Tìm hiểu những tiêu chí đánh giá tội phạm ẩn

TAP CHf PHATTRIEN NHAN LOC - s O ^ B TIM HIEU NHOTNG TIEU CHIDANH GIA TOI PHAM AN THSNGUYENTRANNHI/KHUI'-' THS.KGUVENANHVO'"' TOM TAT Tgi phgm an vd hgu qud aia nd dd thu hut sU quan tdm cua cdc nha khoa hgc (if Viet Nam, mdc du da cd nhihig nghien cdu ve tgi phgm dn nhung h$ thdng ly lugn ve ITnh vifc cdn hgn che Tgi phgm dn thudng chidu(fc nghien cvtu chung vdi nhifng vdn de ly ludn khdc cua tg phgm hgc Do de phdt trien han he thdng ly lugn tgi phgm hgc va dap dng yeu cau phdng chdng tgi phgm, cdn phdi tiep nic nghien ciiu ve tgi phgm dn Mgt nhihig vdn de ly lugn can dugc nghien cihi chinh la nhihig lieu chi ddnh gid tgi phgm dn Bai viet xdc dfnh va phdn lich nluTng tieu chf ddnh gid tgi phgm dn vd cdng la tai lieu tham khdo cho nhifng bgn dgc quan tdm de'n he thdng tri thifc tgi phgm dn tgi phgm hgc Tili khoa: idi phgm dn; tieu chi ddnh gid cua tgi phgm dn, vUng dn, dn, nguyen nhdn an va thdi gian dn Tdi pham an - mdt phan cua IhUc trang tinh hinh tdi pham - li ddi tUdng nghien cdu quan Upng cfla tdi pham hpc Khii niem lpi pham an dUde hieu "Tgi phgm dn Id tgi phgm dd xdy nhiing chiia bi cd quan chUc ndng phdt hien, xdly vd khong ton tgi thdng ke toiphgm"^'K Theo tdi pham an cd ba dau hieu cd bin: - Tpi pham chUa bi phil hien chi'nh thdc - NgUdi pham ldi chua bi phdt hien chfnh thdc - Tdi pham, ngUdi pham tdi chUa bi xfl ly vl hinh sU mac du cd the di bi phii hien mdt cich chfnh thdc Tdc Ii chua bi cic cd quan lidn hinh id lung xfl ly bing cic quyet dinh bin in theo quy dinh cua phip luit hinh sfl vi td lung hinh sd Tfl khii niem va die diem tren, de dinh gii mpt each he thdng ve tpi pham an can phii nghien cdu cic lieu chf dinh gii cua tpi pham an, dd la: vung an, dp ^n, nguydn nhan ^n vi thdi gian an Viing an "Vung" cd nghTa li mien, khu vUc Idn'^' Vung an dUdc hieu li nhflng mien, nhflng khu vUc (ITnh vdc) tdn tai tdi pham an Nhflng vung an khic cd mdc dp thuan ldi khic ddi vdi viec che giau hinh vi pham tpi da dddc thUc hien Qua nghien cdu die diem vung an cua tpi pham cd hai Ioai: '•"' Cuang vien khoa Lugt - Hpc vi^n Can bp TP.HCM '" Dp h.?c Lujl TP.HCM Gido irinh Toi phgm hoc 2014 (bai "Tinh hinh tgi phfim") N\h Hong Dire - Hpi Luii gia Vi^i '-' Nguyen Nhu Y: Dgi tit dwn Tieng livi Nxb Vai nn, HaNpi 1998 irang 1837 Nam uang 137 a tht'ing THS NGUYENTRAN NHUKHUgJHS NGUYEN ANH VO -TIM Higu N H Q N G T I E U C H L Mgt Id, vung an li lmh vdc boat dpng kinh le - xa hpi cd tdi pham an Vdi mot Iinh vUc kinh le - xi hdi nhat dinh, vung an him chda nhflng dieu kien thuan ldi ddi vdi viec che giau hinh vi pham tdi da dddc thdc hien'-' Cd nhflng vijng an chda nhieu dilu kien tdn tai tpi pham an Vf du, d nddc ta hien nay, IMi vdc hoal dpng cua cd quan bio ve phap luat la vung an cua nhdm tpi xam pham hoat dpng tu phip; cic ITnh vUc nhu xiy dUng cd ban, hii quan, lhanh ua nha dat la vung an cua nhdm toi tham nhung Hai la, vung an li khu vdc dia ly ma d cd nhiing dilu kien din ddn tinh uang an cua mpt sd lpi pham TDy vio tdng khu vdc khie mi mdc dp an cua tpi pham khic nhau: (1) Khu vUc bi6n gidi thudng Ii vung an cua toi budn lau, budn bin ngddi Theo ThUdng Wdng Le Thd Tiem, Thfl tnidng Bd Cdng an, hoat ddng tdi pham mua bin phu nfl, tre em nhin chung vSn dien phflc tap, tfnh chat quy mo vi thu doan pham tdi cang tinh vi, xio quyet, cd td chflc chat che va xuyen qudc gia Mdc dp tiem an tdi pham cdn rat Idn, dia phddng xiy tinh Uang uen nhilu nhai la Hi Giang, Lao Cai, Lang Sdn, Quing Ninh, Hi Npi, Nghe An, Lai Chiu, Bic Giang''^'; khu vdc ving ve, ft ngddi qua Iai la vung an cua cac tpi hiep dam, gidt ngUdi, cUdp tii sin (2) Vung dong bio dan tpc it ngddi d mien nui UTjng du phfa Bic, mien nui cic tinh Tmng Bd (Nghe An, Hi Tinh), giip bien gidi "' Ph^iin Vin Tinh: 'Tinh hinh tpi ph^m d nuoc ta", Tgi phgm Ape, Ludi Hinh M/ vd Lual To lyng hinh sir Vi^i Nam, Nxb Chinh tq quoc gia Ha Npi 1995, trang 37 '*' Tir website- http7/www6 vnmedia vn/newsdetail.asp'' Viel - LaotiiUdngan cae tdi pham vl ma Ly khu vUc dia Iy cic vung niy gan Lio (nUdc tiep giip vdi tmng tam sin xuat thudc phien Tam giic ving), dia hinh miln nui hiem trd khd kiem soat nen tdi pham ma xiy nhilu, phat hien xfl ly ft Tfl trddc ddn nay, ndi ddn tdi pham, ngddi ta thddng quan tam chu yeu den tinh hinh tpi pham d thinh thi, ft cd sU dinh gii day du va nghien cflu nhilu ve tdi pham d ndng thdn Kdl luan thdng thudng la: tdi pham d ndng thdn ft hdn, ddn giin hdn vi tinh hinh ft cd bien ddng so vdi d thinh lhi Ndu li'y sd tpi pham binh quan tren sd dan cU (thudng la lay tren 100.000) thi ty le dd d ndng tiidn thi'p hdn d thi Nhilu cdng trinh nghien cdu cho thay thudng la thi'p hdn td 1,5 den Ian Tuy nhien neu quan sit ky, chung ta se thay khdng the dinh gii tinh hinh bang cich so sinh giin ddn nhd vay Trong nhdng nim gan day, d ndng thdn cd su ling nhanh (so vdi d thi), bp phan dan cU li tre em dddi 14 tuoi va sd ngUdi gii tren 60 tudi Chfnh vi vay, ma sd binh quin ndi tren khdng the cung cap chfnh xie vl tinh hinh gia ting cua tpi pham d nong thdn Ndu xet ve mflc dp kiem soil tdi pham, d ndng thdn mdc an cua tpi pham ldn hdn so vdi thinh thi Ly Ii d ndng thdn, quan he hp hang, bi loi xdm la quan he Unyen thdng; quan he Iim cho ngddi din quan ngai trinh bao vl hinh vi pham tpi ma hp bidt Mat khic, dieu kien giao thong, lien lac dieu kien lam in, sinh sdng khdng thuan ldi cho viec ngddi dan tdgiic tdi pham'^' = ' > Dao Tri Uc (1999): "Van d^ kidm soat lpi pham" Tap chi \/ia nuac vdphdp lugl (6), trang 10 18 THS NGUYEN TRAN NHU KHU£,THS NGUYEN ANH VU - T I M =J;HL rd moi ci'p dp an mdng dng bao nhieu p ian trim Chung ldi dong tinh \ di \ iec phan chia dp an thinh ci'p nhdng cung nen dda ch sd an (%) cua moi ci'p do, mic du chi cd tfnh Udc lUdng mdt each tddng ddi - Dg dn cdp I: ci'p dp ^n nhd nhi'l hinh vi pham tpi bi in khudt ft nhi'l Cd the' xem dp ^ d mdc 10 - llYc cfla ldng sd loai tpi pham dddc thdc bien Khi ning phdt hien, khim phi tot pham cao nhi't Die diem cua cap dp niy trddc bet li viec thUc hien tpi pham mang linh Id lilu cao, gay nhilu tiidng tin vi lan uuyen nhanh, de Iai nhilu dau vet, hiu qui thi'y rd Khi tdi pham xiy ra, cd nhieu ngddi bidt vl ldi pham vi cung ci'p chdng cd vdi td cich ngUdi lim chdng, vf du tpi pham gidt ngudi (mic du ly le phi in vin chUa dat tdi 90%), cd y giy thddng tfch, cUdp tii sin, chdng ngUdi thi hinh cdng vu, gay rdi trat tU cdng cpng Mat khic, nhflng loai tdi pham nay, ldi ich gifla nan nhin vdi ngddi pham tpi cd mau thuan, xung dot Nan nhan thddng mong mudn tri thii vi ddi boi thddng thiet hai nen phan ldn hp td giic tpi pham, tfch cUc cung cap chdng cd de giii quyel vu in Nhu viy, nhflng tpi pham hoac loai tdi pham cd dp an cap hoi lu day du hai ydu tdlim cho tdi pham dl bi phat hien Dd la ning bdc Id hinh vi pham tdi, hau qui tpi pham va thai dp cua nan nhan cung nhU mdi quan hd gifla nan nhan vdi ngUdi pham tdi - Do dn cap 2: d cap dp niy, hinh vi pham tdi khdng bdc Id rd nhU d cap dp i va dp an khoing 30 - 40% cua tdng sd loai tpi pham (6) \gii\5n Nhu V: DQI n'rJii-n Tihig Vi^t N\b Van hoa thong dupc thuc hien Vf du, tdi Udm cip tai sin cua tin HaNoi- 1998, irang 653 \~) Ph^ni N'anTinh: "Tinh hinh ipi pham onirdc la" TQIphgm cdng dan, lita dao chiem doat tai sin cua cone h(>c Lugt Hinh sir vd Ludi To lung hinh sir 1'iC'i Vam Nxb din, Ida ddi khich hing Hinh vi pham tdi Chinh iri quoc gia H J \ i 1995 irang 34-35 Hoat ddng phdng ngiia tdi pham cho diay NTJng an cua tdi pham t\- le nghich vdi hieu qui hoat dpng cua cd quan nhi nddc d viing Khu \Uc nio mi cd quan nhi nUde phil huy dUpc vai trd cua minh, boat ddng quan ly nha nddc dat hieu qui lhi d tpi pham khd cd dieu kien bi "che giaii" vi ngddc lai Mat khac, d khu vifc nio, vung nio cdng lic myen tm\'ln phii huy dddc vai ud cua quan chung nhan dan td chflc uong boat ddng td giic tpi pham, dau tranh phdng chdng lpi pham dddctiidchien tdt se gdp phan lim giim tdi pham an d vung Tdm lai, vung an cua tdi pham phan anh die diem ITnh vUc boat ddng kinh id- xi hdi hoic die diem dia phUdng, dia ly dia hinh cd ning Iim \ual hien tdn tai tpi pham an Cd nhflng vung cd nhilu tdi pham an cd nhflng vung ft ldi pham an Do an "Dp" cd nghTa li mdc xie dinh thang do, he thdng tfnh loin'*'' Dp an cua tdi pham dddc hieu Ii ning an khuat khic cua tflng loai lpi pham hoic tflng nhdm tdi pham Mdi loai ldi pham hoic tpi pham cu the deu cd dp an cua nd Se cd nhflng tpi pham cd ning an rat cao, cd nhflng tpi pham cd dp an tmng binh vi cung cd nhflng tdi ma dp an tha'p Dp an phu thupc: (i) nang bpc Id hanh \ i pham tpi va hau qua tpi pham; (ii) thii dp nhan thdc cua nan nhin vi mdi quan he gifla nan nhin vdi ngUd'i pham tdi Trong khoa hpc Tdi pham hpc, dp an cua tdi pham dupc chia cap'^' Tuy nhien, khdng ndi THS N G U Y ^ N T R A N NHUKHUgjHS NGUYEN ANH VU -TIM HIEU N H Q N G T I E U C H L thddng ft ngddi biet hoic khdng bidt nen ft cd ngddi lim chflng Die biet ia trddng hdp diiet hai khdng ldn nen nan nhan khdng mudn trinh bio vdi cd quan chflc nang Nan nhan cd thii dp bdc xuc, mong mudn Uifng phat ngUdi pham tdi nhUng khdng den mflc cing thing nhd nan nhan cua tpi gidt ngUdi cUdp lii sin Nan nhin cung khong cd tiiii dp che giau tpi pham da gay thiet hai cho minh - Dg dn cdp 3: nguon thdng lin ve tdi pham (hinh vi, thiet hai) ft ngUdi bidt den, thudng chi cd ngUdi pham tpi vi nan nhan bidt Trong uudng hdp niy, nan nhan cd bdc xuc nhUng khdng id giac tpi pham, tham chf cdn mudn gifl kfn sU kien pham lpi di xiy vi nhilu Iy nhd sd inh hUdng den danh dU, uy tin, tUdng lai Gida nan nhin va ngUdi pham tpi ddi cdn cd mdi quan he tinh cim, huyel thdng, Ie thupc vit cha't, cdng tic Nhdm thudng li nhflng tdi xam pham nhan pham, danh dd cua ngddi nhU ldi hinh ngddi khac, lpi cudng dim tdi hiep dim Nhflng tpi pham cd dp an cap 3, an khoing 50 - 60% cua tdng sd Ioai lpi pham dUdc thuc hien vi c6 ly Ie tdi pham bi phat hien, xd ly chda den 50% - Do dn cdp 4: cap dp an eao nha't hinh vi pham tpi dUdc che day rat tinh vi cd dUdc che day bdi ydu td quyen Idc, chuyen mdn, ky thuat phdc tap nen rat ft ngddi biet de'n Thiet hai khd phit hien va khdng phii va bit cfl IrUdng hdp nio cung cd quyin tidp can nhflng thdng lin thiel hai Tpi pham cd dp an cap Ihudng khdng cd nan nhan, nan nhan khdng cu the hoic nan nhan thudc quyin quan ly cua ngUdi pham tdi nen loai trfl kha ning id cio tfl nh.-._,r,an nk:,, ,it/^ r,l-,nm Whi>n