Vùng đặc quyền kinh tế trong công ước của liên hợp quốc về luật biển và pháp luật việt nam

90 TAP CHi K H O A H O C PHAP LY V i g T NAM S 05 (135)/2020 VtTNG D A C QUYfeN KINH T^ TRONG CONG UC»C CtJA L I £ N HOP Q U c Vfe LUAT BIEN VA P H A P LUAT V I £ T NAM NGO H U P H U d C Khoa Luat Qu6c t^, D?i hpc Lu^t TP Ho Chi Mmh International law Depanmenr, Hochiminh city University of Law Email: nhphuoc@hcmulaw edu.vn T6mt4t Bdi viit phdn tich chuyin sdu vi khdi nifm, cdch xdc dink, quy die phdp ly aia vung ddc quyin kinh li theo quy dinh aia lugt bUn qudc tivd phdp ludt Vift Nam Til klioa: Cdng udc cAa Uin bpp quic v'i ludt hiin, viing ddc quyin kinb te Abstract This article analyzes concepts, the method to determine, the legal status of exclusive economic zones in compliance unlb the provisions of international law of tbe sea and the law of Vietnam Keywords; United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, exdusive economic zones Ngay n h ^ bai: 15/3/2020 Ngay duy^t dSng: 20/6/2020 Tdng quan v^ vung d$c quy^n kinh t€ lu$t bi£^n qudc t€ va phap luat Viet N a m Cting vdi bifen qudc tfe, vting d^c quyfen kinh tfe' la vting bifen mdi du0c d^t th\(c tifen phap ly qu6c tfe^ til nhOng nam 70 aia thfe' k^ X X tai HOi n ^ vfe Luat bifen qu6c te Ian thi3 III (UNCLOS III-UNCLOS 1982).' Vung d^c quyfen kinh tfe dbi xuat phat tti Ipi ich, nhu c^u chmh dang cua cac niidc dang phat trifen cd bifen nMm md rdng quyfen cda minh linh vUc kinh tfe, cung nhu tham do, khai thac tai nguyfen thifen nhifen viing die quyfen kinh tfe Tuy nhi^n, cac nUdc cdng nghifep phat trifen lai khdng ddng dnh vdi khuynh hudng vi cho r ^ g ldi ich ciia minh se bj suy giam bifen qudc tfe sg bi thu hep lai Vfe phUdng difen lich sii, sau Tuyfen b6 ciia Tdng thdng My Harry S.Truman ng^y 28/9/1945 ddn phUdng xac l^p thfem luc dia dfe gianh quyfen khai thac tai nguyfen ciia vimg bifen nay, nhifeu niidc My Latin (Nam My), d$c bifet h cic nudc ven Thai Binh DUdng cd thfem luc dia i^t hep da phan itog lai bang each thifet hp mdt vtmg bifen mdi gpi la "viing biin tdi sdn quicgia".^ TU ntoi 1947, ba nUdc ven Thai Binh D u d i ^ la Pem, Ecuado va Chile da ban hanh lu4t qud'c gia dfe ddn phUdng thifet l^p quyfen tai phan trfen vung bifen rat quan trgng Khuynh hudng md rdr^ lanh did bifentifeptyc duoc cac qudc gia My Latin khac nhu Venzuela, Argentina, Brazil va cac nudc A Phi nhu Ethiopia, Xomali, Kenya thyc hifen vdi tham vgng thife't l§p mdt vur^ bifen rdng 200 hai If tmh til dudng cd sd h lanh thd trfen bifen ciia qudc gia.^ i ~ * United Nanons Convennon on the Law of the Sea m 1982-UNCLOS 1982 Titfng Phap gpi li mer patnmomale-viing bi^n di sin Xu hudng ggi la "Xu hudng lanh thd hda biin vd dfi duong" LUAT QUOc T £ Trai qua qua trinh dam phan, dau Hanh, thuong luang, H6i nghi Un III vS LuSt Biin qudc tti da thfing nliat, xac lip m6t vimg biin mdi, kh6ng goi la vimg bi& tai san qu6c gia hay vteig kinh ttf ma gpi la virng die quyfen kinh ti thuOc quyin chil quySn va quySn tai phan qudc gia V i u ^ djc quyto kinh ttf CO chtf phap If ritfng bitft Viing bitfn m y khOng phai la lanh thd qudc gia cui^ khdng phai labi&qudcttf, d d d q u d c g i a v e n b i & c o quyen thupc chu quytfn va quytfn tai phan, d}c biet la cac "rf* quy'fn" vc kinh ttf Theo quy dinh cua Cdng Udc vS Lu4t Bitfn nSm 1982 (UNCLOS), chi cd nudc ven bitfn, cu thtf lii cac cO quan nha nudc, cac td chtSc kinh doanh kinh ttf, cdng din hp mdi duoc hudng nhflng quytfn kinh ttf dd ma nudc ngoai khdng thtf cd nhung quytfn dd, drti cd sU cho phep Cloa nudc ven bitfn Theo quy djnh tai Ditfu 55 va Ditfu 57 ciia UNCLOS 1982, vimg dac quytfn kinh ttf la vung bitfn i^m btfn r ^ a i lanh hai, cd chtf dd phap ly ritfng Ve chitfu idi^, viing die quytfn kinh ttf khdng dupc md rdng qua 200 hii ly ktf tti d u d i ^ ca sd dimg dtf tinh chitfu rong ciia lanh hai Cling nhu cac viir^ bitfn thudc chii quyen va quytfn chu quytfn qudc gia khac, mudn xac dinh duoc chitfu r d i ^ phap ly va chitfu rdng thilc ttf'* ciia viuig die quytfn kinh ttf thi qudc gia ven bitfn phai xac dinh dudng co sd va tuytfn bd chitfu rdng ciia lanh hai, sau stf tuytfn bd chitfu rdng ciia vimg die quytfn kinh ttf Theo quy djnh tai Ditfu 57 UNCLOS 1982 thi "Vung d(jc quyhi vi kinh ti khdng duoc md rdng m qud 200 hdi ly Mtic dubng a) sd dimg d/tinh (hih rdng lanh hdi" Vimg die quytfn kinh ttf ciia Vitft Nam dupe xac djnh Ian (&u titfn Tuytfn bd ciia Chirih phii nudc Cdng hda xa hoi ehii n f ^ a Vitft Nam n ^ y 12/5/1977 vtf lanh hai, vung dtfp giap, vung djc quytfn kinh ttf va thtfm luc dia ciia Vitft Nam Theo dd, "Vhng die quyin kinh ti aia nudc Cdng hba xd hdi M nghia Viit Nam ti^ liin ldnh hdi Viit Nam va hop vdi lanh hdi Viit Nam thdnh mdt vimg hiin rdng 200 hdi Ij ki tit dudng as sd diing di tinh chiiu rdng ldnh hdi Vi(t Nam".' Vdi Tuytfn bd nay, Viet Nam cimg vdi Kenya, Myanma, Cuba, Yemen, Dominica, Guatemala, An Dd, Pakixtan, Mehico, Seychelles dupc coi ^ nhm^ qudc gia tien phong ttong vide dUa khai nitfm viing die quytfn kinh ttf trd dianh khai nitfm cd gia tri tap quan trudc UNCLOS 1982 dupc ky ktft va cd hitfu lue Dbng thdi, Vitft Nam Ei qude gia dau ntfn n o r ^ khu vUe Ddng Nam A tuytfn bd thitft lap vimg die quytfn kinh ttf rdng 200 hai ly.' Luit bitfn Vitft Nam nam 2012 titfp nie khang dinh: "Vimg ddc quyht kinh tiid vhng '' • ChiSurOngpMp ly ciia vling djc quySn bnh tC duoc xac dmh til dubng co sO ngoa khOng qua 200 hai W Trong chiSu rng thiJc te' cua vung djc quySn kmh i< dojc xac dtnh til duOng CO s6 den ranh giOi phta ngoai cili djc quytn kinh ti theo tuySn bS cua qnOc gia ven biSn sau da titl dl chita rOng cila lanh hat , „ „ , TC Tinh thin ciia TuyCn b(S niiy mOt Bn nda th* hen Lnjt BiSn giOi nim 2003 Theo do^ khoin 3, DiSu Lujt Bien gid nam 2003 quy dinh: "«,« Jjc ,»);*« rf hnh if k ranj iim Ulp nil Ma ««o«( linh M m Ivp fJi B»/i W thi«l, mM vims l>i'i''«'« 200 km ly lmh lu dumg a u, Iri, imilti ttp lih, uie mat ifgiM Ctiiig » » » hti M nghia Vilt N«« i,» c«c ,«*J!M to, ,»«» » « Hnh khic" Dieu 15 Lust BiSn Viet Nam mm 2012 cong co quy dinh tuong nJ NguySn Hbng Thao OiityAi » » rf LnH h/n ««* ll tai hCu luu hanh n« bO Dji hoc Hue Tmng tjni dao tao tit xa 1997, tr 103 94 TAP c m KHOA H O C PHAP LY V i g T NAM S 05 (135)/2Q20 hoat ddng i ^ f e ca ciia ngildi va phildng tifen nudc n ^ a i vung bien nildc Cdng hoa xa hdi chii ngtea Viet Nam; Nghi dinh sd 48-CP ciia Chinh phu n ^ y 12/8/1996 vfe xa phat vi phgm hanh chirih tror^ linh vi;c bao vfe ngubn loi thuy san; Ngju dinh 137/2004/ND-CP vfe Xii ph?t vi pham hanh chmh o-fen cac vung bifen va thfem luc dia Vifet Nam; Lu^t Bifen Vifet Nam nam 2012, Lu4t Thiiy san nam 2017 va mdi nh^t la N ^ djnh sd 42/2019/ND-CP n ^ y 16/5/2019 Xii phat vi phgm hanh chinh linh vUc thdy san Cac van ban trfen, d§c bifet la Luat Thtiy san nJm 2017 la nhCfng cd sd phap ly quan trgng dfe Viet Nam thyc thi, bao vfe cac quyfen thudc chii quyfen vfe kinh tfe troi^ cac viing bifen ciia Vifet Nam ndi chung va vtmg dac quyfen kinh tfe ciia Vifet Nam ndi rifeng Ve quyfen tai phan ciia qudc gia tror^ vung dge quyfen kinh te', theo quy dinh ci\z UNCLOS 1982, vimg dac quyfen kmh tfe, qudc gia ven bifen cd quyfen tai phan ddi vdi cac hoat ddng: (i) Mp dat va sii dung cac dao nhan tgo, cac hifet b| cdr^ tnnh; Ngjiifen ci3u khoa hoc vfe bifen; (ii) bao vfe va gji3 g ^ mdi tnidng bifen; (iii) cac quyfen va cac n^iia vy khac UNCLOS 1982 quy dinh.^^ Theo UNCLOS 1982, tror^ vtmg dSc quyfen kinh tfe, qudc gia ven bifen cd d$c quyfen ufeh hanh xay di,(ng, cho phfep va quy dinh vi^c xSy dicing, khai thac va sii dung: cac dao nhto tgo; cac thifet bi va cdr^ trinh'^ dimg cho cac myc di'ch duoc trti dinh d Difeu 56 ho§c cac muc dich kinh te khac; cac thifet hi va cdng trinh cd thfe gay trd ngai cho vifec diUc hifen cac quyfen ciia qud'c g?a ven bifen vtong.'^ Ddng thdi, qudc gia ven bifen cd quyen tai phan djc bifet ddi vdi cac dao nhan tao, cac thifet bi va cac cdr^ tnnh do, kfe ca ve mjt cac li4t \^ quy djnh hai quan, thufe khda, y tfe, an ninh va nhjp cU.''^ Mat khac, qudc gia ven bifen, nfeu c ^ , cd thfe Ijp xur^ quanh cac dao nhJn tgo, cac thifet bj hoJc cac cdng trinh dd nhflng Idiu vUc an toan vdi kich thiidc hdp If Trong cac khu vyc dd, qudc gia ven bifen cd thfe ap dyng cac bifen phap thich hop dfe bao dam an toan hang hai, cOi^ nhy an toan ciia cac dao nhan tgo, cac thifet h\ va cac cdng trinh dd.^" " " 's '" ^° Di6m b, c, khoan DiSu 56 UNCLOS 1982 quy dinh: %) Quyhi tdi phan theo diing nhang quy dinb thich hpp aia Cdng uac vi vi^c: i Ldp d4l vd sd di/ng cdc ddo nhdn tgo, cdc ihiit b\ v'a c6ng tnnli; ii Nghiin aiu khoa hoc vi biin; iii Bdo v( vagm gia mdi imbng biin; c) Cac quyin va cdc nghia vu khdc Cdng udc quy dinh " UNCLOS 1982 khdng cd dinh nghia vt "chift bi \^ cfing trinh" Tuy nhifin, thyc ci^n chiing ducjc dilQc hieu la nhftng thiet b( va cOng trinh nhin t? dd0c xSy dyng va lip djt m^t cich ISu diu cac vui^bi^nvadii0c UNCLOS 1982 di&u chinh Thiftbj cOng trinh duQc sti dpng nhim myc di'ch tham do, khai thac tiu nguydn b i ^ nghiSn cUu khoa hpc vi hiSn, giam sdt thuy tri&u, cac khu n ^ mit hoJc khu dSn cd, cang hang khOng, tmng tim vJn chuydn hang hoa, trsm \a4m soat giao thOng Theo Nghj dinh thu Barcelona nam 1994 v& Bao v$ Dia Tmng Hai chfing Iji nhifim vi§c tham va khai thdc trfin th&m lyc dia day bi^n va long dit dii6i th&m lyc d(a thi khai ni^m "o3)i^(riH/i"duoc M^u la "bdt ky cdu tnic cd dink ho^c n£ vd bdt ky plidn gtSntihnidoaia n6dupcsiidmgvdocdckoao gim cdc b0 pb4n CO v] mdOng; HI cdc bf thdng hho bai ngoai khai bao gdm cac lau diu^sAdyng cho nm didi do; iv cdc cdng f^i/c vy mic bdc dd vd lit lining vJn diuySi ak sdn pbctm dugc diiii xudi nhu cdc ting ddn ngam; v hi liidng niay moc gdn lOn vdi ctiung va cdc thiit bj nlidm muc dich bdc xip, sdn xiidi, iuu Kit vd tliu hiiy ak clidt dii^ tdy lin til ddy biin va long ddt dudi ddy biin" Khoin DiSu 60 U N C L O S 1982 Khoin 2, Digu 60 UNCLOS 1982 Khoin 4, DiEu 60 UNCLOS 1982 LU^T QUOCTE can lyu y rJng, dieo rinh than va quy dmh ciia U N C L O S 1982, cac qud'c gia khdng dydc xiy dung nhflng dao nhJn tao, thifet bi hoac cdng trinh, k h d i ^ dudc thifet lap cac khu vyc an toan x u r ^ quanh cac dao, thifet bi, cdng trinh dd cd nguy cd gSy trd nggi cho vifec sii dung cac dudng hang hai da duoc thfla nhjn la tbfet yfeu cho hang hai qu6c tfe Cac dao nhan tao, cic thife't bi va cac cdng ttinh khdng dUdc hfldng quy chfe ciia cac dao va chung khdng cd lanh hai nfeng va sy cd mjt ciia chiing khdng cd tac ddng ^ ddi vdi vifec hoach dinh ranh gidi lanh hai, vung djc quyfen kinh tfe hoac thfem lyc dia.-' Vfe quyfen tai phan linh vflc nghien ciiu khoa hpc bifen, U N C L O S 1982 quy djnh: "trong pik thi hanh quyin tai phdn aia mnh, ak quic gia ven biin co quyhi quy tiinh, cho phep va tiin hanh cdc cing tdc nghiin aiu khoa hgc bi^ vUng doc quyhi kinh tiva trin tKim /yc dia c^a niinh theo diing cdc quy dinh tuong iing c^a UNCLOS 1982 vd duoc tiin hanh vdi sii thoa thu4n aia quicgia ven biin" Tuy nhifen, qudc gia ven bifen cd thfe tOy y minh, khdng cho phep thyc hifen mdt dy an nghifen cflu khoa hpc bifen mdt qud'c gia khac hay mdt td chflc qudc tfe CO t h i n quyfen dfe nghitife'nhanh d vung dac quyfen kinh tfe hay trfen thfem luc dia ciia minh nfeu: (i) dy an cd anh hydng trflctifepdfe'n vifec tham dd, khai thac tai nguyfen thifen nhifen, sinh vJt va khdng sinh vat; (ii) dy an cd dfl kifen cdng vi^c khoan thfem lyc dia, sii dyng chat nd hay dfla ch^t ddc hai vao tror^ mdi trfldng bifen; (iii) dfl an dy kifen vifec xJy dyng, khai thac hay sii dyng cac dao nhJn tgo, thife't bl cdng trinh nhan tao; (iv) nhflr^ thdng tin dypc thdng bao vfe tiiih chat va muc tifeu cua dfl an theo Difeu 248 ciia U N C L O S 1982^ khdng diing hoJc nfeu qudc gia hay t6 chflc qudc tfe cd tham quyfen, tac gia ciia dy an khdng lam trdn nhflng nghia vy da cam kfet vdi qudc gia ven bifen.^ Vdi cac quy dinh ndi trfen cd thfe khJng dinh rang, nfeu khdng cd sy dida thuan vdi qudc gia ven bifen thi cac qud'c gia khac cfli^ nhfl cac td chflc qudc tfe khdng thfe tifen hanh cdr^ tac i ^ f e n cau khoa hpc vimg djc quyfen kinh tfe cang nhy trfen thfem lyc dia ctia qudc gia ven bifen.^* Khoan khoan Di&u 60 UNCLOS 1982 DiSu 248 ciJa UNCLOS 1982 quy djnh ngb'a vy ciia cac qudc gia, cac td chilc qu6c ttf mu6n ti^n hanh nghidn cdu khoa hoc croi^ viing djc quyfen kmh t^hay di&m lyc dia ciia qu6c gia ven bife, phai cung cip cho qudc gia nay, chim nhit khflng qua thing di6i gian dy kitfn d^ bit diu dy an nghi&i cilu khoa hpc bi^n mfl ta diy dd cac thdng tin hen quan den dy an nhu tuih chit, muc tiSu cya du an, phddng phap, phUdng tien se dilQc sil dyng cac loai tau thuySn, cac dyng cy khoa hoc, cac khu vyc dia ly ma dy an thyc hi^n, tlidi hgn dy b^n cho chuytfn dlu tien, chuydn cudi ciing, ten CO quan bao trt? dy in cQng nhu mdc dd qudc gia ven bi^n cd di^ diam gia Xem them Di&u 246 UNCLOS 1982 Theo phap luit Vifit Nam cac host ddng nghien ciSu khoa bye bi^n duyc diSu chmh bing Nghi dinh sd 242/HE)BT 5/8/1991 Theo dd cic boat ddng nghien cJu khoa hpc cua ben nudc ngoai dUdc tiffn hanh dda trfin co sd Cac hifp dinh qudc zS v5 h