu tid'p can thudt ngff "Quyen nang kinh te' eiia phu nff ndng thdn md hinh HTX kieu mdi" vdi khai niem sau "Quyen nang kinh te'eiia phu nff ndng thdn md hinh HTX kieu mdi la quydn va ndng Iffc cua phu nfl ndng thdn de' cd the tie'p can va kiem sodt cac ngudn Iffc cho phat trien san xuat va dffpc cdng nhdn la chii the tham gia day dii vdo md hinh HTX kid'u mdi" MOI QUAN HE G I Q A Mp HJNH HTX KIEU, Mdi V6l NANG CAO QUYEN NANG KINH TE CUA PHU NQ NONG THON Theo danh gid cua Lien minh Hdp tac xa the' gidi, md hinh HTX vdi tinh cha't dan chu^vd tff nguyen Id cd ehe' ly tffdng cho thuc diy binh dang gidi Nd giai phdng nhffng liem ndng tiem tang eua phu nff, chd'm dfft sff phdn bidt doi xff va ddi ngheo cua phu nff, to chffc phu nff vao HTX la phffdng thffc quan trpng de thuc dd'y sff phdt trien ve xd hdi va kinh te' eho phu nff (Oxfam, 2017) Xet trdn cde ye'u td' gdp phan ndng cao quyen ndng kmh te eho phu nff, HTX ddng vai trd ddng kd HTX vdi tinh chd't la tap hpp ciia nhdm ngffdi vdi tinh cha't tff nguydn de ddp ffng nhu cau chung ciia ho ve kinh le', xa hpi van hda, ddng sd hffu va van hdnh theo cd che' thj trffdng se tao cd ehe eho nang cao kie'n thffc, nang Iffe cho nhdm ngffdi ye'u the, dd ed phu nff Phu nff tham gia HTX ed the dffdc phattrien ve kinh td'xd hdi, vi HTX theo dudi nhflng gid tri rdng hdn mue tieu ldi nhudn HTX ddng vai trd quan trpng tao vide lam, hodc cung cap vide lam tff than cho cae thdnh vien, cung ca'p ede dieh vu cho thdnh vidn, cung nhff nhffng ngffdi khdng phai vien HTX giup phir nff nang cao quyen nang ve xa hdi HTX khdng chi dffdc coi Id cd che quan giup thuc day nhffng ldi ieh ve kinh td' dd'i vdi cdc thdnh vidn, ma gitip vien nang cao vai trd xa hdi thdng qua viec thie't lap mdi trffdng dan chu dtfa tren 103 sff tlf do, binh ddng, mpi ngffdi sd'ng, lam viec mdi trffdng hda binh, cham sde ldn nhau, chia se vdi nhff mdt gia dinh HTX cd the tao mdi trffdn| an toan giup nang cao sff tff tin cho phu nff, hp ed the xac dinh dffpc nhffng thdch thffc cho ban thdn, quyd't dinh ya quan ly rui ro eho ban than Tham ehi HTX cd the de cap dd'n nhflng vd'n de rdng hdn nhff, nhflng vd'n de lien quan dd'n binh dang gidi (vide lam khdng dffdc tra cdng, chia se traeh nhiem vd phdng chd'ng bao Iffc tren cd sd gidi) Nghien cffu eua Gita (1993) chi rang, 57,7% phu nfl cac HTX dan ddu vide td chffc eac chffdng trinh van hda epng ddng ichi d cae khu Vffe khac chi ed 10,7% phu nff tham gia HTX khdng chi edng thue dd'y phu nff tham gia cde hoat ddng xd hdi ma edn thue dd'y vai trd quan ly Clia phu nfl HTX giup phu nfl tham gia nhieu hdn vao eac hoat ddng kinh te' Mdt nhffng khia canh cua nang eao quyen nang kinh td' dd la giiip phu nfl de'p can vdi ede ngudn Iffc va cd hdi lam kmh le' Nd'u phu nff dffde lie'p cdn vdi cdc ngudn Iffc san xual nhff nam gidi, nhffng ddng gdp eiia hoed the lam giam 12%-i7% ty le ngffdi ddi ngheo (Gila, 1993) Ddng gdp vdo thffe hien muc tidu thidn nien ky, ddc bidt muc tieu giam ddi, ngheo cung effe HTX eung ed'p nhffng cd hdi cho vien tham gia nhieu hoat dpng tang thu nhdp khac nhau, nang eao kie'n thffe ky thuat va kha nang iff giiip Clia ho HTX giup phu nfl tie'p can cdc ngudn thdng tin lidn quan de'n thi trffdng, cae phffdng tidn san xua'l, dich vu tdi ehinh, Tuy nhidn, nhieu nghien effu cho ihay, sff tham gia eua phu nff cdc khu vffe chinh thffe vdn edn nhieu khd khdn han ehe'trong lie'p can lin dung, tdi san, ky nang khoa hpc, ky thudt Thdng qua HTX, hang trieu phu nff da thay ddi cudc sd'ng cua minh, hp da tim dffdng de tff nang eao quyen nang va phat trien HTX ddng gdp khdng chi ndng eao ddi sdng kinh id ciia ngffdi phu nfl, ma cdn giiip hp ede quye't dinh kinh le' td't hdn Trong nghien cffu eua Lisa Sehineariol McMurtry va JJ McMurtry, ILO va COOP (2015) ehi vai trd eua HTX ndng cao quyen ndng kinh te ciia phu nff Cu the la, HTX mang lai ldi ieh ehinh cho phu nfl- tie'p can thi trffdng lao ddng, eai thidn dieu kidn lam vide vd ldi ich ve xa hdj Nghidn cffu eung eho thd'y, phu nff dffde tiep can thi trffdng lao ddng theo ea dffdng trffc tie'p va gian tid'p Trffc tie'p la HTX tao cd hdi cho phu nff tie'p can vd'n san xua't vd thi trffdng cho san pham Do dffde cung eap eac dich vu tdi ehinh, phap ly, thi trffdng, HTX giup phu nff bat dau khdi nghidp va khdi sff kinh doanh Khi phu nff lap HTX, hp vffa tff tao vide lam, vffa tao vide lam eho nhffng phu nfl khde (va ca nam gidi) Hdn nfla, mot so HTX cd muc tidu tuyen dung nhflng phu nff yeu the nhff phu nff ngheo, phu nff bi bao Iffc gidi, phu tiff han chd' tid'p can giao due vd dao tao Dieu md cd hpi cho td't ca cde nhom phu nfl, khdng de bi bo lai phia sau 104 HTX eung cd'p mdt ed che ma d dd eae ngudn Iffc dffdc tap hdp lai ya phu nff cd the sff dung cho qua trinh san xuat vd ban san pham, dich vu eiia ho Phii nff eung co the ed nang Iffe dam phan vdi eac trung tdm ben ngodi de tiep cdn cde ngudn Iffe cSn thie't eho cdng vide eua hp, vi du hdp dong vdi cdc chuyen gia hodc cac td chffc khac thudc khu vffe tff nhan Phffdng thffc hdp tae HTX ciing giup tao sff chuyen dich ede giao dich tai chinh va cdc boat ddng ke't ndi ngudn Iffe, ndng cao kha nang kinh doanh vd ldi nhuan Cde nghien effu cho tha'y phu nff tham gia HTX deu nang cao dffpc thu nhdp va ddi sd'ng Ve gian tid'p, HTX cung dem lai eac tdc ddng gian tid'p de'n cdng vide eua phu nfl, vi du linh vffe dam bao Iffdng thffc, tai ehinh, nha d, cham sdc sffe khde, chdm sdc tre em, ngffdi gid, HTX cung ca'p cho phu nff cdc dieh vu cd the tie'p can va chi tra Dieu ndy tao dieu kidn cho phu nff vdn ed the lam vide vd ddp ffng cde nhu cau cdban cua hp HTX ciing ed the ddng gdp vao viec eai thidn cac ITnh vffe khac ddi sd'ng phu nfl, vi du phu nff cd dffpc quan tam hdn tdi ede nhu elu ca nhan nhff khdng bi bao Iffc va dffde bao ve HTX cd the td ehffe cdc hoat ddng nang eao nhan thffc ve cac va'n de nhff lao ddng tre em, tao hdn, HIV, phong chd'ng bao Iffe gidi, phdng chd'ng lam dung rffpu, dffpc eoi la ede tac nhan quan trpng anh hffdng tdi cupc sdng eua ngffdi phu nfl Cd ehe hoat ddng ddn chii Clia HTX vdi each td chffc linh boat va ty' quyet dinh giiip phu nfl cd the can bdng vidc tham gia HTX vdi cac cdng vide khac gia dinh nhff cham sde tre em Mdt sd nghien cffu khang dinh so vdi ede^md hinh kinh te khae, HTX cd hieu qua hdn nang cao quyen ndng cho phu nfl vd thuc da'y binh dang gidi So vdi ede loai hinh kinh te' khde, HTX ed hieu qua hon hd trd phdt trien cOng ddng, phiie ldi cdng ddng, giai quydt cde va'n de xa hOi, nang eao quyen nang eho phu nff va hffdng tdi binh dang gidi Nghien effu ciia Berhane Ghebre Michael (2013) chi rdng thdng qua ^ J ^ ' "S"'^' P'^y '^'^ '^^ ^^^ ^''' thien cupc sdng Clia ban than Hp rd't hai ldng vdi eae dieh vu HTX cung cap Hp dffdc edng ddng edng nhdn va ddc lap hdn tronggia dinh Nhff vdy HTX ddng vai trd rd't quan trong n,' - cao cmv^n ndng eho phu nff thdng qua mdt loat cac phffdng thffc khde triin kinh te: Thdng tin ve dau vao cho san xua't dich vu; Thdng tin ve dau cho san phd'm hang hda, dich vLi;^ Thdng tin vd thi trffdng de quyet djnh loai san phd'm/dich vu, quye't dinh td chffc hoat ddng phdt trien KI'T LUAN kmh te vd tham gia cac khdu eiia hoat ddng phat trien kinh le md hinh HTX kieu mdi Ve quyin ndng kinh tecuaphif nd Tff phan tich d tren cd the neu mdt Ve tieu chi ddnh gid sd npi dung ehinh eua quyen nang kinh Tff npi ham quyen nang kinh te cua phu nff ndng td cua phu nff ndng thdn md hinh thdn md hinh HTX kidu mdi, co the xdc dinh HTX kid'u mdi, nhff sau: mdt sd' lieu chi chii yd'u de danh gia mffc dp ve quyen Thff nhdt, quyen vd nang Iffc tii'p can nang kinh le cua phu nfl ndng thdn md hinh HTX vd kiim sodl cdc nguon Iffc de phdt tnen kieu mdi nhff sau: kmh te: Quyen va kha nang tid'p can Mot Id, mffc tdng tie'p can nguon luc ldi chinh vd'n, tai ehinh, tin dung; Quyen va kha Bao gdm: vd'n, tin dung; sd hflu, thud mffdn, sff dung nang dffpc sd hffu, thud mffdn, sff dung dd't; sd hflu/sff dung cdc phffdng tidn san xud't; sd hflu dd't; Quydn va kha nang dffde sd hflu/sff tai san, phffdng tien khac phuc vu cho phdt trien kinh dung cac phffdng lien san xua't; Quyen te' md hinh HTX kieu mdi va kha ndng dffpc sd hflu tai san, phffdng Hai Id, tdng ndng Iffc kie'n thffc, ky ndng phdt tien khae phuc vu cho phdt trien kinh te' trien kinh li' Dffde tham gia dao tao nghd; tap hua'n md hinh HTX kieu mdi chuydn giao khoa hpe, ky thudt; dao tao ndng cao trinh Thff hai quyin vd ndng Iffc de dugc dp chuyen mdn, nghidp vu, kie'n thffc ky ndng dd khdi lii'p can cdc hogt dgng ndng cao kie'n nghiep hoac thffc hien cd hidu qua hoat ddng kinh te' thffc, ky ndng phdt trien kinh te: cua ban than, ddp ffng yeu cau md hinh HTX kidu mdi Dao lao nghe; Tap hua'n chuydn giao Ba Id, CO viic ldm hodc tff tgo viec Idm bdo dam thu khoa hpe ky thuat; Dao tao nang cao nhdp bin vffng tham gia cdc HTX kiiu mdi Tham gia trinh dp chuyen mdn, nghiep vu dap ffng HTX vien se eo vide Iam on dinh va ed thu nhap yeu eau cua md hinh HTX kieu mdi cao hdn, on dinh hdn so vdi trffdc ehffa tham gia HTX Bdn Id, dugc tii'p can thong tin nhiiu han di cdc Thff ba, quyen vd ndng Iffc di cd viic lam hodc tff tgo viec ldm bdo ddm thu quye't dinh dung dan tham gia HTX kiiu mdi, nhgp bin vffng: Quyen va cd hdi cd viec bao gdm: thdng tin ve dau vao cho san xud't/dich vu; lam phii hdp ndng Iffc; Quydn vd ed hdi thdng tin vd ddu cho san pha'm hang hda, dieh vu; Iff tao vide lam cho ban than va ngffdi thdng tin ve thi trffdng dd quyd't dinh loai sdn pha'm/ khac md hinh HTX kidu mdi dich vu, quye't dinh to chffc hoat dpng phdt trien kinh Thff tu, quyen vd ndng lUc tiep can te' va tham gia cae khdu eiia hoat ddng phat trien kinh ihong tin de cdc quye't dinh phdt te' md hinh HTX kieu mdi.Q J:AILIEIUHAMKHAO _ _ _ - Qudc^hdi (2012) Ludt Hgp tdcxa, sd23/2012/QH13, 20/11/2012 NguySn Ty (2002) Phong trdo HTX qudc te qua gdn hai thi'l^, Nxb Chinh tri qud'c gia Ha Ndi Le Thi Quy (2017) Nhffng vande ly lugnve ludt phdp vd trao quyin cho phu nff giai dogn hien - Ky ye'u hgi thdo khoa hgc nhffng vd'n di ly ludn ve cong tdc phu nff d Viet Nam tinh hinh mdi, Hdi Lidn hiep Phu nff Vidt Nam va Tap chi Cpng sdn Berhane Ghebremichael (2013) The role of Cooperatives in Empowering Women, Journal of Business Management & Social Sciences Research, ISSN No 2319-5614, 2(5) International Labour Office (2014) The Role of cooperatives in Achieving the Sustainable Development Goals-lhe economic dimension Nandini Azad (2017) Gender is more than a Statistic - Status of Women in the Cooperatives of the Asia Pacific Region, Ten year Gender disaggregated Dalabse Lisa Sehineariol McMurtry and JJ McMurtry, ILO and COOP (2015) Advancing gender equality: The co-operative way, International Lobour organization First publicshed Oxfam (2017) Oxfara's Conceptual Framework on Women's Economic Empowermenl, htlp:// www.woean.org/siies/default/files/gt-framework-womens-eeonomic-empowerment-230517-en.pdf Team WorkCategory (2019) E.s.iay on Women Empowermenl: Meaning, Importance, Ways, access to http://www.importantindia.com/19050/essay-on-women-empowerment 10 Unwomen (2018) Global Norms and Standards; Economic Empowerment, access to http:// www.unwomen.org/en/what-we-do/economie-empowerment/global-norms-and-standards Economy and Forecast Review 105 ... hoat ddng san xu^t, kinh doanh, dich vu cd hieu qua cao theo chudi gia tri gia tdng quy md Idn, cd sffe lan tda QUYEN NANG KINH TE CUA PHU N Q NONG THON Theo td chffc Oxfam, nang cao quyen nang cua... Forecast Review viec nang cao quyen nang toan dien cua phu nff dd la quyen nang kinh td' Mot sdkhai niem da dffdc qudc te' edng nhan lien quan de'n nang cao quyen nang kinh te' cho phu nff, dd... nang kinh te' eiia phu nff, dffdi gde dp kinh td' phdt trien Nghien effu tid'p can thudt ngff "Quyen nang kinh te' eiia phu nff ndng thdn md hinh HTX kieu mdi" vdi khai niem sau "Quyen nang kinh