Hp(n^AP,UlVITHEOTUTUdlyiGJ)AOOU'C,PHONGCACH Thau suot tirtirofng Ho Chi Minh ve tuyen truyen va bao chi NGUViNHdNGVINH* Vdi tu each la nha bao tien bdi - ngiidi khai sinh nSh bao chi each mang, dong thdi la ngitdi to chUe, lanh dao mgi cong cua each mang Viet Nam, Chu tieh Ho Chi Minh da co nhieu ehi din quy bau vecong tac tuyen truyen cua Dang eung nhu nhiing hudng din sau sic ve nghe nghiep cho cae nha bao each mang Viet Nam Hoc t$p va lam theo tU tudng cua NgUdi vicac ngi dung tren coy nghia quan trgng gop phan vao cong cua sU nghiep each mang giai doan hiin TUttfdngHoChiMinh cac thong tin (van de) vdi muc ve cong tac tuy^n truyen dich hildng suy nghi, thai do, va hoat tfdng bao chi tam ly va y kien cua quan L^u nay, mot so' bai chung theo chieu hiidng da viet de c i p cdng tac tuyen dinh, di tao hanh ddng truyen va cdng tac bao chi cd theo y mud'n cua ngifdi thdng hien tUdng danh dong giiia tin tuyen truySn va bao chi, cho Cd nhieu cong cu dl thiic dii hai mang dd cd nbiSng hien muc dich tuyen truyen, diem gio'ng va deu quan dd bao chi la cong cu Tuy nhien, hai mang xung kich cdng tac dd mang ndi ham Theo Dieu Luat Bao chi khac nhau, dd quy dinh nam 2016 (sr(a doi, bo sung), phifdng thiic va each tac bao chfla san ph^m thdng tin nghiep khac Drfa trdn ve cac sii kien, van de tu tiidng Ho Cbi Minh, pham ddi sd'ng xa hoi dildc the hien vi bai phan tich sii gid'ng bang chQ vie't, hinh anh, am va khac nhau; mo'i quan thanh, dildc sang tao, xua't hg qua lai ciia tuyen truyen ban dinh ky va phat hanh, va bao chi - h n h vnic da va truyen dfin tdi ddng dao cdng dang ddng vai trd ciJc ky quan chiing thdng qua cac loai hinh trong, quyg't dinh chat liidng, bao in, bao ndi, bao hinh, bao hidu qua cdng tac tif tddng dien tu( cua Dang, Nha nUdc ta Trong qua t n n h bdn ba tim Theo nghia chung nhat, dUdng ciiu niidc, giai phdng Thyen truyen la viec dila dan tgc, tit n&m 1920, I sd 150 [(6-2019} sau gia nhap Dang Xa hdi Phap, Nguygn Ai Qud'c da hgc vie't bao, diing bao chi nitdc Phap de to' cao che' ap biic, bdc lot cua tbiic dan Phap do'i vdi nhan dan cac midc thudc dia; thdng qua dd tuyen truyg'n thiic tinh quan chiing lao dgng doan ke't vung Ien lat ach thd'ng tri cua phong kie'n, thiic dan, gianh dpc lap, tii va quyen lam chu Nhiing td bao cua Phap liic dd, nhii NgUdi cung khd, Nhan dao da dang nhieu bai cua Ngudi; sau dd ditdc chuyen ve Viet Nam hang t^u bien Khi ve Quang Chau (Trung Quo'c), Ngudi true tie'p lam chu biit kiem phat hanh td bao Thanh Nien (ra so'dau tien 21-6-1925), co quan * PGS, TS, nguyen Uy vien Trung Udng D^ng, nguyen Tong Bien tap bao Nhan DSn ^ A X A Y DUNG, CHINH O6N BANG cua Hdi Viet Nam each mang t b a n h nien, n h a m chu^n bi ve t u tucing va to chiic cho viec r a ddi Dang Cgng san Viet Nam (ngay 3-2-1930) N h u vay, trudc trd t b a n b can bo each mang ehuygn nghiep va lanh tu cua Dang, Nguygn Ai Qud'c - Ho Chf Minh da la n h a bao tai ba; trUc tig'p diing bao chi de tuygn truyen chu nghia Mac Lg-nin, dUdng 16i va each thiic di ti§'n h a n h Vidt Nam "each mang tu san dan quygV' va "each mang tho dia"; sau tie'n thang Ien chu nghia xa hgi khdng qua giai doan phat trien tu ban chu nghia Vdi dudng Id'i ciiu nUdc ro rang do, qua bao chi va cdng tac tuyen truyg'n, Dang ta da lanh dao qu^n chung n h a n dan lam nen cao trao each mang X6 vie't Nghe Tinh 1930 - 1931; cao trao dan chu 1936 - 1939; cao trao chu^n bi td'ng khcfi nghia 1941-1945 va d i n de'n t h i n g ldi cua Cach mang Thang Tam 1945, lat nhao ach thd'ng tri, ap biic gan 100 n a m ciia chii ngbia thUc dan va be lii phong kig'n tay sai, lap nen Nha nUdc cdng ndng d^u tien d Dong Nam A Thang ldi lich sii dd cd sU ddng gdp vd cilng quan cua bao chf vo san va boat dong tuyen truyen Trong nhiing nam khang chie'n chd'ng xSm lUdc, bao vg n^n doc lap dan tgc; tie'p de'n thdi ky xay diing chu nghia xa hgi, t h a m n h u ^ n sau sac va thiic hign t u tudng Ho Chf Minb vg' tuygn truyen va bao chf, chiing ta da tich liiy nhieu kinh nghiem quy, phat huy toi da siic m a n h to 16n cua hai linh viic cdng tac chu yeu Diing bao chf de lam cdng cu xung kich cong tac tuyen truyen va thdng qua tuyen truyen giiip bao chi cd them nhiing de tai thiet thuc, tao siic tap hdp, co vii rgng ldn quan chiing to chiic cac phong trao h a n h dong each mang ttoig thdi ky lich s^ Thiic t i l n chiing minh rang, bao chi va tuyen truyen d^u ciing chUc phan, co md'i quan he nUdng tiia, bo trd lan nhau; d6ng thdi lai cd nhiJng net dac thii vg" phUdng thiic tac nghiep Xet tong the, bao chi la cdng cu tuyen truyen dac luc, nhUng ngudi lam bao cd nhiing ddi hdi rieng vi trinh nghiep vu bao chi, nhu c l n nam viing cac dac diem ve cac the loai (tin ttic, phdng sU, phdng sU dieu tra, binh luan, xa luan ); va di lien dd la, thdng qua tiing the loai, biet Ilia chgn each diln dat de moi ddng, mdi doan cd siic phan tich, gdi mcl, dinh hudng hanh dgng cho ngUdi tig'p nhan Tuyen t r u y e n gom tuyen t r u y e n qua tai lieu, nghi quye't, chi thi va tuyen truyen qua kg chuyen thdi sii nUdc va qudc tg', qua nhiing gUdng "ngUdi td't, viec td't" Vdi nhiing each thUc dd ngUdi tuyen truyen dan dat ngudi dudc tuyen truyen dong ET^SElEBMmSi' t i n h vdi moi chu trUdng, dudng lo'i; co vii, dgng vien hg hang hai thi dua yeu nUdc, xay diing va bao ve T^ qud'c bang nhiing hanh dgng thiet thiic Trong bai "Ngddi tuyen truyen va each tuyen truyen" dang trgn bao Sd that (sd 79, tif 26-6 de'n 9-7-1947), Bac Ho vie't: "Tiiyen truyen la dem mgt viec gi ndi cho dan hieu, dan nhd, dan theo, dan lam Mud'n cong, phai bie't each tuyen truydn"'^^\ De phuc vu muc dfch a'y, Bac neu vf du ra't binh di, de hieu ve tuyen truyen trUdng ky khang chig'n "TrUdc het, minh phai hieu rd vi phai khang chie'n Hai la, phai biet each ndi Ndi thi phai ddn gian, ro rang, thie't thuc Phai cd dau, cd duoi, cho ciing hieu dUdc Ba la, phai cd li d&' Bac tiing nhac ldi gop y cua quan cbiing ve mpt can bd tuyen t r u y l n cd ve "hua'n thi" ngUdi nghe! Phan cud'i bai viet, Bac de cap nhiing pham chat ngddi tuyen truyen: phai chiu khd, chiu kho, kheo ci, sieng lam; dan ci sinh boat the' nao, ta ciing phai sinh hoat nhU hg; phai giiip dd dan; thai dp phai mem mong, gay dUdc tbien cam vdi dan thi tuygn truyen se dat ket qua ga'p bpi Dd'i vdi ngudi lam bao, Bac Ho nhieu lan can dan: moi cd (1) Ho Chi Minh: Iban tap, Nxb Chinh tri quo'c gia, Ha Npi, 2000, t 5, tr 162 S0150 1(6^2019) I HQC TAP, LAM THEO TU" Tl/dNG, BAG BdC, PHONG CACH H CHiM'N quan bao chi phai xac dinh rd Trai lai, la n h a bao chua ddi tdpng phuc vu, muc dich cdng cin dat va each vidt di vao Nhu vay, theo tu tudng H i long ngudi dge Trong ThdgM Chi Minh, tuydn t r u y l n va hao Ban chien dau 10- bao chf deu cd nhiem vu thdng 2-1948, Bac chi ro dd'i tugng tin dUdng ldi, chu trUdng ciia cua "td bao danh cho Dang, chinh sach, phap luat nhiing ngudi linh le dUOng, cua Nha nUdc de'n cac tang nhiing chang trai vui tfnh, dl ldp nhan dan; tham gia to cau kinh, dg cam xiic, chU chiic, cd' vii, dpng vidn cac khdng phai la nhiing ngUdi phong trao hanh dpng each lam chfnh tri sau sSc" Muc mang NhUng d^ thUc hign dich cua td bao la 'lam cho hg muc tigu chung a'y, nhiing cam dpng, thoai mai, lam cho ngudi lam tuyen truyen va hg cudi va khdc, de ldi cudn hg lam bao cd nhiing each thiic ve phfa chiing ta" Mud'n vay, khac "khong nen viet nhUng bai Da't nUdc dudc ddc lap, tii dai Khong nen vig't nhflng va phat trien nhU hdm va'n d l chfnh tri ldn dUOng la cd sii ddng gdp tfch cue, thdi" Ve each trinb bay bao, quan trgng cua cdng tac tuyen Bac dan: "can cd nhiing biic t r u y l n va boat dpng bao chf tranh, nhiing biic ve khoi hai, Su ddng gdp dUdc Dang, nhiing gi lam cho hg vui Nha nUdc va nhan dan ghi cUdi , nhiing tin tiic lien nhan va danh gia cao Song, quan de'n ddi song cua nhan Dang va Nha nUdc ta ciing dan "f^> ludn gan giii gdp y, dpng vign, D l tang tfnh hieu qua cua phe binh, chi rd nhiing thieu moi bai bao, Bac nha'n manh: sdt, ba't cap linh vUc "vie't cho gian ddn, de Ngay tU nam 1948, hieu, thie't thiic Sao cho mdi Thd gia Hgi nghi thdng tin, dong bao, chidn si d^u dge tuyen truyen bao chi toan dUdc, bieu dUdc lam dUdc" qudcP\ ciing vdi bieu dUdng (Thdglii bao Quan du kich, nhiing Uu diem ldn, Bac Ho t h a n g 7-1949) V l tu dUdng than tinh chi mgt so'khuyet pham cha't ngUdi iam bao, dig'm ra't cu the: ngoai viec xac dinh ly tudng Dd'i vdi cong tac tuyen each mang, ren luyen ban truyen, Bac chi ro: linh chfnh tri, Bac nhan nhu: Nhilu