VAN DE PHAP LY VE QUYEN l/U TIEN THANH T O A N K H I XUf LYTAI SAN BAO DAM PRAMY^NNHI Quyin tiu tiin cung vdi hiiu Itic ddi khdng ldn ddu tien dtidc ghi nhdn Bp ludt Ddn sti2015 Quy dinh ndy cho phep ben nhdn bdo ddm, chinh minh dtiac quyin tiu tien todn tren tdi sdn bdo ddm vd dtiac quyentiutiin todn so vdi cdc chu thecd quyin khde ddi vdi tdi sdn bdo ddm dtia vdo hieu itic vd hieu Itic ddi khdng cda giao djch bdo ddm dtiac xdc lap Trong phgm vi bdi viit ndy, tde gid phdn tich mpt so npi dung ve quyentiutien todn khixdiy tdi sdn bdo ddm nhti khdi qudt chung vi quyin tiu tien todn tdi sdn bdo ddm, diiu kiin phdt sinh quyen tiu tiin vd thtittitiu tien todn xd lytdi sdn bdo ddm theo quy dinh cua Bp lugt Ddn sti Viet Nam 2015 Tren ccf sd phdn tich vd so sdnh vdi Bp ludt Ddn sti Phdp vd Nhdt Bdn, bdi viit rut nhiing bdi hgc kinh nghiem nhdm gdp phdn hodn thien quy djnh phdp ludt ve quyen tiu tiin todn xd lytdi sdn bdo ddm ^khda: Quyen du tien, todn, tdi son bdo dam, xdly tai san bdo dam Khai quat chung ve quyen Uu tien toan tai san bao dam SOME LEGAL PROBLEMS OF PRIORITY PAYMENT IN HANDLING COLLATERAL ASSETS Pham Yen Nhi Tai san bao dam tgo su an toan cho chii n g The priority right, along with the countervailing effect, was first recognized in the2015 Civil Code This provision allows the guarantee recipient, himself or herself to make payment on security assets and to take priority payment compared to other rights holders with respect to collateral assets based on the validity and countervailing ngubi mac ng khbng thuc hien hogc thue hien khbng I effici of secured transactions established Within the scape of this article, the author analyzes duge quyen xit ly tai san bao dam de thu hoi n p i some contents of payment priority when dealing with collateral assets such as general overview of priority of payment of collateral assets, conditions for arising of priority rights and the order of priority for payment when disposing of khbng dua khai mgm ve quyen uu tien ma quyen collateral assets according to the provisions of the Vietnam Civil Code 2015 On the basis of analysis and comparison with the Civil Code of France and Japan, the article draws experiences experience in finalizing the law on priority of payment when dealing with collateral assets toan khae ciia ngubi eb nghia vu ^ \ diing nghia vu tia ng Phap lugt cho p h e p cuong che trgn tai san bao dam n h u la mpt bign p h a p hiiu hieu giiip chu n g tiiu hoi duoc n o ca ngubi mac n p eb kha nang nhung khbng thuc hien nghia vg Tai san bao dam tib dbi tugng h a n che giao dich vbi ben thii ba nham de phuc vu cho viee xii ly np Chii n g Bg lugt Dan sg Vigt N a m nam 2015 (BLDS 2015) u u tien dupe de cap tiong tiu'ong h g p cb nhieu chu n g bao dam khac dbi vbi cimg mbt tai san Khi do, quyen uu tien ehi danh cho eac chu ng cb bao dam vbi nhau, khbng dugc xem xet cho cac khoan can tiianh Theo Dieu 303 Bg luat Dan su Nhat Ban, quyen u u tien la quyen bao dam bSng tai san va tiie hien b i n g vigc ngubi CO quy^n, ttong mgt sb nghia vu luat dmh, dugc u u tien dap iing q u y ^ oia minh tit tai san nhat dinh a i a ngubi m^c ng Dieu 2095 Bb lugt D a n su Phap, quyen u u tien la quyen a i a ngitbi cb quyen Keywords: Priority, payment, collaterals, collateral assets handling dupe u u tien toan nghia vy ttubc nhirng ngubi Ngay nhgn bai: 13/4/2020 Ngay hoan thiin biin tap: 24/4/2020 Ngay duyet dang: 29/4/2020 eb quy^n khac, ke ea ngubi co quy^n da nhan the chap Cb ttie thay, khong chi rieng b Viet Nam, vige phap lugt eae nuoc phi nhan su binh d ^ g gi^a cac diu n a tiong giao dich bao dam nhSm tang ta cubng sg bao \ JAT£HfNH-TnKfngSOT20i; cho cac chil n g tiong giao dich bao d a m da d u p e xae dang ky va (ii) quy tae chiem hiiu, kiem soat tai san lap truge do, dong Ihbi the Men s u ton tigng cua eac bao dam la can cii xac dinh thii tu uu tien toan chii ng lunh Ihanh sau Quy dinh nham bao Doi vbi nhiing giao dieh bao dam nao dang ky trube se dam ngujen tac cong bang cho cac chii no Bbi le, dupe quyen u u tien toan trube, ca nhirng xac l^p giao dich bao dam, cac ben tham gia ehi cb giag dich khbng bat buoc phai dang ky v i n phat sinh thbng tin ve tai san bao dam ke tir thbi diem xac lap higu lue phap ly nhung de duoe hubng quyen u u tien, trb ve trube Nhiing thbng tin giiip cho cae ben giao dich bao dam phai dugc dang ky Vi du n h u ngoai quyet dinh chrnh xae nbi d u n g giao dich cho phu quyen su d g n g dat va tai san gan lien vbi dat (co dang hgp vbi y ehi a i a minh Nhiing giao dieh la h g p ky quyen sb huu), tau bay, tau high tiie chap bat phap va bat bugc cac ben phai ton tipng ke ea ben t h u bugc phai dang ky mbi phat sinh hieu lue phap ly Neu ba Khi ben thii ba biet va chap n h a n tham gia xae lap n h u the chap cac loai tai san ebn lgi thi khbng b5t bugc giao dich bao dam (tig ben n h a n bao dam mbi) phai dang ky van eb hieu lue phap iy Tuy nhien, neu ma cb lien quan va tac dpng den nhiing giao dich da khbng dang ky, giao dich se khong dugc hubng dupc xac lap trube bube bgn chu n p mbi phai quyen u u tien toan cac giao dich khae co ton tigng va u u tign cho Iai ich a i a chii n g trube dg dang ky (Dieu Nghi dinh so 102/2017/ND-CP ciia Chinh phu ve dang ky giao dich bao dam) Phap luSt cAc mtdc phu nhan sir binh dang giQ^ cdcchO ntf giao djch b i o d i m n h i m tang atitng sU b i o ve cho cac ch£i no giao djch bio dim d i Svtac xac lap trade do, the hien sir tdn cda cac chd ncr hinh sau nliy Quy djnh nham b i o d i m nguyen t i c cong bing cho cic chu ntf Nhihig thong tin n i y gidp cho cac ben quyet djnh chinh xac noi dung giao djch cho phu hop vdi y chi cda minh Nhufng giao djch la hc^ phap va bat buoc cic ben phii tdn trong, ke c i ben thd ba Theo quy tac chig'm hiiu va kiem soat tai san bao dam, ben nhan bao dam nam giii hoac chiem giii tai san bao d a m thi giao dich bao dam se phat sinh higu luc doi khang ma khong can phai dang ky Co nghia la khbng can phai dang ky giao dich bao dam, ben nhan bao dam duoc xac lap quyen uu tign toan tren thuc te chie'm hiiu va kiein soat tai san bao dam Tru'bng h g p ngogi lg, quy tae khbng ap d u n g dbl voi bien phap cam giii tai san Mae dii dang thuc te chiem giii tai san n h u n g bgn cam giii khbng dupc quyen xit ly tai san bao dam va d i n g khbng dugc Thdturtfutien toan xif ly tai sin b i o d i m quyen m i tien toan tir tai san bao dam Ben cam giii duoc quyen tiep tue cam giii tai san eho den Ngu)#n tae ehung de xac dinh thii t u u u tien nao nghia vu dugc hoan toan da dupe thira nhgn ttong khoa hoe p h a p ly la Mgt ngoai Ig khae mang tinh dae quyen tiong lmh nguyen tac thii tu ve thbi gian "first in time rule" Thii vuc hang hai, nguai eo khieu nai hang hai n h u khieu tu xac lap giao dich bao d a m ve mat thbi gian dugc sir ngi ve tien luong, ehi phi boi thubng thuong ti'ch va ton dung de xac dinh quy'gn u u tien cita cac chu n g cb bao hgi khac ve siic khbe nguoi Hen quan true tiep den dam tren cimg mgt tai san bao dam Cb nghia la mgi hoat dpng ciia tau bien cb quyen cam giii hang hai doi ngubi se dugc phue vu theo thii tu hg den Cu the^ vbi tau bien (Di'eu 40 Bg luat Hang hai 2015) Quyen quyen uu tien dugc xac lap theo thbi diem cb higu luc cam glii nham de dam bao dio eac khie'u nai hang dbi vbi ben thii ba, neii giao dieh nao eb higu luc vbi hai dupc giai quyet Khi db ben cam giii duge hubng ben thii ba thi chu n o se dugc u u tien toan trube thii tu u u tien eao hon cae chu n o khac dugc bao dam Neu giao dich bao dam khbng co hieu luc doi vbi ben bang the chap tau bieh va cac giao dieh bao dam khac thii ba thi can o i vao thai diem xae lap bien phap bao (Dieu 41 Bb luat Hang hai 2015) Doi vbi trubng hpp dam (Dieu 308 Bp luat Dan su 2015) Thii tii u u tien cam cb tau bay, mae dii da chiem giii tai san nhung toan giiia cac ben dugc xac dinh n h u sau: v i n ehua phat sinh hieu luc doi khang vbi ngubi thii Thu nhat, neu cac bign p h a p bao dam deu phat sinh ba, ben nhan c'am co chua duoc u u tign toan bbi higu lge dbi khang vbi ngubi thii ba thi thii tu cam CO tau bay bat bugc phai dang ky mbi phat sinh toan dugc xae dinh theo thii tu xac lap higu luc doi higu luc phap ly Wiang Theo quy dinh o i a Bp luat Dan s u 2015, higu Thie hai, neu cb bign phap bao dam phat sinh higu luc dbi khang phat sinh dang ky bien p h a p bao dam luc dbi khang vbi ngubi thii ba va cb bien phap bao hogc ben nhan bao dam nam giii hogc chiem giit tai dam khbng phat sinh hieu luc doi khang vbi ngubi san bao dam (Dieu 297) Trubng h p p nay, (i) quy tic thii ba thi nghia vu eo bien p h a p bao dam eb higu Iuc 0S^ dbi khang vbi ngubi thii ba dugc toan truac Dbi vbi nhiing giao dieh bao d a m khbng phat sinh hieu Igc doi khang vbi ngubi thii ba se khbng d u g c h u b n g quyen u u tien toan T u o n g tu, xuat phat tir quy tac dang ky giao dieh bao dam va ehiem hiiu, kiem soat tai san bao d a m se duge u u tien toan so vbi khbng dang ky hogc khong chiem hiiu tai san bao dam Trong trubng h p p tai san bao dam cho nhieu nghia vu khae ma co giao dich bao dam dang ky (hogc chiem giii, cam giir), eb giao dieh bao dam khong dang ky (hoac khong cam giii, chiem giir) thi giao dich bao dam eb dang ky (hoae c'am giii, chiem giii) se dupc u u tien toan trube Day la quy dinh phii h p p vbi thbng Ig quoc te, boi thbng qua thil tue dang ky hogc thgc te dang cam giii, ehiem giii tai san la each rb rang nhat de ben thii ba cb the de dang nhan biet dugc quyen Igi eiia ben nhgn bao dam tren tai san db Thii ba, neu cac bign phap bao dam deu khbng phat sinh higu luc dbi khang voi ngubi thii ba thi thii tu toan dugc xac dmh theo thii tu xac Igp bign phap bao dam Can cii theo thbi diem xac lap bign phap bao dam, bien phap nao dugc xac lap trube se duge u u tign toan truoc Theo quy dinh cua Bo luat Dan sv 2015, giao dich cb higu luc ke tir thoi diem giao ket, trir trubng h o p eac ben cb thoa thuan khac hoac luat cb quy dinh khac Co nghia la, thbi diem giao dieh duge xac Igp va thai diem giao dich cb higu lge khong hoan toan trimg khbp Neu luat eb quy dinh khac hoac cac ben cb thoa thuan thi giao dieh se cb hieu luc sau thbi diem xae lap giao dieh Can cir xac dinh thir tu u u tien dua vao thbi diem xac lap (khong dua vao thbi diem CO hieu Igc ciia giao dich) Neu giao dieh dugc xac Igp trube, thi dii chua co hieu lue phap ly van dupc u u tien toan trube so vbi giao dich da phat sinh hieu lue (nhung dugc xac lap sau) Co the^ nha Iam luat da dbng nhat thai diem xae lap va thbi diem c6 higu lue eiia giao dich luc sau Theo quy dinh ehung ve h p p dbng, ke tir tiioi diem cb hieu luc, h p p dong bdt dau phat sinh quyen va nghia vg giiia cac bgn Ke tit thai diem h o p dong phat sinh hieu luc mbi dupc eoi la du can eii phap ly huge cac ben phai tbn ttgng thgc hien Vi vgy, can cu de xac dinh thii t u u u tien tiong trubng h o p nen d u a vao thai diein cb higu luc eiia giao dieh thay vi d u a vao thbi diem xae lap se h p p ly hon, dong thbi bao vg dugc quyen va lgi ich h o p phap ciia cae ben tham gia giao dich bao dam Tren day la cac t r u b n g h g p de xac dinh thii t g u u tien t h a n h toan Tuy nhien, k h b n g p h a i mpi t r u b n g h p p cac ben giao dieh d e u p h a i tuan thu theo thii tu u u tien t h a n h toan n h u trgn 'Ve nguygn tac, p h a p luat tbn trgng va ghi n h a n s g thba thuan a i a cae ben, day d u g e xem la dieu kien tien quyet truoc ap d u n g thii tu u u tien t h a n h toan theo luat dinh Chinh vi the, eae b e n ciing n h g n bao d a m cb the'thba t h u a n ve viec thay db'i t h u tu u u tien 'V' toan ngu tren Tai lieu tham khao: Chinh phu (2017), Nghi dinb sdl02/2017/NB-CPve dangky giao dich bdo dam Trinh Tudn Anh vd Nguyen Vdn Phuc (2018) "Hgc thuyet vdt quyen va viec xdy dung che dinh vgt quyen theo he thdng phdp ludt chdu Au luc dia" Tgp chi Luat hgc, sd 04 p 18-28; Hguyen Hgoc dien (2012), Xay ddng che dmh v3t quyin - Bieu kien dehodn thien phdp ludt ve bdo ddm thi/c hien nghia vu, Tga dam ve sda doi Bd lugt Dan SI/2005, Phdn bdo ddm thdc hien nghia vu Bo Tti phdp - Nhd phdp ludt Viet-Phdp; Bill Bdc Giang (2013), "Gioo dich bao dam cd dgi tudng Id tdi sdn tUdng lai", Tap chi Thi trddng tdi chinh vd tien te, so 24; BUI Bdc Ciang (2012), "Quyen Uu tien todn cda ben nhdn the chdp quyen g.s6l7; Ho Quang Huy (2011) "Vdtquyen bdo ddm - NhOng vdn dephdp ly ddtra qua trinh boon thien phdp luat ddn su d nudc to" Tgp chi Dan chd vd Phdp lugt, (So Chuyen dePhdp ludt ve dang ky giao dich bao dam), tr 28-37; Le Thi Thu Thuy vd Bd Ivlinh Tudn (2016), "Giao dich bdo dam dUdi khia cgnh Vl du, 30/3/2018, A ky ket vbi B hop dong vay rien cb the chap nha b nhung khbng cbng chimg (Tam ggi la h g p dong thii nhat) Sau do, 30/5/2018, A ky ket vbi C h g p dong vay tien va ciing the chap ehinh can nha da the' chap trube vbi B (Tgm gpi la hgp dong thii hai) Cho den thbi diem hign tai, h g p dong thif hai da thue hien hon 2/3 nghia vu, tiong db hgp dong thii nhat mac dii xae lap trube nhung tien dg thuc hign chua dupc 2/3 nghia vu Hien tai, A khbng thgc hien diing nghia vu nen tai san the chap dupc dem xu ly de toan np Khi db, B se dupc u u tign toan truoc A mae dii h g p dong phat sinh higu " so sdnh luat boc" Tgp chi Nghien cdu Idp phdp dien td http//www.nclp.org ^n/kinh_ngbiem_quoc_te/giao-dich-bao-lllam-duoi-khia-canh-so-sanhluot-hoc-1; Vien nghien cdu Khoa hgc phdp ly - Bo Tuphdp (1995), Binh ludn khoa hoc 86 ludt Ddn su Nhdt Bdn I^XB Chinh tri Qudc gia; Le Thi Thu Thuy vd Bo Minh Tudn "Giao djch bao ddm dudi khia canb so sdnh ludt hoc: Tap chi Nghien cdu idp phdp dien f i i http //www.nclp.org.vn/kinb_ nghiem_quoc_te/glao-dich-bao-1 ? Iom-duoi-khia-mh-so-sonh4uat-hoc-l Thong tin tac gia: Phgm Yen Nhi- Tnidng Bgi hgc An Gang - Bgi hgc Quoc gia IP NS (hi Mmh Email: pynhi@agu.edu.vn ... lmh nguyen tac thii tu ve thbi gian "first in time rule" Thii vuc hang hai, nguai eo khieu nai hang hai n h u khieu tu xac lap giao dich bao d a m ve mat thbi gian dugc sir ngi ve tien luong, ehi... diem cb higu luc cam glii nham de dam bao dio eac khie'u nai hang dbi vbi ben thii ba, neii giao dieh nao eb higu luc vbi hai dupc giai quyet Khi db ben cam giii duge hubng ben thii ba thi chu... Tudn "Giao djch bao ddm dudi khia canb so sdnh ludt hoc: Tap chi Nghien cdu idp phdp dien f i i http //www.nclp.org.vn/kinb_ nghiem_quoc_te/glao-dich-bao-1 ? Iom-duoi-khia-mh-so-sonh4uat-hoc-l Thong