KHOA HOC CONG NGHE OAIVH GIA VA DE X U A T GIAI P H A P HO TRO DAT O, DAT SAIV XUAT CHO DOIVG DAO DAIXI TOC THIEU SO VUIXIG DIEIV GIOI TilVH CAO D A I V G Nguyin Dac Hau', Nguyin Thi Vong^, Nguyin Quang Huy^ T6MTAT Tinh Cao Bang co duong bien gidi Viet - Trung dai 333 km, huyen bien gioi c6 46 xa 4.633 hd voi 23.715 khau Kit qua cho thay cac xa bien gidi 72% ddng bao dan toe thilu sd (DTTS) co phong tuc, tap quan (PTTQ) vi^c su dung dat; 64,44% y kien cho rang phap luat dat dai can phai thira nhan mot so FTTQ Nguyen nhan nguoi dan khong cd dat o dat san xuat: chia tach hp dan, ngheo doi, tang dan so tu nhien, thu hoi dat dl trien khai cac chuong trinh, du an phuc vu phat tnen kmh te - xa hoi Chinh sach hd tra ddt b, dat san xuat dugc ngudi dan danh gia cd 70.33% tdt hon 17.22% binh Ihuung; van de ho tra dat a, dat san xuat chua hi^u qua thieu quy dat 53.67% y kien; thieu nguon tai chinh 36,00% y kien; chi dao, to chijc thuc hien chua sau sat 10,33% y kiln Dat a 35,33% y kiln khong phii hgp dien tich dat qua hep va vi tri khong phii hop Dat liia 70.06% y kiln duoc cho phii hop Dat nuong ray 25.89% y kiln cho la khong phu hop diSn tich dat nhd, qua xa vi tri d va chat luong dat kem Dat rimg va dat khai hoang phuc hda ty le danh gia khdng phii hop cao ban so vdi da phii hop roi Cac ho gia dinh duox: hd trg bang ca hai hinh thirc h6 tra tien hay dat b, dat san xuat Giai phap: tiep tuc hoan thien ve phap luat dat dai; dao tao nghi chuyen doi nghi tao quy dat Tii khda: Hd tro dit &, dat san xuat, dan tdc thieu sd, bien giai tinb Cao Bing I.DATVANDE Tinh Cao Bang co dudng biln gidi Vilt - Trung dai 333 km, ciing nhieu cita khau va cac loi md' cd lgi thi canh tranh thuang mai, du lich va van chuyen hang hoa vdi Trung Quoc va quoc tl cd cac di tich lich sir van hoa each mang cd gia tri, hau 6n hoa thich hgp cho nghi ngoi, du lich, c6 ngu6n tai nguyen thien nhiln gia tri cao, dl phat trien cdng nghiep, co quy ddt thich hgp phat tnen n6ng lam nghiep, n6ng nghiep sach Hien tai huySn bien gidi cua tinh Cao Bdng cd 46 xa, dd cd 171 xdm cd dan, 20 xom khdng cd dan, 4.633 hd gia dinh vdi 23.715 khau Trong giai doan hiln Cao Bang phai dam hao hai hda cac nhu cdu dat dai, dd cd ddt va dat san xuat dl vira dam hao an nmh luang thuc, dn dinh ddi sdng cua da sd dan thuan ndng vimg bien gioi, ddng thdi khai thac va phat huy tiem nang gia tri tu nhiln kit hgp vdi vile bao tdn va phat huy gm tri van hoa tiruyin thing, timg buoc chuyen dich co cau kmh tl tir thudn ndng sang kinh te hang hda phat ti-ien dich vu nong thdn NCS Hoc vien Ndng nghiep Viet Nam ' Hoi Khoa hoc Bkt Vici Nam "' Hoc vien Ndng nghiep Viet Nam Email: tvqhxd@gmail.com; nguyendachaulS'cema gov Tuy nhien, thieu nguon nhan luc ngudn luc tai chinh, ca so- tang ky thuat, van hda xa hgi yeu kem nen chtra phat huy dugc cac tiem nang, ddi sdng, thu nhap cua ngudi dan cdn rdt nhilu khd khan Dac biet la viec giai quyet, dap tmg vl nhu cdu ddt a va dat san xudt ciia ddng bao thieu sd vung biln gidi tinh Cao Bang cdn nhilu khd khan Thu tudng Chinh phu da ban hanh Quylt dinh vl chinh sdch ho tra ddt 6, ddt san xuat ndng nghiep, nuoc sinh hoat cho hd ddng bao dan tdc thieu sd ngheo va hd ngheo o xa, ttidn, ban dac biet khd khan (QD sd 755/QDTTg, 20/5/2013) Be gop phdn giai quylt vdn de trin viec nghien cuu "Dinh gia va di xuit giai phip ho dat a, da't sin xuit cho dong bao dan tdc thieu sd vung biin gidi tinh Cao Binf da duoc thuc hien Z PHUONG PHAP NGHIEN CUU 2.1 Phuang phdp thu thdp tdi h|u, sd h|u thu cdp Thu thap tai heu sd heu hr cdc Sd', Ban nganh cd liln quan tai tinh Cao Bang va cac phdng, ban tai huyen dia ban nghien cuu; cac thu vien, cdc ti-ung tam nghien cuu 6' Trung uong vd dia phuong ve: hien trang sir dung dat, danh gid phan loai dat ciia cac hg gia dinh ca nhan: thuc ti-ang quan ly, sir dung ddt a dat san xuat nguyen nhan khdng cd dat thieu dat a NONG NGHIEP VA PHAT TRIEN NONG THON - KY - THANG 5/2020 149 KHOA HOC CONG NGHfi ddt sdn xudt cua ddng bdo DTTS; thuc ti-ang thuc hien chinh sach hd tro ddt a, ddt san xudt ciia dong bdo DTTS tai co quan Trung uong va dai dien ca quan dia phuong 2.2 Phuong phdp tiiu thdp tdi hlu, sd Ulu sa cap Chon cac h6 ti-ong ban dai dien d 46 xa vimg biln gidi ciia huyin Dilu ti-a phdng van true tiep cac ndng hd theo mdu philu in sdn Tong sd hd dilu tra la 250 hg, tiieo phuong phap chgn ngdu nhien: Bdc tham ngdu nhien theo danh sach hd cua xa huyen (huyen: Thach An philu/1 xa; Phuc Hda 30 phieu/6 xa; Ha Lang 35 philu/8 xa; Trung Khanh 45 philu/8 xa; Tra Unh 30 philu/5 xa; Ha Quang 40 phieu/9 xa; Thdng Ndng 20 phieu/3 xa; Bao Lac 35 phieu/5 xa va Bao Lam 10 phieu/01 xa) Viec thu thap, xu ly sd lieu tir nhilu ngudn se tao dilu kien dl phdn tich, ddnh gid day du khach qu^n thuc ti-ang thuc hien chmh sdch hd ti-a dat b, dat san xuat cho ddng bao DTTS 2.3 Phuong phdp thdng ke, tdng hgp, phdn hch, so sdnh va xii ly s^ hlu Cac so lieu sau tiiu tiiap, dieu tin dugc tiln hanh tiidng ke, tdng hgp (flieo ngi dung nghien ciru), phan tich, so sanh (giua chinh sach va tiiuc tiln; giiia muc tieu voi kit qua thuc hien) Xir ly sd Heu bang phan mem Microsoft Excel tir dd c6 nhirng nhan dmh xde thuc vl tiiuc trang hd trg dat a, dat san xudt cho ddng bao dan tdc thieu sd vimg bien gioi tinh Cao Bang XET QUA VA THAO LUAN 3.1 Thuc trgng vd nguyin nhan thilu dat a, dat san xuat cua dong bdo DTPS Bang Thyc trgng vd nguyin nhdn thilu dat a, ddt san xuat cua ddng bdo DTTS DVT:% Ndi dung STT Kit qud thiy: hi$n chinh sdch hd trg vl ddt b, ddt san xuat cua ddng bdo DTTS Dat san xuat dam bao chat Dugc hd trg ddt dem ban Duoc hd Ua dat, ddi sdng ciia ddng lugng, cay, cho nang sudt, bao dugc cai thien hoac cam cd lay tien san luong Khdng Binh It xay Khong Xau Binh thudng thudng thay ddi Dat d-phii hgp voi phong tuc, tap quan Khdng 70.33 53,00 I 20.56 92,00 3.11 17,22 Thuc trang nguydn nhdn khdng c6 dat a, ddt sdn xuat cua ddng bdo DTTS Nguyen nhan khong cd dai b, dat san xuat TrmJc Cac nong, Tra lai ddt day cd Chua duoc Tdc dd Thu hdi dat Dl cutu do, Ngheo giao dat, cho du canh,du Chia, tach tang dan phuc vu cac lam trudng cho cac ddi hd bao chiem ndng, lam thue dat duan nhung da dat trudng ban 25.00 1,78 38,33 10,89 0.00 0,00 Thuc trgng nguyfin nhdn thilu ddt a, dat sdn xuat cua ding bdo DTTS Nguyen nhan thieu dat d dat san xudt Tnroc Tra lai dat Chua bao gid Dl cutu day cd Tdc Thu hoi dat Ngheo Chia, tach cho cac dat duoc giao dat, du canh, du tang ddn phuc vu cdc hg ddi ndng, lam nhung da cho thue dat duan trudng ban 4,56 1.78 9.8! 11,89 0,00 Kit qua bl tri guy ddt g, ddt san xudt cua dong bdo DTTS Quy boach sir dung dat bd tn quy dat a ddt san xuat de Dia phuang cd bo tri dii quy dat de h6 fovedata, d hd tra cho ddng bao san xudt cho ddng bao theo aSLdinh^ Khong JQiong _72^ Ghichu: So hiu trung binb cua 2:>0phiiu diiu tra cho 46 xa biin gidi cua huyin tmh Cao Bing NONG NGHIEP VA PHAT TRIEN NONG THON - KY - THANG 5/2020 KHOA HOC CONG NGHE Sd hlu a hang cho thdy, cac h6 dan duac h6 trg dat d-, dat san xuat tir chinh sach cua Nhd nude dem ban hoac cam co lay tiln tilu it xay va khdng cd chilm 96,89%, nhilu vd thudng xuyin 3,11% Danh gia sau dugc Nha nude hd trg ddt a, ddt san xudt ddi sdng ciia ddng bao cd dugc cai thien vdi 70,33% y kiln can bd quan ly cho rdng ddi sdng cua ddng bao da tdt hon, 17,22% y kien tra loi ddi sdng vdn binh thudng Cac y kiln cho rang dat d' duac Nha nubc hd ti-g phii hgp vdi phong tuc, tap quan (PTTQ) cita dong bao DTTS Nhung vdn cdn 29,33% y kiln danh gia cdn chua phii Cd nhilu nguyin nhdn ddn den viec dong bao DTTS khdng co ddt a, dat san xuat Trong dd cd the thdy nguyen nhdn chii ylu: la chia tach ho ddn chilm 10,89%, ngheo doi chiem 25,00% Ngoai tu di cu, du canh, du cu (38,33%), tdc dd tang ddn so qua nhanh (6,11%), trubc ddy cd dat nhung da ban h i t (1,78%) va chua duoc Nha nubc giao dat cho thul dat, bi thu hdi ddt phuc vu cac du dn (1,89%) Sd lieu o bang cung cho thdy 42,0% y kiln dugc hoi cho bilt quy hoach su dung ddt ciia dia phirong cd bo tri quy ddt b, dat san xuat de h6 trg cho ddng bao DTTS Tuy nhien cung cd y kiln cho rdng quy hoach su dung ddt khdng bo tri quy ddt b, ddt san xudt de hd trg cho ngudl dan cting chilm ty le kha cao, vdi 58,0% y kiln Cac can bg quan ly dat dai d' dia ban huyin dieu tra danh gia 72.0% y kiln cho rdng dia phuong khdng du quy ddt dl hd trg vl ddt 6' dat san xudt cho dong bao Dilu ndy phan anh thuc trang thilu quy ddt a, ddt san xuat ddnh cho viec hd trg b cac dia phuang 3.2 Ddnh gid hiiu qua hoat ddng h i trg ddt o, dat skn xudt cua cdc hg gia dinh, cd nhdn 3.2.1 Thuc hang hd dat d, dat sin xuat cho ddng bao DTTS Co 42% y kiln cho rdng cd duoc tuyen truyen phd bien chinh sach cua Nha nuoc vl hd trg dat b, ddt san xuat, co 58% khdng dugc tuyIn truyin, phd biln Tra Idi cdu hdi "Khi thuc hien chinh sach h6 tro cua Nha nud'c cho ddng bao DTTS vl ddt b, dat san xudt cd thay vuong mdc gi khdng?" 79,56% y kiln tra loi la CO vudng mdc Trong do, nguyen nhan chinh sach ciia Nha nuoc chilm 20,67%, to chuc thuc hiln chilm 57,89% va chinh dong bao DTTS la 21,44% Chinh sdch hd tra cua Nha nude cho ddng bao DTTS ve dat 6', ddt san xudt cdn chua hiiu qua boi nhilu ly do, thilu quy ddt dl ho tra cho dong bao chilm 53,67%; thieu ngudn tdi chinh chilm 36,00%; cdng tdc chi dao td chuc thuc hien d dia phuong chua sdu sat chilm 10,33% Miic hd tro vl dien tich ddt 6, ddt san xudt va hd trovk tai chinh cho ddng bao dan toe thilu so tir chinh sach cua Nha nuoc phan ldn dugc cho la phu hop (62,11%), cdn thay doi dl ddp ung dugc nhu cdu cua ddng bdo, khdng phii hgp (20,67%) 3.2.2 Dinh gii biiu qua hoat ddng hd dit a, dit sin xuit cua cac ho gia dinh, ci nhan Ddi vdi ddt o', 35,33% y kiln ngudi ddn cho rdng, dat d' duac hd trg khdng phu hop Nguyin nhan chinh dien tich ddt qua hep va vi tri khdng phu hgp Dot vdi ddt trdng lua, y kiln ngudi dan cho rdng dat ti-dng lua phu hgp chi chiem 70.06% (Bang 2) Su khdng phu hgp xudt phat nhilu hon ca la tiJ dien tich dat trdng lua cdn nho, khdng du dl cai thien ddi song Ddi vdi ddt nuong ray cd 25.89% y kiln chi ddt nuong ray khdng phu hgp voi nhu cau ciia nguoi dan, ca ba nguyen nhan diln tich ddt nhd, qua xa vi tri b va chdt lugng ddt kem Tuong tir nhu vay, ddi vdi ddt trdng rimg va ddt khai hoang, phuc hda tir ddt chua su dung, ty ll cac hg gia dinh cho la khong phu hgp ludn cao han sd y kien cho rang nhu vay da phii hop rdi Dilu xuat phat tir viec hdu hit khu vuc dong bao DTTS cu tni la mien nui Cac hd gia dinh duoc ho trg ddt o bang ca hai hinh thuc hd trg tiln hay dat o, ddt san xudt; dd sd gia dinh duoc hd trg bang ddt la 71,67%, cdn lai la hd tro bang tiln Sd tiln cac hg ddng bao DTTS d'cac dia phuong diing de mua ddt thudng la 10 trieu ddng, hoac muc tren 10 trieu ddng (100%) Vdi dac dilm cua ddt san xudt thudng cdn nhilu diln tich hon dat b, mtrc h6 tra tiln dl mua ddt san xuat cting d* muc 20 trilu ddng hoac 20 trieu ddng tro len Gia dinh dugc hd tro bang ddt co 70,22% va bdng tiln la 29,78% Dat hd tia tir chinh sach ciia Nha ntrdc cho gia dinh dugc Idy tir nhilu ngudn khac Trong dd, tir dat khai hoang, ddt trdng, ddi nui trpc, dat chua su dung chilm 89,94%, tir chuyen nhugng quyIn su dung ddt vdi chiem 10,56% Hinh thuc hd trg ddt a, dat san xuat true tiep, chilm 90,78% khdng true tiep chiem 9.22% Hinh thuc hd tra dat cr, dat san xudt ciia Nhd nuoc cho gia dinh bao dam cdng khai cdng bang chilm 76.44% chua cdng khai, cdng bang chiem 23,56% Khi duac hdi "Chinh sach hd tro ddt a, dat san xudt cua Nhd nude cho gia dinh co phii hop vdi phong tuc tap quan ban sdc van hda cua dan tdc mmh hay khdng?", cd 70,67% y kien danh gid phu NONG NGHIEP VA PHAT TRIEN NONG THON - KY - THANG 5/2020 151 KHOA HOC C6NG NGHE h g p vd 29,33% c h o r a n g c h u a phii h o p (cac y kien c h o cai thidn d u o c ddi s d n g , g d p p h a n x^a ddi, gi n g h i o , 14,12% c h o r d n g c h u a giiip cdi thien dugc ddi s d n g c h o g i a dinh h o ; 76,22% y k i l n k h d n g dinh co d u g c t u y e n t r u y i n h o a c d u o c b i l t v l c h m h sdch h o tirg ddt 6-, d a t s a n xudt c u a N h d n u o c c h o d d n g b a o D T T S n g h e o , dai s d n g k h o k h a n T u y n h i l n , ty le c h o r a n g k h d n g d u g c biet, d u g c tiiyen tinyln vdn cdn C h i n h s a c h hd t r g ddt a, ddt s a n xudt cua N h a n u d e c h o d d n g b d o D T T S n g h e o , doi s o n g k h d k h a n d u g c 100,00% y k i l n d a n h g i a toL r d n g , dien tich d d t d u g c hd Q-g k h d n g dii d l d u y tri c a c P T T Q m a n g tinh c g n g d d n g cao, cdc h o a t d d n g tap t h e k h a c ) D a cd 66,11% y k i l n noi rdng chinh sach h d ti-a d a t d', ddt s a n xudt c u a N h a nude cho gia dinh cd p h u h g p vdi d i l u k i l n t h u c tiln ciia dia phuang Mdt so y k i l n d u a q u a n d i l m k h d n g phii h g p la n h i l u n g u y e n n h d n n h u dien tich nhd, khdng du q u y d a t d l hd ti-g 85,88% y k i l n c h o rdng chinh sach hd t r a ddt d', d a t s a n xudt ciia Nhd nude cho gia dinh cd B d n g D d n h gid h i i u qua hoat dOng h i ti-g d a t a, d a t s a n x u d t c h o cdc hO g i a d i n h , cd n h d n STT Noi dung K i t qua phan logi ddt dugc h6 tiy to Nhd nude cho cdc hp gia dinh, cd nhan Dat trdng liia Dat nuong ray Dat trdng rimg Khdng phii Phu Khong phii Phil hop Phil hop Phil hgp hop hop phii hgp hop 25,89 29,94 64.67 K i t qud phan logi ddt dugc h5 trg tiJ NhA nude cho cdc hp gia dinh cd nhan Gia dinh thupc ddi tugng dirge h6 tra dat ir ddt san xuat Khong Gia dinh dirge h6 tra dat cr Miic hd trg bang tien cho ho gia dinh de mua dat d (trieu ddng) Bdng 8.0 10.0 Tren 10.0 79.00 Khong phii hop 60,44 Dat khai hoang, phuc hoa tir dat chua s u dung Phil hgp Khong phii hop 70,89 29,11 Mirc hd tra bdng tiln cho hg gia dinh de Gia dinh dugc hb mua dat san xuat trg dat san xuat (tneu ddng) Tren Bdng 10,0 20.0 20,0 ddt 0.00 28,89 171,111 70,22 itilpLHinh thuc hd tro dat o', ddt san xuat true tiep Dat hd tra dirge Idy tir Hinh thitc hd trg dat b dat san Chinh sach hd Ug dat xuat bao dam phii hgp vdi phong tuc tap cong khai, cong quan, ban sdc van hda bdng Dat dieu Dieu Tu Ddt thu chinh Dat chinh tir nguyen Dat thu hoi giao chira cacho chuyen Phil Khong theo h6i tir Khong Khong khoan gia dinh nhuong sir hop phi] hop quy cac NLT cac dung tang, cho QSDD hoach NLT dat voi 0,00) I 0.00 I 89.44 I 0.00 | 10,56 I 90.78 9,22 | 76,44 | ^ j j ? r 55.56 Bdnh gia miic dd phii hgp ciia chinh sach h trg ddt a ddt sdn xudt cho dong^banTi tMoDTTS Pii kien fhirr Ciii thien (hipn duoc A^T^^diji it™ CAIKTxoa vna Giup nii'in drinohan tnamhot hatkho klin li,„ ^ Phil hop vol dilu thirc Ciu dong bao giam song, ll*n sonjT i^ho khan bi giam khan ve din song te dia phuong doi giam ngheo - ' " ' a ' i u j o n h i m g nhan til I Qua Do Rat Khong Nguyen nhan ' ' ' ' " " ' ' tnnh to Khong Binh Khong khong dong Phil hop Tot len Phil sach cua phii hop chiic thuong thay doi bao Mia nuoc h«J thuc DTK _ hi, „ -4 0.00 0.00 100.0 66.11 12,44 _ J0j!0_ _ 21.44 Ghi chu-.'