Tình trạng nguồn vốn sinh kế của lao động nghèo và cận nghèo ở nông thôn việt nam

24 Xa hgi hgc, sS (149) 2020 TINH TRANG NGUON VON SINH KE CUA LAO DONG NGHEO VA CAN NGHEO Ci NONG THON VIET NAM DUONG THI THU HUONG' Tom t&t: Bdi viit phdn tich hodn cdnh sinh ki vd ki hogch sinh ki cua lao dgng cdc hg gia dinh ngheo, can ngheo ndng thdn Viet Nam Nghien ciiv su dung khung phdn tich sinh ki DFID ciing khdo sdi dinh tinh v&i 152 phong vdn sdu dugc thuc hiin tgi cd ba miin: Bdc, Trung, Nam Kit qud cho thay khd ro tinh trgng sinh ki bdp binh, khdng bin vihig hien tgi vd tuang lai cua lao dgng cdc hd ngheo, can ngheo Id kit qud cua sif hgn chi cdc nguon vdn sinh ki, cd nguyen nhdn tic nhitng cu soc hay biin cd qud khu Nhitng biin cd khdch quan hogc chit quan khiin ho rai vdo tinh trgng suy yiu cdc ngudn vdn sinh ki, ddng chu y la ngudn vdn sue khoe bi suy gidm khien hg it cd ca hdi cgnh tranh vd yeu the tren thi trudng lao dgng Kit qud nghien cim dem lgi nhimg ggi y vi thay ddi, cdi tiin chucmg trinh, chinh sdch tra giup cho cdc hg ngheo, can ngheo, thuc hiin tdt muc tiiu gidm ngheo da chieu ben vitng giai dogn tiep theo Tir khod: sinh ke, vdn sinh ke, lao ddng yeu the, h^ ngheo, can ngheo Nhdn bdi: 5/12/2019 Giri phdn biin: 4/2/2020 Duy^tddng: 20/3/2020 Gidi thipu Cong cupc giam ngheo nhiing ndm gan ddy tai Viet Nam dd dat dupc nhirng tyu dang ke dupc qu6c te ghi nhan vdi nhirng sd rat an tuong: ti le ngheo (tinh tren chi tieu tiln te) da gidm tu 57% vao nam 1990 x u i n g 13,5% vdo ndm 2014 (UNDP, 2018:1) Theo so lieu thong ke, ti lp hd ngheo nhiing ndm gan ddy cd xu hudng gidm ro ret: tir 9,2% vao ndm 2016, giam xudng 7,9% vdo ndm 2017; va sd Hgu so bp ndm 2018 la 6,8% (khoang 1.642.489 hd) l / d c tinh nam 2017, s l hd can ngheo la khodng 1.304.680 hp, chilm 5,32% (T6ng cue Thing ke, 2018; Bp Lao dpng, Thuong binh & Xd hpi, 2018) Chinh phii Viet Nam da ban hanh chuan ngheo da chieu cho giai doan 2016-2020 ddng thdi de chi tieu gidm ngheo da chieu ke hoach phdt trien kinh te-xa hpi giai Hgc vifn Bao chi vd Tuyen truyen Duang Thi Thu Huang 25 dogn 2016-2020; gidm t>' lp hp ngheo da chilu binh quan ca nude la 1%-1,5%/nam Rieng cac huyfn ngheo, cdc xa ddc biet khd khdn giam 4%/nam (UNDP, 2018:1) Theo Chuang trinh Muc tieu qudc gia gidm ngheo bin vimg (giai doan 2016-2020), Chinh phii Viet Nam bd tri ban 48 nghui ti dong dl thyc hien chinh sach giam ngheo thudng xuyen vd h6 trp ngudi ngheo vl y tl, gido dye, nhd d, vd tin dung Tuy nhien, dl su dyng hieu qua kinh phi hudng den mye tieu ndi tren, b6n canh nhiing s6 thing ke vl s6 lupng hO ngheo, can ngh^o don chieu hay da chilu tur cdc ca quan chiic ndng, bilu bilt vl hoan cdnh cimg nhiing rao can xd hpi khiln cho khong it cac hd gia dinh kho thoat ngheo H$ ngheo tap trung chu ySu d ndng thdn va cdc khu vuc vimg sau, viing xa Theo ude tinh ndm 2018, ti le hd ngheo phan bd d trung du va miln niii phia Bdc chilm din 18,4%; tai Tay Nguyen la gdn 14% va day ciing la hai viing co ti le hp ngheo cao nhdt ca nude (T6ng eye Thong kS, 2018) Lao dpng xudt than tir cdc hd ngheo, can ngheo dupc xem la nhdm lao ddng yeu thi hoan cdnh ngheo dan chilu hoac da chilu, thilu hyt cdc ngudn vdn tao dung sinh kS dn dinh Vdi nhiing nguyen nhan ehii quan tii nhung ban ehl, thilu hyt cdc ngudn vdn sinh kl khdc nhau, cimg vdi nhung dilu kien khach quan vl moi trudng ty nhien va xd hpi nai cufriikhiln ho gap ban chi dang kl tilp can eac ca hpi dl tao lap, tim kiem va tri viec lam In dinh tren thi trudng lao ddng Nghien ciiu da thyc hipn cdc phdng vdn sau lao ddng xuat than tii cae hp ngheo vd can ngheo ciing nhu can bd lanh dao, can bp h0i tai cdc dia phuong co hp ngheo/can ngheo nhdm lam ro hon tmh trang ylu the cua hp tham gia vao thi trudng vdi tmh trang cac nguIn v6n smh kl cua hp Ket qua nghian ciiu hudng den lam ro ban boi canh gia dinh, xa hpi, dac dilm ede nguon vdn eua lao ddng y6u the, dac biet la qud trinh tham gia vao thi trudng lao ddng, tao dyng sinh ke vd nhirng cii sdc, nhiing bien cd nguon von sinh ke qua khii anh hudng den tinh trang sinh ke kem ben viing hien tai va tuong lai cua lao dpng ngheo nong thon Viet Nam Tren ca sd hieu ve qua trinh vd hoan canh ngheo, can ngheo cung nhu nhimg nd luc hay rao can, be tdc qud trinh thoat ngheo, ket qua nghien ciiu se gdp phan bd stmg them hieu biet ve nhdm lao ddng yeu the cac hp ngh^o, can ngh^o hien thong qua cdc dii Heu dinh tinh, tieng noi vd trdi nghiem ciia chinh nhihig ngudi cu^c de lam ro han qua trinh, nguyen nhan hay nhiing rao can xa hpi khien hp kho thodt ngheo Tren ca sd nhiing hieu biet do, nghien ciiu hudng den nhung khuyen nghi thuc te ddi vdi cac chinh sdch, chuang trinh trp giiip cho lao dpng ngheo tai nong thon giai doan tiep theo sat vdi hoan canh thuc te hon\ Phuong phdp ludn vd phirong phap nghien cihi Phutmg phdp lugn vd cas&ly thuyet phan tich sinh he ben vung Khai nipm sinh ke ben vung dupc Chambers va Conway de cap kha ca ban, dd sinh ke ben viing dupc ddnh gid d cd tinh ben viing d mdi trudng rdng ldn ben ngoai (sustainable environmentaly), mdi trudng co the anh hudng den nguon luc dia phuong va ' B^i viet khu5n kho de tai nghifin ciiu "Sinh ke ben virng cho nhom lao dgng yeu the Vi?t Nam" (MS s6 DTDL.XH.07/15) Vi?n Cong nhan Cong doan chu tri thyc hien nam 2016 26 Tinh trgng nguon von smh ke todn cau ciing nhu bin viing dli vdi mdi trudng xa hdi (sustainable socially), tinh ben viing giiip ngudi co thi ddi mat vdi dp lyc, nhiing cu sic dl tilp tuc tri vd phat triln (Chambers va Conway, 1992:9) Khai ni$m sinh kl tilp tyc dupc Carney (1998) phat triln, dd sinh kl bao gdm cac khd ndng, tai san (gdm cd vdt chdt, ngudn lyc xa hpi) va cac boat ddng cdn thiet dl sdng Sinh kl bao gdm ndng luc, tdi san (dy trii, ngudn lyc, yeu cdu, tilp c$n) vd cdc boat dpng cdn co dl bao ddm phuong tipn sinh sdng Sinh ke b§n viing la sinh kS c6 the img phd vd phyc hii vdi cdc cu sdc va dp lyc de tn va tang cudng nang luc hipn tai va tuong lai, ddng thdi khdng lam suy ylu ngudn lyc tai nguyen thien nhien ca ban (Carney, 1998) Bp phat triln qudc tl Anh (DFID, 1999) ciing chap n h ^ sii dyng khdi niem Nghien ciiu van dung quan diem cua Carney, dong thdi tiep can sinh kS vd khung phan tich ciia DFED (1999) nhdm phdn tich, ddnh gid tdng hpp cdc du lieu, thdng tin thu thap dupc tien quan den dac diem sinh ke hien tai va kl hoach sinh ke tuong lai cua ngudi lao dpng ylu thi tJii dia ban nghien ciiu NghiSn ciiu xem xet den dnh hudng cua cac ngudn vdn sinh k^, tdi sdn sinh ke den cdc d^c diem sinh ke, to chiic ddi sdng lao dpng hien tgi vd tac dpng ciia nhung bien ed, nhung cu sdc qua khii dnh hudng nhu the ndo den dac diem ngudn von, nguy ca suy gidm nguon vdn, tii dd dnh hudng den d|ic diem sinh k6 hien tai vd ke hoach tuang lai ciia hp Hinh Khung phan tich sinh ke Ngudn-DFID (1999.47) Khung phdn tich nhdn manh vdo bdi ednh, dac tnmg cdc ngudn vdn, tai san sinh kl hien tgi ciia lao dpng chiu tac dpng, anh hudng tir hoan cdnh yeu the vd ddc biet nhihig cu sdc, nhihig bien dpng nguon vdn sinh kl qud khii cua lao dpng yeu the vd ddng thdi nhung ngudn von, tai sdn sinh kl hipn tai lai la yeu to dnh hudng den thyc trang sinh kl Duung Thi Thu Huang 27 hipn tai vd kl hogch smh kl tuang lai ciia hp Ket qud phan tich cd thi la eo sd cho nhihig gidi phdp hi^u qud hudng tdi tgo dyng sinh kl bin vihig hon cho lao dpng ylu thi ndng thdn hp ngh6o/can ngh^o Khung phdn tich ndi tren cua DFID phii hpp dp dyng phdn tich hoan cdnh lao ddng ngheo vd can ngheo d ndng thdn bii cdnh cdng nghipp hod vd dd thi hod Bdi cdnh chuyin ddi xd hdi co the Id ca hpi ddi vdi mpt sd lao dpng khdng thupc hp ngheo, cgn ngheo hode ed vdi lao d^ng da tiing thupc hp ngheo, cgn ngheo va hp bilt t|ln dung dl thodt ngheo Tuy nhien, dli vdi lao d^ng tgi nhihig hO ngheo, cgn nghfeo eho den thdi dilm dilu tra van chua cd khd nang thoat ngheo, c6 the bdi cdnh chuyin ddi lai la nhiing bit lpi vdi hp: hp khdng du cdc nguIn vdn vOng vdng dS t$n dyng ca hpi, sy chuyin dli nhanh cda thi trudng ciing nhu nhiing xu hudng mdi ldm dn trd nhimg cii sdc vdi hp khiln hp bi bo lgi phia sau NghiSn cihi sir dyng phuong phdp dinh tinh vdi kT thugt phong vdn sdu nhdm ldm r6 qua trinh, Uch sir sinh ke cua lao d^ng cdc h0 ngheo vd can ngheo d nong thon Viet Nam Npi dung phdng van chinh nhu sau; - Hoan canh gia dinh hipn tgi, ddc dilm sinh ke ciia gia dinh vd nghi nghiep, sinh kl cua lao d^ng Id thdnh vien gia dinh ngheo, can ngheo dupc phdng vdn - Ddc dilm cdc ngudn vdn sinh kl ciia lao dpng ylu thi hp ngh^o/cgn ngh^o: von ngudi, von xd hpi, vdn tdi chinh, vdn vat chdt, vdn tdi nguyen - Qua trinh gia dinh rai vdo tinh trang ngheo, can ngheo, eii sdc, biln c6 qud khii vd dnh hudng den cdc ngudn von hipn tgi vd khd ndng tgo dyng sinh ke bin viing hipn tgi vd tuong lai ciia lao ddng yfiu thS Cupc khao sdt dupc thuc hipn thdi gian tir thdng den thdng 12/2016, vdi 156 cupc phdng van sau, cd 80 lao dpng cae hp gia dinh ngheo, cgn ngheo va 76 cdn bO phu trdch tgi dia phuong (bao gom cdn bp Idnh dao vd cdn bd hpi nhu h§i phu nii, hpi ndng ddn, h^i nien, hpi cuu chien binh) thupc 30 xa ngheo/cgn ngheo mau dupc chpn thupc cua tinh/thdnh phfl, bao gdm: Hd Npi, Da Ndng, Thanh phd Hd Chi Minh, Dipn Bien, Hd Nam, Qudng Binh, Kon Turn, Binh Phude va Soc Trang Danh sdch cac hp ngh^o, can ngheo dupe cdc tinh cimg cap den ndm 2015 (dp dung ehudn ngheo dan chilu theo ehudn ngheo thu nhgp vd chua dp dyng chuIn ngheo da chilu) Ket qua nghien ciru TrSn CO sd phdn tich ndi dimg phdng vdn cdc lao dpng ngheo vd can bp dia phuang, kit qua nghien ciiu cho thay ngudn vin sinh ke ngheo ndn, thdm chi Id thilu hyt, cua ngudi lao dpng ngheo hipn cd lien quan d6n ciia nhirng cii sdc, nhihig bien cd ldn xay vdi hp nhiing ndm gdn ddy Tinh trang cung khien ke hoach sinh ke ciia hp tuong lai gan roi vdo tinh trgng bap benh, gay kho khdn vipc thodt ngheo Hoan cinb c^ nbSn v^ 0a dinb cua lao dgng bg ngbeo/c$n ngfi^ ndng tbdn Nhihig lao d$ng ngheo nhat d cac dja phuong khao sat hau het deu roi vdo mpt hay nhilu hoan cdnh sau ddy: 28 Tmh trgng ngudn von sinh ki - Bdn than ngudi lao dOng hoac ngudi than gia dinh bi mdt siic lao d^ng ho^c mdt mpt phan siic lao dpng, trd thdnh gdnh nSmg kinh tl cua gia dinh, khiln cho lao dpng chinh gia dmh phdi dieu ehinh chien lupc sinh kl dl tien chdm sdc ngudi om/bpnh hoac tir bd ca hdi lam viec Ly mdt siic lao ddng do: tai nan lao dOng, siic khoe yeu, khuyet tat - Hp h o ^ ngudi thdn gia duih bi bpnh hilm ngheo, bao gdm ca nhiing van de vl siic khoe tdm than, HIV/AIDs, trd thdnh gdnh ndng kinh tl ciia gia dinh - Lao dpng dupc hoi ho$c ngudi thdn gia dinh dinh ddng din sir dyng ma tuy, vi pham phdp lugt - M6t sl hp cu tni tdch biet, hgn che tiep cgn thong tin, co sd hg tdng khdng thugn lpi dl phdt triln vd phdn phii bdng hod la nhihig nong sdn hp san xuat - Ngudi ngheo Id ngudi dan tOc: khdng cd cong viec thudng xuydn, phy thu^e vdo nguIn luong thue tir thien nhien: luong thyc, thyc phdm kilm dupc tir rimg, tu nhien - Do thdt bgi lam dn ddn din kiet qup, thdt bai bdt ngudn tir riii ro thifin nhien, thdi tilt, dich benh, thilu kiln thirc, ldm sdn phdm phyc vu thuong mgi nhung khong ban dupc hode ban lo vdn Tuy nhien ddy khong phai Id trudng hpp qud phd bien Ngudi lao dpng cac hp ngheo/ edn ngheo thudng ed nhung van de ve siic kho6 nhihig biln cd lao ddng qua khii hode tuii tac NIU khdng roi vdo tinh trang ndi tren thi hp lgi chiu ganh ndng tir ngudi than khuylt tgt, om dau, cdn trp giiip, chdm sdc Do vay quy thdi gian cua hp bi rang budc hay chia se de ddm nhi^m cac trdch nhi^m gia dinh: chdm sdc ngudi 6m, ngudi phy thu$c nhu ngudi gia va tre em gia dinh Chinh nhung rang bupc dd da thu hep eo hpi tim viec ldm cd thu nhap dn dinh hay cd vipc ldm phu hpp: bao gIm co hpi dich chuyen dl thay doi hay tri cdng dn vipc ldm Hp thudng chi bd hep lam cdng viec vdt, gdn nhd, ldm thue gan noi sinh sdng de cdn phdn chia thdi gian vd sire luc thyc hien cac chiie ndng gia dinh nhu: chdm soc ngudi dm, ngudi mdt svrc lao d^ng, ngudi co vdn de ve stic khoe tam thdn, ngudi nghipn gia dinh hp Vdi ddc diem hodn canh nhu vdy, vipc chu dpng vd tu thdn xay dyng ke hogch sinh ke tuong lai trd nen khd khan hon bao gid het Nhitng bien c6 gia dinh vd xa hgi cda lao dgng nghko ndng thdn Nhu da de cap, ngudi lao dpng ngheo d cd ba mien deu dang sdng, lao dpng vd dli mSit vdi hoan cdnh kho khdn da dgng Hp khdng chi kho khdn ve hoan cdnh cd nhdn vd gia dinh, md c6n gdp nhieu bien cd gia dinh va xa hpi khdc Hipn trang sinh ke kem ben v&ng vdi nhOng kho khdn hom la he qud eiia mpt qud trinh dai khd khdn, d6 bao gom cd nhung biln c6 ldn ddi md hp da trdi qua, bao gom cd bien cd chu quan tii chinh hp va biln co khdch quan tir mdi trudng ty nhiSn, moi trudng kinh te nii ro Bien co phd biln nhdt Id nhihig biln co gia dinh bao gom: gdp tai nan lao d0ng, lao dpng chinh gia dinh thuang vong, tai ngn, tdn tgt bode that bai Idm kinh tl Do han che ve nhilu nguIn vdn sinh ke, nhihig bien co xdy qud khii thyc sy la m^t Duang Thj Thu Huang 29 thach thiic ddi vdi lao dpng ngheo Trich ddn mdt sd phdng vdn sdu tu phia ngudi lao ddng chia se dudi day cho thdy rat rd nhiing bien cd vl siic khoe, ve tai nan gap phai, mdt mat ngudi thdn cung la lao ddng chinh nhd khien cho khdng it ngudi la lao dpng chinh gia dinh trd nen yeu the va mat kha nang vuc dgy thdi gian dai Vi du dudi ddy Id hai phy nft d Nam Hd deu Id lao dpng chinh gia dinh gap phai biln c6 tai nan hay mat ngudi than, hp rai vao tinh trang kho khan kep: mpt mat khdng thi lao dpng tilp tuc d6 CO ngudn thu nh^p In dinh: Th&i gian khd khdn nhdt Id ndm 2014, luc day em cdn di hgc, md chira chdu ndo ldm duac gi, md cd dong bi gay chdn (PVS lao dpng nir, 35 tuii Nam Hd) Hoi anh mdt, chi mdt tinh thdn, sut cdn (PVS lao dpng nir, 42 tudi Nam Hd) Ben canh nhiing bien cd ve siic khoe, tai nan, bien cd lam an kinh te co the khien nhiing hp gia dinh khong phai la hp ngheo, can ngheo trudc dd roi vdo tinh trang hp ngheo, can ngheo: Minh vay 200 trieu, khdng ldm dn duac rdi bi siit na, tit khong cd nhd cua (PVS lao ddng nam, Buih Phude) TM- ho gia dinh kinh ti diin hinh thdnh hd ngheo, tdi sdc ldm Ddy tdi nudi tdm thdt bgi xong dng dng xudng dng bo meo cho tdi ndm linh chi, dng ndi tdi lin nhieu day dng mua 400 ngdn ky, nhung rdi khdng bdn dugc, dung sdc nuac udng (PVS lao dpng nam, TP H6 Chi Minh) Ngodi nhiing biln cd cua ca nhan va gia dinh cua ngudi lao dpng yeu the hien thupc nhdm ngheo, can ngheo thi thuc tl tai mdi dia phuang xdy nhihig bien co tir nhiing nguyen nhdn ben ngoai ca nhan nhu: bien co ve thi trudng, bien co tir thien tai, dich benh, thay dli that thudng ciia thdi tiet, Biln cd rui ro tii dich benh, thien tai la van dl dupc chia se kha nhilu tu ngudi lao dpng ngheo vl nhiing thiet hai khiln hp trd nSn kho khan chlng chat kho khan: Nhu cdy tieu cdy diiu chit vi benh dich tuang ddi lan rdi rung bdng rung Id Cd gia dinh mua phdi thude gid gdy rung qud (PVS lao dpng nam, Bmh Phude) Nhd nudi lan, bi cum, ban Id phdi bu Id nhiiu (PVS lao dpng nir Ha Ndi) Hgn hdn, cd ndm cdy chit nhieu vi khdng co mrac vi Ndm ngodi, khd hgn, cdy chit nhiiu nen bd ddi ngheo (PVS nam, cdn bp, Kon Tum) 30 Tinh trgng nguon vdn sinh ki Nguai ddn a day chi ldm lua thdi, thien tai Id nuac man xdm nhdp, vu of man xdm nhdp, vy, rdi Id mdt trdng ludn (PVS cdn bp nam, Soc Trdng) Sinh ki cua bd Id nudi thuy hdi sdn Thai tiit, mdi truang thay doi tgo dich benh, da so Id thdt thu chimg mua vu Id tra thdnh hd ngheo chu ho vay ngan hdng rdt nhiiu khdng cd khd ndng vay lgi tdi sdn xudt Bdy gid dich n' ""*'' bi dich benh nhu vdy la coi nhu hdng, trdng tay lgi thdnh hd ngheo (PVS can bp nu, TP H I Chi Minh) Nhitng hd nudi tdm mdy nam gdn day thi dich benh nhiiu cho nen bd that thoat, ngheo ludn, nhiing hd dd Id khdng thi trang trdi ndi khdng cdn tien, cd hg gid chi cdn ngdi nhd thdi md khdng biit ngdi nhd ndo nhd nuac niim phong nita (PVS can bp nam, TP Hd Chi Minh) Nhu vdy cd da co vdn ca ban la siic lao dpng ngudi, vd tham chi da timg tilp can ngudn vdn vd vay dupc vdn de san xudt, ldm dn, nhung khdng phai liic nao ciing sudn se vi nhiing rui ro tii thien nhien kho ludng, cd the ddn den mat trdng khien hp lai quay v l dilm xudt phdt la hp ngheo, tham chi them cdc np nan mdi Thi trudng vd bi^n ddng cua thi trudng qua khii ciing da timg la nguyen nhan cua nhiing cii sdc cua mpt so hd ngheo Dudi day la chia se cua mdt sd can bp dia phuang da chiing kien nhung h0 ngheo vdi nhung lao d6ng dd c6 gdng thodt ngheo nhung khong thdnh bdi nhung bien co co nguyen nhan tir bien dpng thi trudng, gid cd: Nhitng ho ngheo, hg cung mudn thodt ngheo, nhimg md gia dan bd nd sut gid, ciing cd nguai ndn, mdy hg md nudi nhieu, bdn khdng dugrc, xudng gid (PVS, cdn bp nam, Bmh Phude) Cd trdng cd phi, md gid xudng day thdp Dinh diem Id nghin md day cd nghin (PVS, can bp nam, Kon Tum) Nhihig lao dpng ngheo, vdi cac ngudn von thudng khdng "khoe", it thdng tin tiep can vdi thi trudng, nii ro thien nhien, it vdn va thudng di vay, siic khoe va kha ndng linh hoat viec lam hay du phdng nguon thu nhdp thudng co ban Do vay hp lai cdng ed nguy CO gap phai nhiing bien co bien hon, hoac roi vdo tinh trgng kiet que, khd hdi phyc cac ngudn vdn nhu vdn ngudi, vdn tai nguyen, vdn tai chinh, vdn xd hdi Ngodi ra, mpt nguon von bi anh hudng, no se ddn din dnh hudng vd suy yeu cac ngudn vdn khac nhu chia se cua ngudi lao dpng hp ngheo/ can ngheo nhu chia se d tren M6i quan he giua cac ngu6n von ngudi, tdi chinh, xa hpi, vgt chat va tai nguyen dd dupc minh hpa Hinh Cy the nhu nuoi thuy san bi dich bpnh, thdt thu, ngudi lao dpng ngheo trd np ngan hang, nguon von tdi chinh nguy ca mat trdng Hp doi mdt tiep tyc \ 61 nguy CO phdi ban tai sdn ban dat dai, nha xudng trd np Vipc tan dyng mang ludi xd hpi Dteang Thj Thu Hurnig 31 h6 trgr vuc d$y qua trinh san xuat doi v6i lao dpng ngheo cang tr6 nen kho khSn hom thai ley khiing ho&ig Khi kha nang tra ng la kho khSn va khong kha thi, viec vay muon mang luoi gia dinh, xS hoi ciing tro n6n kho khan hem, it co hpi hem lo ngai khong thu hai dupc v6n Hon niia, nhiing biSn c6 16n doi thuong anh hudng khdng it djn sure khoe the chat va tinh than ciia nguoi lao dpng ngheo Moi quan he giiia cac nguon v6n cua lao dpng ngheo c6 the mo ta nhu hinh o tren: cdc nguon v6n dSu co anh huong tac dpng lan nhau, viec suy giam mpt ngudn v6n co kha nSng anh huong dSn svr suy giam cua cdc nguSn v6n eon lai Ro ret nhit chinh 14 ngucri lao dOng ngheo ySu thS e6 gang dS e6 vi$c lam, nhigu truong hpp hp phdi chip nhan lao dpng moi truang nii ro, lam vi6c qua sue dan den cac nguy ea nii ro ve siic khoe, tai nan lao dpng Hp qua la khong nhiing von siic khoe bi mat, kho co the canh tranh hay tiep tuc lam vi?c thong de CO tien, chi phi b6nh tat lai tiep tuc la ganh ndng doi vcri hp, hay noi each khac chinh la hoan cdnh "yeu the cua yeu the" a nhOng lao d6ng ngheo M0t so bdng chiing cu the duac chia s6 bdi chinh ngucri lao dpng yeu the dupc phong van: Chi2n ySu, khong di dui^c Bi da khdp, phai kieng khong lam duac Vao Hue de di lam roi ma ciing chiu HQ keu phdi mo mdphdi mdt 200 trieu, ma minh ddu co tien (PVS lao dpng nam, Qudng Binh) Bi bo dQi vk, Idm crmodd nhung rdi bi phoi Idm khoan da no nhieu Bdy gia thudng xuyin phdi di khdm dinh ky, mdn tinh roi (PVS lao dpng nam, Quang Binh) Dau ma khong co tiin di khdm Dau ddu, dau bung roi chi mua thuoc uong, chu khdm tdn 5, trifu Igi khdng Idm duac gi nen danh phdi chiu (PVS lao dpng nii, Qudng Bmh) Ho kho khdn, cd nha khdng Idm duac gi, nim li(t rdi hai mp thi mf mdt cd mgt minh, rdi cd nha bi md tim, bd bi tdm thdn cd mdi vg Idm (PVS can bp nu Ha Nam) 06 le, mOt nhiing ngu6n v6n sinh kJ ca ban nhdt ma lao dpng ngheo s& hiiu chinh la siie khoe Tuy nhien ciing vi tan dyng va sii dung siic luc qua mile nen suy ki?t, hp gdn nhu khong eon gi va rai vdo tinh cdnh bin cimg: khong khd ndng canh tranh thi truong lao dpng, tra thdnh gdnh nang eho lao dpng yeu the khac, phdi don tiSn vd uu tien chiia bpnh hon la lam dn tao dimg kinh te Kdt qua sinh ki cua lao ifng gia dinh ngheo/cgn ngheo: Nhiing bap benh vi r&i ro moi tritong tao dpng kifn tfu Nhu dd mo td tren, nhdm lao dpng yeu ihi thudng roi vdo mpt s6 hoan ednh kho khdn cy thS khiSn hp it cd co hpi lya chpn cong vi?e cd tinh chat 6n dinh hay cd to nhdp tot Hp thudng la nhdm lao dpng khong co tay nghS, ehua dugc ddo tao, eo ihi ed siic khoe nhung khdng cd ky ndng, v|y cdng vipc thudng khdng dSu, phy thupc vdo nhu ciu xd hpi t(ii tvmg thdi dijm, v^y cdng vipc khdng cd tmh chdt lau ddi vd khdng deu 32 Tinh trgng nguon von sinh ki B6n cgnh dd, nhiing biln cd ma mpt sl lao ddng ylu thi da timg ddi mdt khien hp tra^ kiet qup cdc ngudn vdn, kho khan hon viec tdi hod nhdp vdo thi trudng lao apng Mpt sl thdng tin trich tir phdng vdn sdu dudi day dd thi hipn ro tinh trang bap benh cong vipc hign tai cua hp: Em can nhdt la nghi nghiep Gid di ldm thue mudn thi di, khdng mudn thia nha Vay vdn cOng vay rdi md ciing na vi xdy nhd cita lo dau dm, cdi Bay gicf muon thodt ngheo phdi cd ddt Thit nhdt Id vdn, thit hai Id cdng vi$c (PVS lao dpng nam, Kon Tum) Ai thue gi ldm nay, md khdng dn dinh (PVS lao dpng nam, Nam Ha) Mdt ndm chi cd ldm khodng 5, thdng Id diu, cdn ddu khdng cd viec, thue gi ldm ndy (PVS lao dpng nam, Binh Phude) Nhitng cdng viec minh ldm nguy hiim chit, nhu bdc tieu cung tai ngn nhu chai, rdi dim hdm di canh cho ngudi ta, nhung cii: ldm thdi (PVS lao d0ng nam, Bmh Phude) Cdc thong tin cd dupc tir phong vdn ciing cho thdy lao ddng ylu thi nam gidi, m ^ du gap khd khan vl cdng viec khdng dn dinh nhung hp van cdn nhieu khd ndng tham gia lao dpng mpt sd thdng nam Rdt nliieu lao dpng yeu thS la nu, vipc tim kiem cdng viec CO thu nhdp cho du khong 6n dinh ddi vdi hp khd khdn hon, nguyan nhan co bdn Id vdn siic khoe kh6ng tit, hogc kem theo thien ehiic va vai trd hp dugc k5' vpng c4n phdi danh quy thdi gian vd siic l\ic de chdm sdc cdi, cham sdc ngudi gid, chdm s6c ngudi Im, ngudi khuylt tgt gia dmh Thuc tl cdc hp ngheo rdt phd bien khdng chi m^t md cd thi co nhieu thdnh vien thupc nhdm phy thupc dde bi$t ndy Khdng nhiing vgy, khd khan chdng chdt khd khdn ban ho va gia dinh thudng xuyen phai chi tieu mpt khoan rdt ldn so vdi thu nhdp cua hp de chi trd tien thude men, khdm chiia bpnh Tdi chd ldm dugc gi nhieu, tdi nhiiu b$nh ldm, b$nh tim, b$nh mazone, em nd ldm thdng 2, trieu md nudi tdi tien dn tien thude nen khd khdn (PVS, lao dOng nir, Nam Hd) Tdi lao ddng t{c tgi nhd [Thu nhgp hdng thdng] tri^u, ldm cdi ldm chi dugc cd 50 nghin/ngdy thdi (PVS, lao dpng ntt, Nam Hd) [Hi^n thu nhdp cda cd Id] chdn han chuc gd de cd qud trung bdn di (PVS, lao dpng nii, Kon Tum) Nhu vgy, cd the thay chiSn lupc sinh kl ciia cac nhdm lao dpng yeu the van phy thupc vdo nhiing nguon von hgn chi ciia chinh ngudi lao dOng, dd chii dgo chinh Id siic lao dpng cua bdn than vd nhilu trudng hpp hp Igm dung chinh ngudn v6n Duang Thj Thu Huang 33 nhat ndy khien siic khoe lao dpng cd van de, doi mdt vdi nhi^u khd khdn hon niia Nhiing ngudn vdn khdc nhu vdn tdi chinh, vdn dit dai, vdn xa hpi hiu nhu deu rit h^m chi Nhiing nhdm lao dpng yeu thS va han chi cac ngudn vdn nhu vdn ngudi, tdi chinh, vdt chdt, tu nhien thi mpt bp phdn khdng nhd sd hp rai vdo tinh trang bi tdc, khdng biet phdi bdt ddu tir ddu, cin phdi phdt tridn cdi gi va lam nhu th6 ndo Biiu ndy the hien khd rd dugc hdi \h dir dinh tuang lai, ki hoach phdt tridn md rdng sdn xuit kmh doanh, cdu trd ldi thudng nh|n dupc tir hp cho thiy hp van dang ddi mat voi nhiing h?in che nhieu ve ngudn von phd hidn nhu sau: khdng ed vdn hoac nia cd cung khdng biit ldm gi; chua cd ke hoach gi cy the; vdn nhidu qud thi khdng ddm vay; di ldm bdn ngoai chi du trang trai chii khdng cd du; trudc mdt khdng cd kd hoach gi; tinh trang dm Nhu vay, cd thd thiy kha ro nhidu trudng hpp, ngudi lao ddng cdc hp gia dinh ngheo, can ngheo chua cd nhiing ki hoach cu thd cho tucmg lai, hp thieu von tdi chinh, ddng thdi khdng chi dimg lai d vdn md thidu nhidu ydu td khac khidn cho vipc hogch djnh tuang lai khdng rd rdng, va cd cd vdn eiing khdng bi^t lam gi Bdn ludn Ket qua phdn tich dii lieu djnh tinh tir cae phdng vin sau lao dpng cdc hd gia dinh ngh^o, cdn nghdo vd edn bd dia phuang thude cd ba mien eho thiy khd rd hodn cdnh sinh ke vd ddc diem cdc ngudn vdn sinh ke ciia cd nhdn hp vd gia dinh Ket qud phan tieh mdt lan niia dd minh hoa khd rd ve khung sinh ki DFID Kdt qud sinh ki hi$n t?i vd k^ ho^eh sinh ke ciia lao dpng yeu the cdc gia dinh ngheo, egn ngheo d ndng thdn hipn tjii Id bap benh, khd khdn vd khdng b^n viing Su bip benh dd la hp qua cila s\r bap benh, han che cdc ngudn von sinh kd hien t^ cua nguoi lao dpng va hd gia dinh ciia hp, ddng thdi la ket qua cua ca mpt qud trinh ljch sir xa hpi dai, dd ed nhiing cii soc hode nhiing bien cd tu gia dinh, quyet dinh cua bdn than, tai ngn, nii ro cua ban than hode dnh hudng tir thien tai, bien dpng gia ca thi trudng Ben canh dd, kit qua nghidn ciiru cung cho thdy cdc ngudn vdn sinh ke cd xu hudng dnh hudng lan va ddc bidt doi mdt vdi nhirng cii sdc hay bien cd Idn, s\r dnh hudng, suy gidm xdy ddi vdi mpt ngudn vdn nd dnh hudng ddng ki din cdc nguon von khdc, tao hipu ling "dd mi nd" khung hoang vd suy can ede ngudn vdn khde Ddc biet, hodn ednh ngheo, yiu the nen eac lao ddng xuat than cdc gia dinh ndy thudng it ed CO hpi lua chpn cdng vi$e cd thu nhap cao vd diiu kien lao dpng tdt, chip nhan ldm vipc mdi trudng lao dpng nhiiu nguy co vd nii ro cao, anh hudng den tinh trang sire khoe, de ddi mdt vdi nguy ca tai nan lao dpng Sau mpt qua trinh lao ddng keo ddi mdi trudng ndi tren, nhieu ngudi roi vdo tinh trang suy gidm site lao dpng, va siic lao dpng - ngudn vdn dugc xem la quy gia vd ldn nhit cua lao dpng ngheo khdng cdn, khd ndng todt nghdo gin nhu Id rit it Mpt d^c diim khdc cua lao dpng yeu the: lao ddng nit cdc gia dinh ngheo dudng nhu khd khdn hon viec canh tranh thi tnrdng lao ddng Vdi ddc didm vdn hod Vipt Nam, nii gidi ddng vai trd chdm sdc nhung vien phu thupc gia dinh nhu ngudi gid, ngudi dm, ngudi khuyet tdt, tre em, ddng thdi lam vipc nha, v|y 34 Tinh trgng nguon von sinh kJ CO hpi lao dpng todn thdi gian, co hpi dich chuyin dl tim kilm viee ldm ciia hp it hon v hp yeu the "kep" tren thi trudng canh tranh Han ehl cua nghien ciiu Id chua bao quat vd danh gid dupc bet hieu qua cua chinh sach h6 trp ho ngheo/can ngheo viec trp giup cac hp ngheo/can ngheo oa ngheo Nhung lao ddng ngheo dupe phong vdn la nhihig lao dpng thupc danh sach hp ngheo/can ngheo duoc phdng vdn tgi thdi dilm nghien cim Cd the co nhung lao "png _^p ngheo/can ngheo trudc hp da tan dung dupe h6 trp tir cac cdp cimg vdi co hpi chuyen dli ciia bii cdnh xa hpi dl giup gia dinh thodt ngheo, kh6ng cdn ndm danh sach hp ngheo/can ngheo din thdi diem nghien eiiu Do vay, phan tich bdi viet chi phu hpp gidi thich hoan cdnh vd nhiing rao can, bl tdc cila nhihig lao dpng ngheo/can ngheo van dang qua trinh tim kilm co hpi thodt ngheo va nhung chinh sdch ho trp cd the la chua du bay chua phii hop vdi hp den thdng 12 nam 2016 Cac kit qud phan tich co duoc tren eho thdy, cac chuang trinh trp giup cho hp ngheo, can ngheo ndi chung va trp giiip sinh kl cho lao dpng ngheo ndi rieng rdt can xem xet din hoan canh ylu thi ciia hp chii khong nen chi triln khai mdt cdch thirc nhat: cho vay von ngan hdng Cac trp giiip cdn tinh din su phii hpp cua lao dpng ylu thi va hoan cdnh ylu thi, thilu hut cac ngudn vdn co ban ciia ban than ho, dieu kien sue khoe, nhung rdng bupc gia dinh, dac dilm cu tni vd nang luc ban than nhdm ho trp dem lai ket qud han la triSn khai cdc chuang trinh dong loat vd ciing mpt raiic trp giiip nhu cho cac lao ddng vdi cac hoan canh yeu the khdc Viec ho trp tu vdn phong ngira nii ro, ddc biet phong ngCra rdi ro ve siic khoe, tai ngn lao dpng, ben canh trp giup bao hiem y te can cd quy ho trp y te huy dpng tir cac nguon xa hpi hod ho trp di lai tham kham, sinh boat va cac chi phi ben ngodi bao hiem y tl vi day chinh la rao can khien cho lao dpng ngheo tiep can dich vu y te cho dii co Bao hiem y te Tham kham siic khoe dinh ky la yeu to rat can duoc uu tien cdc dich vu ho trp lao dpng yeu the, giiip hp tri duoc siic khoe the chat, tinh than tot cung chinh Id tri mpt nguon von sinh ke quan trpng nham giiip chinh hp va gia dinh hp cd nhieu co hpi tim kiem, tri va tao dung sinh ke ben vihig, hudng den thodt ngheo ben vung Ngoai ra, dac diem van hod nong thon dia phucmg ciing nhu vai tro gidi ciing can dupc can nhac vd tinh den cac goi trp giup lao dpng ylu the tgi cac dia phuang De CO the bao quat het dupc cdc yeu td van hod, dia phuang, yeu td gidi, dac dilm lao dpng yeu the timg dia phuang, dac diem hoan canh ylu the vd su thieu hut cdc ngudn von cu the va nang luc, nhu cau cua chinh lao dpng yeu the, viec xdy dung cdc mo hinh trp giiip CO su tham gia cua cpng dong va su tham gia ciia chinh lao dpng ylu thi la hudng tiep can vdi nhieu uu the can tinh den va tiep tuc nghien cuu thir nghipm dl xdy dung phuang an trien khai chi tiet va cy the ban niia nham tdng cudng hipu qud trp giiip, Ngoai ra, viec phdt trien kinh te dia phuong can day manh nhdm thu hiit lao dpng dia phuong lam vipc, ddc biet lao dpng yeu the it ca hpi dich chuyen ciing can tdng cudng nhdm da dang hoa kha ndng tgo dung sinh ke ben viing cho lao dpng yeu the Duong Thj Thu Huang 35 Tai lieu tham khao B§ Lao dOng, Thucmg binh - X5 h6i 2018 C6ng b6 kk qui r4 sodt hO nghfio, hO cSn nghfeo nSm 2017 theo ehudn ngh^o tilp cgn da chiSu dp dyng cho 2016-2020 https://thuvienphapluat.vn/van-ban/vanhoa-xa-hoi/quyet-dinh-852-qd-ldtbxh-2018-cong-bo-ket-qua-ra-soat-ho-ngheo-ho-can-ngheo2017-387930.aspx Carney, Diana 1998 Implemeting the Sustainable Livelihood Approach, chapter in D Carney (ed), Sustainable Rural Livelihoods: What Contribute Can We Make?, London: Department for International Development, Russell Press Ltd, Nottingham Chambers, R andG R Conway 1992 Sustainable rural livelihoods: practical concepts for the 21st century IDS, IDS Discussion Paper No 296 DFID 2007 Land: Better access and secure rights for poor people, at (http://www.dfid.gov.uk/pubs /files/LandPaper2007.pdf), xem ngSy 4/09/2008 DFID (Department for International Development, UK) 1999 Sustainable Livelihoods Guidance Sheets London: DFID Hanstad, Tim and Robin Nielsn and Jennifer Brown 2004 Land and livelihoods: Making land rights real for India's rural poor LSP working paper 12, Food and Agriculture Organization Nguyin Duy Thing 2007 Sur dung v6n xS h$i chien luge sinh kl cua nong dan ven d6 Hk Ngi dudi tdc dpng ciia d6 thj h6a Tgp chiXd hgi hgc, s6 4, tr 37-47 Obert Pimhidzai 2018 Bu6c tiln gidm nghfeo vd thjnh vugng chung ij Vi§l Nam NgSn hdng The gi6i T6ng eye Thong kg 2018 S6 lifu th6ng ke hg nghfio, c§n ngh^o phSn iheo d5c dilm n6ng thon, d6 thj, viing miln, t^i trang: https://www.gso.gov.vn/SLTK/Menu.aspx UNDP 2018 Nghio da chilu cr Vift Nam: giam nghfio is tdt cd cdc chilu canh de dam bdo cugc s6ng c6 chdt lugng cho mgi ngu6i Vi^n C6ng nhan C6ng dodn 2017 Bdo cdo t6ng lu?n de tdi: Sinh kl bin vung cho nh6m lao dgng ylu thi Vift Nam, ma s6 DTDL.XH.07/15  ... (PVS lao dpng nam, Kon Tum) Ai thue gi ldm nay, md khdng dn dinh (PVS lao dpng nam, Nam Ha) Mdt ndm chi cd ldm khodng 5, thdng Id diu, cdn ddu khdng cd viec, thue gi ldm ndy (PVS lao dpng nam, ... lai cua ngudi lao dpng ylu thi tJii dia ban nghien ciiu NghiSn ciiu xem xet den dnh hudng cua cac ngudn vdn sinh k^, tdi sdn sinh ke den cdc d^c diem sinh ke, to chiic ddi sdng lao dpng hien... Uch sir sinh ke cua lao d^ng cdc h0 ngheo vd can ngheo d nong thon Viet Nam Npi dung phdng van chinh nhu sau; - Hoan canh gia dinh hipn tgi, ddc dilm sinh ke ciia gia dinh vd nghi nghiep, sinh kl