• KHOA HOC XA H I • MOT SO QUY DINH VE DAT COC VA THl/C TI^N GIAI QUYET TRANH CHAP DAT COC THEO PHAP LUAT DAN SU* HIEN HANH VUTHUYUNH'*' Tom tat: Cac quy dinh ve dit cgc phap luat dan sii la mpt nhu ciu tat yeu ciia sU phat trien kinh te d Viet Nam hien de dam bao viec thuc hien nghia vu cua cac ben tham gia vao cac quan be dan sU Mac du cac quy dinh da giup tao hanh lang phap ly an toan eho cac ben tham gia giao dich: nhien, mpt so'van de hen quan den dit cgc van chUa dugc giai quyet triet de Phap luit dan sU Dieu niy cd the din den tinh trang khd khan viec ap dung phap luat de giai quyet tranh chap cUng nhu chua co tmh thd'ng nhat he thd'ng pbap luit Bai viet phan tich thiic trang ve viec giai quyet tranh chip dit cgc theo phap luit dan sii vit de mpt so giai phap giup hoan thien he thd'ng phap luat va thiic day cac giao dich dan sii phat trien kinh te Tif khoa: Phap luat dan sU; dat cgc; tranh chip dit cgc; tai san Abstract: Regulations on deposit in civil law play an essential role in ensuring obligation fulfillment between parties in civil relations, thus supporting economic development While these regulations have provided the legal corridor to parties involving in transactions, there remain issues that require further improvement This situation leads to difficulties in applying regulations on deposit to settle disputes and maintain consistency in the legal system This article analyzed the -iituiition of payment dispute settlement according to civil law and proposed solutions to improve the legislative system and promote civil transactions and economic growth Keywords: Civil law, Deposit, Payment Dispute, Property Ngay nhan bai: 10/02/2020; Ngay sda bai: 02/3/2020; Ngay duyet ding bai: 14/4/2020 Dat van de Giao dich dan sU la phifdng tien phap ly quan trpng nha't giao lUu dan sil, xac lap giao dich dan sU, da sd'cac ben tham gia deu mong mud'n thiic hien day dii cac cam ket ciia minh, nhUng ciing cd nhiing trUdng hdp vi ly khach quan hay chii quan, ma mdt cac ben da vi pham nghia vu ciia minh gay thiet hai eho chii the edn lai, day la nguyen nhan dan de'n tranh cha'p va ba't on eho eac quan he phap luat dan sii De gdp phan han che va bao dam thtJc hien ngbia vu dd la: cam co, the cha'p, dat coe, ky cUpc, ky quy, bao iKu quyen sP hiiu, bao lanh, tin cha'p, cim glut tai san Dat cpc la mdt bien phap bao dam thUc hien nghia vu dan sti, vdi Uu diem de thtic hien, tinh an toan cao, tinh rang budc chac chan va cd tinh che tai nghiem khae, diide cac ehii th§ sti dung kha bien giao dich dan sil ndi ehung, dac biet la cac giao dich dan sii lien quan de'n thtic dav giao luu dan sii p h a t trien, Bd l u a t D a n sU 2015 quy d m h bien p h a p n ^ns., Vien Kilm sat nhan dan quan Hai Ba Trang phoHa Noi: Email: vuthuylinhvks®gmail,com SO 5-2020 NHAN LU1C KHOA HOC XA HOI [ | MQT SO qi-y DINH vt DAT COC VA T H l T TIEN q u a ma't epc hodc bi p h a t cpc \"=*'^ tUng ben vi pham'"' Q u a n diem t r u y e n thd'ng eho rang d^t cpc la phu luc eua hdp dong mua ban hoac hdp dong dich vu Q u a n diem da khdng cdn phu hdp \ ' e nguyen tk P""^ luc hdp dong chi dUde thiet lap sau co hpp dong chinh Neu coi dat cpc la phu luc hpp dong thi cd nghia la: bdp ddng co nghia \ u dupe bao d a m da binh t h a n h , t r e n cP sd dd phii luc hpp dong mdi dUpc xay dung Dieu se khdng dting vdi quy dinh tai Dieu 358 BLDS 2005 (Dieu 328 M o t s o q u y d i n h v e d a t c o e t h e o BLDS 2015) ve thdi didm hinh t h a n h bien p h a p dat cpc, bdi le trUPng hpp cac ben p h a p l u a t d a n sU h i e n h a n h thoa t h u a n dat cpc n h a m muc dich giao J.J Vie khai niem dAt cgc P h a p luat Viet Nam ghi n h a n dat epc la ket hdp dong thi cac ben chUa thoa mdt bien p h a p bao dam thiic hien nghia t h u a n xay diing, thiet lap hpp dong chinh vu dan sU thUe, chUa hinh t h a n h nghia vii hdp Khoan Dieu 328 Bd luat Dan sU 2015 dong nhUng ngbia vii t r o n g giao dich d a t quy dinh: "DM cgc la viec mpt ben (sau day cpc da xua't hien Vi vay, coi dat cpc la p h u ggi la ben ddt cgc) giao eho ben (sau luc hdp dong se la t h i e u ed sd p h a p ly va ddy ggi la ben nhan d$t ege) mpt khoan thiic te tien ho$c kim quy, da quy hoac vat ed Dat cpc la mpt giao dich dan sU dac biet, gia tri khae (sau day ggi chung la tai san nd viia cd tinh ddc lap tUdng dd'i lai vxia cd dat cgc) mpt thdi ban de bao dam mdi quan h e k h a n g khit vdi hdp dong cd giao kit hoac thUe hien hgp dong'^K nghia vu dUde bao dam Cu the: Ve ban chat, dat cpc chinh la sU thoa - Neu hdp dong cd nghia vu dUdc bao thuan giUa cac ben Nghi quyet d a m bi vd hieu, bi b u y bo, hoac ddn 01/2003/NQ-HDTP 16/4/2003 ctia phUdng cha'm diit tbtic bien ma eac b e n Hdi dong t h a m p h a n Tda an n h a n dan td'i c h u a t h u c bien bdp dong thi giao dich cao hudng dan ap dung pbap luat bao dam cha'm diit viec giai quyet mdt so' loai t r a n h chap dan - Neu hpp dong cd nghia vu dupe b a o sti hdn n h a n va gia dinh da k h a n g dinh dam vd hieu, bi b u y bo, boae ddn phUdng "f/j().( thuan daf cpc 7a mpt giao dich dan cha'm dUt tbtic hien ma da thiic hien mdt sU" theo dd mdt ben se giao cho ben p h a n hoac toan bp hdp dong cd nghia vu mpt tai san mdt thdi b a n nhat dinh dupc bao d a m tbi giao dich bao d a m n h a m muc dich giao ket hpp ddng hoac k h d n g cha'm dUt, trU trUdng hpp cd t h d a thtic hien hdp dong hoac ca hai miic dich t h u a n khac Khi dd b e n n h a n bao dam cd t r e n : ca h a i ben deu cd nghia vu tbtic hien nhiing dieu da thda t h u a n Neu mdt "Khoan 1, dieu 328, BolufttDan sa2015 t r o n g h a i ben chti the khdng tbtic hien - Nghi tiuyct 01/200.-VNQ-HDTP ngSy 16/4/20():j < nghia vu da cam ket thi p h a i chiu h a u cac ddi tUdng la ba't ddng s a n cd gia tri ldn n h u quven >u dung dat, quyen sd b ^ u n h a d Tuy nhien cac quy dinh p h a p luat ve dat coe chiem vi tri rat nhd Bd luat Dan su (BLDS), chi cd mdt dieu luat nha't, va viec hudng dan a p dung giai guvet cae t r a n h cha'p lien q u a n den dat coe eung h a n che, rai rac mpt so' van ban, va chua co tinh thong nha't Xhiintj p h a n tieh ve dat cpc mdt each cd he thdng se ddng gdp dang ke viec n a n g cao n h a n thuc cua cac chu the ap dung bien p h a p bao dam H6i dong th^m phan Toa an nhan dan tm cao NHAN LVC KMI* HOC XA HAl iti-aa W THLT LINH quyen xii ly tai san bao dam de toan nghia vu hoan tra cua ben cd nghia vu ddi vdi minh - Neu giao dich bao dam vd hieu, hi hiiy bo, hoac ddn phUdng eha'm diit thiic hien khdng lam cha'm diit hdp dong cd nghia vu dUdc bao dam, trii trUdng hdp ed thda thuan khae 1.2 Ve ddi tugng cua dat cgc Trong giao dich dat cpc, tai san dat epc la va'n de dupc cac chu the ra't quan tam Tai san dat cpc chinh la dd'i tupng tnic tiep bao dam quyen ldi eua eac ben chii the nhUng cung co the la nguyen nhan dkn de'n tranh chap hoac se khdng bao dam dUdc quyen lpi cua cae chti the nd dupe tbtic hien khdng diing phap luat Theo quy dinh tai Dieu 358 BLDS nam 2005 (Dieu 328 BLDS 2015) thi ddi tupng ciia dat cpc la tien hoac vat (kim quy, da quy ho$c eae vat ed gia tri khac), khdng phai tai san nao eiing ed the sdi dung de dat cpc Quyen tai san va gia'y td ed gia khdng dupc BLDS quy dinh la tai san dung de dat epe Ngoai de trcf dd'i tupng cua bien phap dat cpc, cac tai san dat cpc phai dap iing dieu kidn nha't dinh Thd nhat, neu doi tugng cua dat cgc la tien Hieu theo nghia rdng, tien la vat ngang gia chung giao lUu dan sii, bao gom ca npi te ngoai te Tuy nhien, ve nguyen tac, tien la ddi tUdng eua dat cpc phai la ddng Viet Nam dang lUu hanh rpng rai khdng the la ngoai te theo quy dinh tai Khoan 13 Dieu Phap lenh st(a doi phap lenh ngoai hdi nam 2013 quy dinh nhu sau: Tren lanh tho Viet Nam, mgi giao dich toan, niem yet, quang cao, bao gia, dinh gia, ghi gia hgp dong, thoa thuan va cac hinh thde tuang tu khac cua ngitdi cU trd ngudi khong cu trd khong duac tbtic hien bAng ngoai hoi, trd eae S65-Z020 trudng hgp dugc phep theo quy dinh eua Ngan hang Xha nUdc Viet Nam' " Thd hai, neu doi tugng cda dMcgcla vat Nhin chung, vat la tai san dung de dat epe phai la vat ed gia tri va dupc phep chuyen giao giao dich dan su Phap luat hien tai mdi chi liet ke mdt vai vat cu the cd th^ la ddi tupng cua dat epc chii khdng md ta vat dUdc diing de dat cpc phai la vat nhu the nao (dac dinh hay cung loai, tieu hao hay khdng tieu hao, vat phai cd san hay hinh tuang lai, la dpng san hay bai dpng sin ) Tuy nhien, can cii vao quy dinh tai Dieu 358 BLDS 2005 (Dieu 328 BLDS 2015) thi cd thd nhan tha'y tai san dat cpc chi gidi ban pham vi hep gom: tien, kim quy, da quy boae eac tai san cd gia tri khac ma khdng bao gom cac quyen tai san, ba't dpng san nhu cac bien phap bao dam khac Tai san la ddi tupng cua bien phap dat epe phai thude sd hflu cua ben dat cpc hoac cd the thudc scf hflu ciia ngUdi khac nhUng phai dupc ehii sd bflu dong y Cac vat bi cam lUu thdng dan sii hoac ban che lUu thdng dan sU nhU ma tiiy, vii quan dung thi khdng the la ddi tUdng cua dat cpc Ne'u giao dich dat cpc cd ddi tupng la ngoai te hoac vat bi ca'm, bi ban ehe luu thdng dan sU thi giao dieh dat cpc dd cd the bi tuyen vd hieu 1.3 Vexdly tai sin dat cgc Dat cpc ndi rieng ciing nhU cac bien phap bao dam ndi chung deu la ket qua cua sU thoa thuan gifla ben bao dam va ben nhan bao dam, vay viee xd ly tai san bao dam thi sU thoa thuSn eua cac ben ciing dupc dat len hang d^u BLDS 2015 gifl nguyen quy dinh cua BLDS 2005 "* Khoan 13 Dieu Phap lenh siia ddi Phap lenh ngoai hoi nSm 2013 NHAN LUC KHOA HOC XA Hdi Q MOT SO QUY DINH VE DAT COC VA THL'C TIKN H phai hoan t r a tien coe va phat coe, tong cpng ty dong Bi don hk Truong Hong N'SIK- H trinh bay; Ba H thiJa n h a n eo thoa t h u a n ddt COC de ban cftn n h a neu tren cho ong L n h u ong L da trinh b^y Mac du H da co gang hoan t a t thu tuc de duoc cap piay chUng nh$n quyen sd hOu n h a thoi ban 30 nhU da thoa t h u a n n h u n g khong thuc hien dUdc Ba thUa n h d n da vi p h a m cam ket v6i ong L, ba dong y tra Iai tien (OC va ticn Iai suat theo quy dinh khong dong y p h a t coe NgUdi co quyen I(?i, nghia vu lien quan ong Lai Quang T trinh b^y: Ong T song chung vdi ba H tU ndm 1997 den khong ddng ky ket hon Cdn nha tren Id tai san chung cua ong T vk bd H ong thUa n h a n da cung ba H n h d n tien ddt coe ciia ong L Ong dong y t r a Iai tien coe va tien Iai cho ong L theo quy dinh cua p h a p Iuat chu khong dong y p h a t coe n h u yeu cdu cua ong L Tai Ban an dan sU s