Thuc trang nang cao quyen nang kinh te cua phu nu" nong thon Viet Nam mo hmh hop tac xa kieu m6i PHAM THI HCldNG GIANG* Tdm tat Thong qua phong vd'n 300 phu nd nong thdn thugc linh Thdi Nguyin, Qudng Binh, Can Tha (150 ngudi tham gia cdc hcfp ldc xd (HTX) vd 150 ngudi khdng tham gia HTX) nhdm ddnh gid quyen ndng kinh ti' cda phu nif ndng thon Viet Nam md hinh HTX kieu mdi Kel qud nghiin ciiu cho thdy, phu nd ndng thdn tham gia vdo HTX, mdc tiep can nguon lUc tdi chinh, casd vdl chdt, nang luc kie'n thdc, ky ndng phdt tnen kinh te, cdng nhu thu nhdp kinh ti'dugc ndng len Ddng thdi, nghiin cdu cung de xudl mgt sd gidi phdp ndng cao quyen ndng kinh li'cda phu nd nong thdn Viil Nam md hinh HTX kieu mdi Ttt khoa: ndng cao quyin ndng kinh te phu nd ndng thdn, hgp tdc xd kieu mdi Summary Through interviews with 300 rural women in three provinces of Thai Nguyen, Quang Bmh and Can Tho (150 people participate in cooperatives and 150 people not), the paper assesses Vietnamese rural women's economic empowerment in new-style cooperatives The results show that when these women participate in cooperatives, their level of access to financial resources, facilities, knowledge and skills in economic development, as well as income raise At the same time, the study proposes a number of solutions to improve the economic empowerment of Vietnamese rural women In new-style cooperatives Keywords: improvement of economic empowermenl rural women, new-style cooperatives GIOITHIEU PHl/ONG PHAP NGHIEN CLfU Nghien cffu thffc hien phdng van do'i vdi 150 phu Trong qua trinh thffc hien Nghi quyel Dai hdi^Dang toan qud'c lan thd Xil, Luat nd nong thon tham gia mo hinh HTX va 150 phu nff Binh dang gidi, Muc tidu phat trien ben ndng thon tham gia cac mo hinh kinh td' khac d nong vtTng cua Lidn hidp qudc, nhffng thaeh thffc thon thupc tinh: Thai Nguyen, Quang Binh, Can Thd, cua cudc Cach mang Cdng nghiep 4.0, tac thupc vung mien tren toan qudc (kinh te' hp, doanh 56ng tieu cffc cua bie'n doi hau, vide nghidp de cd cd sd phan tfch, so sanh giffa vide phu ntt thuc day vai tro eua phu nff nong thon, tham gia HTX va cae mo hinh kinh te khac) So phie'u dd c6 quyen nang kinh te' cho phu nff phat va thu ve la 300 phid'u Nghidn cdu dffde thffc nong thon la mgt muc tidu quan trpng Vdi hidn nam 2018 chu midng phat trien kinh td' tap the', dac hiet la cac mo hinh HTX kieu mdi, viec KETQUA NGHIEN CLTU nghien cffu de xac dinh dffdc tham gia md hinh HTX co phai la mot nhdng giai Tdc dgng cua tham gia mo hinh HTX de'n mdc phap quan trpng nSng cao quyen tdng tie'p cgn ngudn lUc tdi chinh, ca sd vgt chdt nang kinh td' eho phu nff ndng thdn se la Kd't qua nghien effu 150 phu nff ndng thon (tai motde tai nghidn effu khoa hpc cd y nghTa Thai Nguyen, Quang Binh, Can Thd) cho tha'y, cavel^ luan va thffc tidn sd eac phu nff tham gia HTX, so sanh trffdc thdi diem 'Trung udng H6i Lien hiep Phu nd Viet Nam !^iay nlidn bai 10/11/2019; Ngdy phdn bien 18/11/2019 Ngdy duyet dang: 22/11/2019 107 BIEQ E)6 1: SO S A N H NHOM PHCI N S THAM GIA VA KHONG THAM GIA HTX V£ TEP CAN VON Tnrac kh itter- ^ HTX BIEU DO 2: SO S A N H VIEC HO TRd PHO HOf THAM GIA vA KHONG THAM GIA HTX cTT.y§ri ^ n i may A/ng laj : ^ ^ ~•a^' ra:^ heu nha l&jtaj -g.-je- tham gia HTX chi cd 39% dffdc vay vdn sau xuat sau tham gia HTX da cd 52.4 vdn: vd kha nang tra nd dung han trffdc tham gia HTX cd 4'^c khdng the tra nd ddng han sau tham gia HTX t> Id la 0% Neu so sanh gitta phu nff tham gia HTX va khong tham gia HTX eho thay t\- Id dffdc \ a> vdn cua nhom tham gia cac loai hinh kinh te khac cao hdn so \di nhom thara gia HTX (75'7 so vdi 53*71 (Bieu 1) Tuy nhidn ne'u so sanh ve cac Mnh thffc ho trd cua HTX eho phu nff vdi nhdm chi em khong tham gia HTX (Bieu dd 2i cho tha'y d nhdm phu nff tham gia HTX t> Id cae ehi dffdc nhan hd trd vat chat \ a ho trd ky thuat ldn hdn nhieu so vdi nhdm khdng tham gia HTX: 36.2'"c dffde dao tao ve quan 1> kinh doanh (ty le d nhdm khong thara gia ETTX 26'^ i: 75.4"^ dffdc dao tao \ e chuyen mdn ky thuat la (ty Id d nhdm khong tham'gia HTX la 38%): 27.5% dffdc ho trd may rade trang thie't bi san xua't it> le na\ d nhdm khong tham gia HTX ia 20%) 14% dddc ho trd \ a \ dffns thffdng hieu (tv Id d nhdm khdng tham giaHTX'la7%) 108 Nhl/ \a> Iham gia HTX neu so sanh thdi diem trffdc va sau iham gia HTX thi phu nff drfdc vay vdn nhieu hdn nd'u so sanh giffa nhdm tham gia HTX va nhdm khong" diam gia HTX Tuy t> Id dffdc vav von cua nhdm tham gia HTX thap hdn nhffng i\- le dffdc ho trd cac ngudn Irfc kh- lai ldn hdn nhieu Day cung la didu kidn cd ban ho trd phu nff nang cao quyen nang kinh te Hiong \ an nhdm phu ntt tham gia HTX cho diay sau diam gia HTX 52% cac chi cho biet kha nang tid'p can nguon tai chinh tang Ien nhieu hoac rat nhidu Ngoai viec tham gia HTX da hd trd cae ngudn Iffc kh.ic cho srf phat trien kinh te ciia phu nff nong thon 100^ phu ntt tham gia HTX dffdc cung ffng cac dich vu h6 trd san xuat cho vien 60.9% dffdc HTX cung ffng san pham dich vo diu vao cho san xuaL kinh doanh ciia vidn: 62,5% dffdc cung cap cac hoat dpng dao tao chuyen giao khoa hpc ky thuat: 81.9% drfdc h6 trd tidu thu san pham dich vy daura: 61.2% drfdc lao vide lara: 21% dffdc hd trd tin dung: 22.6% dti(Jc ho trd kiem tra giam sat qua trinh san xnaL kinh doanh Khi danh gia ve mffc dp hai ldng ddi vdi dich vu HTX cung cap 33.33% phu ntt thd hidn mffc hai long cao nhat (rnffc thang danh gia tff 1-51 65.8% the hien mffc hai long tff 3-4 Nhrf vay \e cd ban HTX dap ffng dffdc cac ydu cau \ e dich \TI eung ffng doi vdi vien Hieu qud cda tham gia md hinh HTX de'n tdng ndng lUc kien thdc, ky ndng trongphat tried kinh te Kd't qua phdng van 150 phu ntt da diam gia HTX (tai Thai Nguven Quang Binh C4n Thd) cho thay trrfdc tham gia HTX ehi cd 38% drfdc tham gia cac hoat dpng tap huan nang cao nang Irfc sau diam gia HTX, sd nav tang dang ke ldn dd'n 94.4% (Bieu do'3 4) Didu cho thay HTX tao moi trrfdng va dieu kidn thuan ldi cho cae chi nang cao nang Irfc Ly trrfdc tham gia HTX khong drfdc tap huan nang cao nang lu'c la khong cd mdi tham gia 138.4%) Nhu'ng phu nff tham gia HTX drfdc tap hua'n kie'n thttc \ e cac kie'n thffc lien quan den lap ke hoach kinh doanh quan ly HTX 168% ky thuat chan nuoL trpt -32% i Cac ldp tap huan chii yeu Lien minh HTX \ a Hoi Lidn hiep Phu nff cae cap id chffc - Difbao J So sanh gitta nhdm cd tham gia HTX va nhdm khdng tham gia HTX eho tha'y, sau da tham gia HTX hoac loai hinh kinh Id' hien tai, nhdm khong tham gia HTX cd ty Id drfdc tap hua'n nang cao nang Irfc chi chie'm 75,6%, ty le d nhdm tham gia HTX la 94,4% Nhff vay, HTX vin la ndi tao dieu kidn tdt cho phu ntt nang eao nang life, ttf nang cao quyen nang kinh td' cua ban than Thffc te' cho tha'y, 100% phu nfl tham gia HTX cho bid't, sau tham gia HTX nang Irfc dffdc nang ldn Trong do, 19% cho rang drfde nang ldn rat nhieu va 59% cho rSng nang ldc drfdc nang len nhieu o BIECI DO 3: TY LE PHU N d D d d C NANG CAO NANG LffC TRdCJC KHI T H A M GIA HTX BIEa DO 4: TY LE PHU NCf DdGC NANG CAO NANG LdC SAU KHI T H A M GIA HTX Tdc dgng cua tham gia mo hinh HTX den vifC ldm bdo ddm thu nhap ben vSngcuaphu nUndngthon • Co tham gia Khao sat 150 phu ntt ndng thdn tham gia HTX d cac tinh Thai Nguyen, Quang • Khong tham gia Binh, Can Thd ve tac ddng cua HTX dd'n vide lam va thu nhap cua phu ntt nong thon, cd 15,3% cho tha'y, tham gia HTX cong vide dn dinh hdn rat nhieu, cd den 56,25% cac chi cho bie't eong vide on dmh hdn nhieu Tu'dng ffng vdi do, thdn tai Thai i"^(|ijii-ri 11,8% cho bid't thu nhap drfpc tang ldn Quang Binh Ldn Thd nhieu, cu thd' 58,33% cho bie't thu nhap tang nhieu so vdi trrfdc vao HTX huan/truyen thong, cd dd'n 30,2% ttt doanh nghiep/ Tdc dgng cda tham gia md hinh HTX HTX cung ca'p Danh gia tdng thd', sau tham gia den quyen vd ndng life tie'p can thong HTX, 100% cac chi cho bie't dddc cung cap thong dn tin dera cdc quyei dinh phdt trien nhieu va ra't nhieu so vdi trrfdc tham gia HTX kinh te cua phu nd nong thon So sanh giffa nhdra cd tham gia HTX va nhom Ket qua phong van 150 phu nff khong tham gia HTX cho tha'y, d nhdm khdng tham nong thon tham gia HTX d tinh Thai HTX ma tham gia loai hinh kinh te' khac, vSn cd de'n Nguyen, Quang Binh, Can Thd cho tha'y: 15% phu nff khong dffdc tiep can cae thong tin lien Do'i vdi hoat dong cung cap thong tin, quan de'n nganh, nghe san xua^t cua minh, ty nang cao nhan thffc, nhdm cac chi le d phu ntt tham gia HTX la 0% tham gia HTX, trffdc tham gia HTX, Ve nang cao vai tro cua tffng phu ntt tham gia chl CO 49% phu ntt drfdc nghe eac thong HTX cho thay, 92,3% phu ntt tham gia HTX dffdc lin lien quan dd'n eong viec san xua't ban bae, bay to y kie'n cac boat dpng eiia HTX; kinhdoanh eiia minh va sau tham gia 90,1% dffde quye't dinh eae van de eua HTX va tham HTX, 100% phu nff dffde cung cap eac gia cac quy trinh bo phid'u bau ban lanh dao; 80,1% thong dn, dd 46% la thong tin lien drfdc chia se kinh nghiem, cung ca'p thdng tin; 73,9% quan den thi trffdng san pham, 20,4% la dddc dao tao; bdi dffdng nghe nghidp Khi tham gia thong tin hdn quan de'n ky thuat, cong y kid'n tai cac cudc hpp, 92,5% phu nff drfdc ghi nhan nghd san xua't, 21,2% la thong tin lien y kie'n va 100% y kid'n dong gdp co mang lai ldi ieh quan dd'n dau vao cho san xua't va 11,5% eho HTX la thong tin lien quan dd'n loai hinh kinh te ma minh tham gia Trrfdc tham gia MOT SO GIAI PHAP HTX, sd eae ehi dddc nghe thong tin hen quan de'n phat trie'n kinh te', thl Moi Id tgo dieu kiin thudn lgi cho phu nundng than coden 55,3% tff phrfdng tien thong tin tiep can cdc nguon luc Khdng lam chu ddpc cac ngudn Jai^chiing va sd cdn lai td hdi thao/tap Iffc (da't dai, tai san, phffdng ddn san xuS't ), thi phu huan/tmyen thong Sau da tham gia nff se thupc "nhdm yd'u the ", khong thd^td chu va khd HTX, ngudn thong dn cung cap cho cae phat huy drfdc sffc manh cua vai trd nff gidi VI vay, chl ngoai ty le 34,6% ttt hpi thao/tap can thuc day vide cap lai giay chffng nhSn quyen sff 109 dung da't dai theo Ludt Da't dai nam 2013 Vide dffng tdji gia'y_td sff dung da't khdng ehi cho phep phu nff tid'p can dd dang hdn vdi cac ngudn vd'n, ma nang cao sff an toan cho ehinh hp trffdng hdp ly hon hoae thffa kd' Hai Id, ddu tu vd tgo cahdi cho phu nd ndng thdn cd the tham gia cdc HTX hodc thdnh lap HTX cua phu nd Vide tham gia d-ong nhdm se giup phu ntt ndng thon td tin hdn, nhat la ddi vdi HTX toan vidn ntt se lam eho phu ntt nong thon cam tha'y thoai mai hdn tham gia Nhffng quan trpng la, ddi vdi eae HTX co ca nam gidi, can cd chinh sach dam bao tang cffdng binh dang gidi sff tham gia Ba la, ndng cao vai trd ldnh dgo cda phu nd tham gia cdc HTX Tang crfdng tie'ng ndi va tam anh hrfdng cua phu nff cac HTX se ddm bao tdt hdn trach nhidm thdc hidn cae nhu cau va ifu tidn eua phu ntt Dac biet phu ntt ndng thon c^n tham gia qua tnnh quyd't dinh de na ng quyen nang kinh Id' cu a hp Bdn Id, ki'l ndi phu nd ndng thdn vdi thi trUdng Kd't no'i phu ntt ndng thdn vdi thi trrfdng de Iam tang thu nhap eua hp thong qua cac hoat dpng lam tang gia tri hang hda, nhd: che' bie'n, tap hua'n cac van de ve quan tri kmh doanh de' tang sff tham gia cua phu ntt nong thdn vao thi trffdng va thffdng mai Trong bdi canh hidn nay, da so eac nrfdc deu tham gia vao cac hiep dinh tff thddng mai khu vu'c va toan cau Do do, eac san pham hang hda, nong san ddi hoi cha't Iffdng cao, da phan phai thdng qua cac kenh phSn phdi theo chudi gia tri gia tang mdi dd'n tay ngffdi tidu dung Dieu ddi hdi, cac HTX phai tang cffdng lien ke't hdp tac san xua't, lam ro xua't xff hang hda chi dan dia ly, xay dffng thffdng hieu, tid'p thi dd' hang hoa dd'n dffdc tay ngffdi lieu dung Ndm la, lU vdn, ho trg giiip cdc HTX vd thdnh vien HTX tiip can duac vdi cdc chinh sdch uu ddi cua Nhd nudc Lien minh Hdp tac xa Viet Nam, lidn minh HTX cac tinh, phd va cac can bp lam edng tac tff vi'n ho trd can phai thrfdng xuyen cSp nh3t kid'n thffc cac van ban mdi cua Dang, Nha nffdc ve cac chinh sach ffu dai ddi vdi kinh td' tap thd' Tff do, tuyen truyen, thong tin, phd bid'n rpng rai cho cac HTX dffdc bie't va van dung phu hdp vdi thrfe te' cua tttng HTX Ne'u cae HTX, cac ho vien HTX ye'u d khau nao, thi can bO trf van gidp hp d chd do, nhrf: trf van cho hp ve lai sua't ffu dai vay von cua cac ngSn hang, phffdng TAI LIEU THAM KHAO phap mp dd an dS vay von, cac chinh sach, dieu khoan cu the' vd ffu dai thdc hidn quyen sff dung dat cua HTX, ehi'nh sdch ffu dai xuc tien thffdng mai, tim kie'm thi trffdng Sdu Id uu tiin ddo tao nghi vd viic ldm cho phu nd nong thdn Rut ngan khoang each ve gidi dep can vdi cong viec tdt, tai san va ky nang Trong bd'i eanh hdi nhip toan eau va tang crfdng kha nang canh tranh qudc te', d^u trf vao ky nang va nang sua't cho lao ddng ntt can drfdc coi la mot nhttng ffu tidn cua hoach dinh ehinh sach Bdi, phu nff chid'm ph^n Idn tdng so' iao dpng khong drfdc tra Iffdng cf gia dinh, nha't la ITnh vffe nong nghidp va tie'p can rat han che dd'n ngudn Ide sdn xuat Bdy la, cd cdc chuang trinh ndng cao kii'n thiic sd cho phu nd ndng thdn Vide dao tao ky thuat phai cd muc tidu cu thd dd' cai thidn kien thffc so' cua phu ntt ndng thon nhSm md cd hdi viec lam va kinh doanh cho hp Tang cffdng he sinh thai cho phu ntt nong thon ve giao due STEAM va viec lara de thu hep khoang cdch sd' Tang cffdng tri tue cua phu ntt nong thon va tan dung eac ed hdi mdi ky nguydn so' mang lai, bao gdm hpc tSp trffc tuyd'n va xda bo phan chia gidi ve so' hoa vide tid'p can edng nghe thdng tin vh truyen thong Cd cd ehd' de' phu nff nong thon tiep can ve thdng tin, tuyen truyen, ap dung khoa hoc cong nghd cao san xua't, bao quan, ehd' bid'n, ddu thu nong san Tdm la, hinh thdnh phong trdo hgc tap phu nd nong thdn Trf than phu nff nong thon phai xac dinh chu dpng tfch crfc hpc hoi, nd Irfc pha'n dau, chap nhan sd thay ddi, khdng ngffng nang cao ky nang cdng nghd, tnnh ngoai ngff de CO the thich dng va dap ffng nhttng ddi hdi cua vi$e lam cha't Iddng cao va sff dich chuye'n lao dpng ky nguyen Cach mang Cong nghidp 4.0.a _ _ Lidn minh Hdp tac xa TP Can Thd (2016) Bdo cdo Dgl hgi Lien minh Hgp uic xa TP Can Tha nhiim ky 2016-2021 Lien mmh Hdp tdc xa tinh Thai Nguyen (2018) Bao cao Dai hpi Lidn minh Hdp tac xa linh Thai Nguyen nhiem ky 2018-2023 Lien minh Hdp tac xa tinh Quang Binh (2019) Bdo cdo tgi Hoi nghi BCH ldn ihd V Liin minh Hap tdc xd linh Qudng Binh nhiem ky 2017-2022 Lidn minh Hdp tac xa Viet Nam (2016) Phdt triin Kinh te tap the irong 30 nam ddi mdi d VietNam, Nxb Chfnh tn Qude gia Sff that Ha Noi 110 ... xd linh Qudng Binh nhiem ky 2017-2022 Lidn minh Hdp tac xa Viet Nam (2016) Phdt triin Kinh te tap the irong 30 nam ddi mdi d VietNam, Nxb Chfnh tn Qude gia Sff that Ha Noi 110 ... nang eao nang life, ttf nang cao quyen nang kinh td' cua ban than Thffc te' cho tha'y, 100% phu nfl tham gia HTX cho bid't, sau tham gia HTX nang Irfc dffdc nang ldn Trong do, 19% cho rang drfde... phat trien kinh te ciia phu nff nong thon 100^ phu ntt tham gia HTX dffdc cung ffng cac dich vu h6 trd san xuat cho vien 60.9% dffdc HTX cung ffng san pham dich vo diu vao cho san xuaL kinh doanh